RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. This work focuses on a hypothetical protein of unknown function, encoded by the gene LIC13259, and predicted to be a surface protein, widely distributed among pathogenic leptospiral strain. The gene was amplified from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, strain Fiocruz L1-130, cloned and the protein expressed using Escherichia coli as a host system. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein LIC13259 (rLIC13259) has the ability to interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) laminin, in a dose-dependent manner but saturation was not reach. The rLIC13259 protein is a plasminogen (PLG)-binding protein, generating plasmin, in the presence of urokinase PLG-activator uPA. The recombinant protein is able to mediate the binding to human purified terminal complement route vitronectin, C7, C8 and C9, and to recruit and interact with these components from normal human serum (NHS). These interactions are dose-dependent on NHS increased concentration. The binding of rLIC13259 to C8 and vitronectin was slight and pronounced inhibited in the presence of increasing heparin concentration, respectively, suggesting that the interaction with vitronectin occurs via heparin domain. Most interesting, the interaction of rLIC13259 with C9 protein was capable of preventing C9 polymerization, suggesting that the membrane attack complex (MAC) formation was inhibited. Thus, we tentatively assign the coding sequence (CDS) LIC13259, previously annotated as unknown function, as a novel protein that may play an important role in the host’s invasion and immune evasion processes, contributing to the establishment of the leptospiral infection.
RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. This work focuses on a hypothetical protein of unknown function, encoded by the gene LIC13259, and predicted to be a surface protein, widely distributed among pathogenic leptospiral strain. The gene was amplified from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, strain Fiocruz L1-130, cloned and the protein expressed using Escherichia coli as a host system. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein LIC13259 (rLIC13259) has the ability to interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) laminin, in a dose-dependent manner but saturation was not reach. The rLIC13259 protein is a plasminogen (PLG)-binding protein, generating plasmin, in the presence of urokinase PLG-activator uPA. The recombinant protein is able to mediate the binding to human purified terminal complement route vitronectin, C7, C8 and C9, and to recruit and interact with these components from normal human serum (NHS). These interactions are dose-dependent on NHS increased concentration. The binding of rLIC13259 to C8 and vitronectin was slight and pronounced inhibited in the presence of increasing heparin concentration, respectively, suggesting that the interaction with vitronectin occurs via heparin domain. Most interesting, the interaction of rLIC13259 with C9 protein was capable of preventing C9 polymerization, suggesting that the membrane attack complex (MAC) formation was inhibited. Thus, we tentatively assign the coding sequence (CDS) LIC13259, previously annotated as unknown function, as a novel protein that may play an important role in the host’s invasion and immune evasion processes, contributing to the establishment of the leptospiral infection.
RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The lack of an effective vaccine favors the increase of the disease. Currently, surface-exposed proteins are the main targets for the search of vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined whether the surface Lsa46 and Lsa77 proteins, previously identified as laminin and plasminogen binding proteins, have the capacity of inducing protection and sterilizing immunity against challenge with virulent Leptospira in hamster model. Animals were subcutaneously immunized with Lsa46, Lsa77, or a combination of both in Alum adjuvant and challenged intraperitoneally with L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Pomona Fromm. Hamster immunization with Lsa46 or Lsa77 or both promoted a strong IgG response. Th2- and Th1-biased immune responses were observed when Lsa46 and Lsa77 were individually administered, respectively, as detected by the IgG1/IgG2/3 ratio. Immunized hamsters with the combined proteins induced a Th1-biased immune response. Although the immunization with Lsa46 and Lsa77 stimulated protective immunity with reduction of bacterial burden, when compared to animals individually immunized with the proteins, the data was not statistically significant. Thus, although promising, more studies are needed before the role of these proteins in stimulating sterilizing immunity in mammals is conclusively determined.
RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Bacteria disseminate via the bloodstream and colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts. Leptospiral surface-exposed proteins are important targets, because due to their location they can elicit immune response and mediate adhesion and invasion processes. LipL46 has been previously reported to be located at the leptospiral outer membrane and recognized by antibodies present in serum of infected hamsters. In this study, we have confirmed the cellular location of this protein by immunofluorescence and FACS. We have cloned and expressed the recombinant protein LipL46 in its soluble form. LipL46 was recognized by confirmed leptospirosis human serum, suggesting its expression during infection. Binding screening of LipL46 with extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma components showed that this protein interacts with plasminogen. The binding is dose-dependent on protein concentration, but saturation was not reached with the range of protein concentration used. Kringle domains of plasminogen and lysine residues of the recombinant protein are involved in the binding because the lysine analog, amino caproic acid (ACA) almost totally inhibited the reaction. The interaction of LipL46 with plasminogen generates plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activator uPA. Because plasmin generated at the leptospiral surface can degrade ECM molecules and decrease opsonophagocytosis, we tentatively infer that Lip46 has a role in helping the invasion process of pathogenic Leptospira.
RESUMEN
Leptospires are highly motile spirochetes equipped with strategies for efficient invasion and dissemination within the host. Our group previously demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases capable of cleaving and inactivating key molecules of the complement system, allowing these bacteria to circumvent host's innate immune defense mechanisms. Given the successful dissemination of leptospires during infection, we wondered if such proteases would target a broader range of host molecules. In the present study, the proteolytic activity of secreted leptospiral proteases against a panel of extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma proteins was assessed. The culture supernatant of the virulent L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm (LPF) degraded human fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, gelatin, and the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and lumican. Interestingly, human plasminogen was not cleaved by proteases present in the supernatants. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the participation of metalloproteases. Moreover, production of proteases might be an important virulence determinant since culture-attenuated or saprophytic Leptospira did not display proteolytic activity against ECM or plasma components. Exoproteomic analysis allowed the identification of three metalloproteases that could be involved in the degradation of host components. The ability to cleave conjunctive tissue molecules and coagulation cascade proteins may certainly contribute to invasion and tissue destruction observed upon infection with Leptospira.
RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The lack of an effective vaccine favors the increase of the disease. Currently, surface-exposed proteins are the main targets for the search of vaccine candidates. In this study, we examined whether the surface Lsa46 and Lsa77 proteins, previously identified as laminin and plasminogen binding proteins, have the capacity of inducing protection and sterilizing immunity against challenge with virulent Leptospira in hamster model. Animals were subcutaneously immunized with Lsa46, Lsa77, or a combination of both in Alum adjuvant and challenged intraperitoneally with L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Pomona Fromm. Hamster immunization with Lsa46 or Lsa77 or both promoted a strong IgG response. Th2- and Th1-biased immune responses were observed when Lsa46 and Lsa77 were individually administered, respectively, as detected by the IgG1/IgG2/3 ratio. Immunized hamsters with the combined proteins induced a Th1-biased immune response. Although the immunization with Lsa46 and Lsa77 stimulated protective immunity with reduction of bacterial burden, when compared to animals individually immunized with the proteins, the data was not statistically significant. Thus, although promising, more studies are needed before the role of these proteins in stimulating sterilizing immunity in mammals is conclusively determined.
RESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Bacteria disseminate via the bloodstream and colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts. Leptospiral surface-exposed proteins are important targets, because due to their location they can elicit immune response and mediate adhesion and invasion processes. LipL46 has been previously reported to be located at the leptospiral outer membrane and recognized by antibodies present in serum of infected hamsters. In this study, we have confirmed the cellular location of this protein by immunofluorescence and FACS. We have cloned and expressed the recombinant protein LipL46 in its soluble form. LipL46 was recognized by confirmed leptospirosis human serum, suggesting its expression during infection. Binding screening of LipL46 with extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma components showed that this protein interacts with plasminogen. The binding is dose-dependent on protein concentration, but saturation was not reached with the range of protein concentration used. Kringle domains of plasminogen and lysine residues of the recombinant protein are involved in the binding because the lysine analog, amino caproic acid (ACA) almost totally inhibited the reaction. The interaction of LipL46 with plasminogen generates plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activator uPA. Because plasmin generated at the leptospiral surface can degrade ECM molecules and decrease opsonophagocytosis, we tentatively infer that Lip46 has a role in helping the invasion process of pathogenic Leptospira.
RESUMEN
Leptospires are highly motile spirochetes equipped with strategies for efficient invasion and dissemination within the host. Our group previously demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases capable of cleaving and inactivating key molecules of the complement system, allowing these bacteria to circumvent host's innate immune defense mechanisms. Given the successful dissemination of leptospires during infection, we wondered if such proteases would target a broader range of host molecules. In the present study, the proteolytic activity of secreted leptospiral proteases against a panel of extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma proteins was assessed. The culture supernatant of the virulent L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm (LPF) degraded human fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, gelatin, and the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and lumican. Interestingly, human plasminogen was not cleaved by proteases present in the supernatants. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the participation of metalloproteases. Moreover, production of proteases might be an important virulence determinant since culture-attenuated or saprophytic Leptospira did not display proteolytic activity against ECM or plasma components. Exoproteomic analysis allowed the identification of three metalloproteases that could be involved in the degradation of host components. The ability to cleave conjunctive tissue molecules and coagulation cascade proteins may certainly contribute to invasion and tissue destruction observed upon infection with Leptospira.
RESUMEN
We here report the characterization of two novel proteins encoded by the genes LIC11122 and LIC12287, identified in the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans, annotated, respectively, as a putative sigma factor and a hypothetical protein. The CDSs LIC11122 and LIC12287 have signal peptide SPII and SPI and are predicted to be located mainly at the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria. The genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using Escherichia coli. Proteinase K digestion showed that both proteins are surface exposed. Evaluation of interaction of recombinant proteins with extracellular matrix components revealed that they are laminin binding and they were called Lsa19 (LIC11122) and Lsa14 (LIC12287), for Leptospiral-surface adhesin of 19 and 14 kDa, respectively. The bindings were dose-dependent on protein concentration, reaching saturation, fulfilling the ligand-binding criteria. Reactivity of the recombinant proteins with leptospirosis human sera has shown that Lsa19 and, to a lesser extent, Lsa14, are recognized by antibodies, suggesting that, most probably, Lsa19 is expressed during infection. The proteins interact with plasminogen and generate plasmin in the presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Plasmin generation in Leptospira has been associated with tissue penetration and immune evasion strategies. The presence of a sigma factor on the cell surface playing a secondary role, probably mediating host -pathogen interaction, suggests that LIC11122 is a moonlighting protein candidate. Although the biological significance of these putative adhesins will require the generation of mutants, our data suggest that Lsa19 is a potential candidate for future evaluation of its role in adhesion/colonization activities during L. interrogans infection.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Pathogenic Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, a widely disseminated disease of human and veterinary concern. The development of vaccines that elicit cross-protective immunity through multiple leptospiral serovars has long been pursued. The aim of this study was to develop a novel chimeric multi-epitope fusion antigen, containing sequences of previously studied outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Leptospira. Methods: The chimeric protein was designed based on the amino acid sequences of the LigA, Mce, Lsa45, OmpL1, and LipL41 proteins, cloned into pAE vector, the protein expressed in Escherichia coli, and its immune response evaluated in the hamster infection model. Results: The recombinant chimeric protein (rChi) was recognized by antibodies present in serum samples of confirmed cases of human leptospirosis and experimentally infected hamsters, demonstrating that the rChi protein participates in the immune response activation during infection. However, despite high antibody titers achieved when the rChi protein was administered with either Alhydrogel or Bordetella pertussis monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), only 50% of the hamsters were protected against infection. Conclusions: Although a complete characterization of the immune response elicited by rChi/adjuvant in hamsters is required, it is believed that the construction of chimeric genes is an important attempt towards the generation of an effective vaccine against leptospirosis.
RESUMEN
Pathogenic Leptopira is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic infection in the world. The disease represents a major public health problem, especially in tropical countries. The present work focused on two hypothetical proteins of unknown function, encoded by the genes LIC13059 and LIC10879, and predicted to be surface-exposed proteins. The genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using E. colt as a host system. We report that the recombinant proteins interacted with extracellular matrix (ECM) laminin, in a dose dependent fashion and are novel potential adhesins. The recombinant proteins were called Lsa25.6 (rLIC13059) and Lsal6 (rLIC10879), for Leptospiral surface adhesins, followed by the respective molecular masses. The proteins attached to plasminogen (PLG), generating plasmin, in the presence of PLG-activator uPA. Both proteins bind to fibrinogen (Fg), but only Lsa25.6 inhibited fibrin clotting by thrombin-catalyzed reaction. Moreover, Lsal6 interacts with the mammalian cell receptor E-cadherin, and could contribute to bacterial attachment to epithelial cells. The proteins were recognized by confirmed leptospirosis serum samples, suggesting that they are expressed during infection. The corresponding leptospiral proteins are surface exposed based on proteinase K accessibility assay, being LIC10879 most probably exposed in its dimer form. The data of this study extend the spectrum of surface-exposed proteins of L. interrogans and indicate a possible role of the originally annotated hypothetical proteins in infection processes.
RESUMEN
Na atualidade, o sorovar Copenhageni é o representante do sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae, mantido por roedores sinantrópicos, que tem prevalecido nos cães e seres humanos das grandes metrópoles brasileiras. A despeito de alguns autores sugerirem a existência de proteção cruzada entre sorovares incluídos em um mesmo sorogrupo esta condição ainda não foi suficientemente esclarecida para os sorovares Icterohaemorrhagiae e Copenhageni. No presente trabalho cães adultos com dois a seis anos de idade primo-vacinados com três doses intervaladas de 30 dias a partir dos 60 dias de idade e revacinados anualmente com vacina anti-leptospirose polivalente contendo os sorovares Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa e Pomona foram revacinados com a mesma vacina e aos 30 dias da revacinação foram submetidos aos testes de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e de inibição do crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (TICL), para avaliação comparativa dos níveis de anticorpos produzidos para os sorovares Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae e Copenhageni. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a imunidade conferida pela vacina para o sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae é mais duradoura que a observada para o sorovar Canicola, já que títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes >1,0 log10 foram observados antes do reforço vacinal não havendo substancial aumento após a revacinação. Quanto ao sorovar Canicola, a revacinação resultou em considerável aumento do título de anticorpos neutralizantes quando comparado ao momento anterior a revacinação (p=0,001). A análise dos valores encontrados após a revacinação demonstrou claramente que cães revacinados com bacterina produzida com o sorovar Icterohaermorrhagiae não apresentam aumento do título de anticorpos inibidores do crescimento contra o sorovar Copenhageni, em nível suficiente para inibir o crescimento de leptospiras. Apesar disso, os títulos de anticorpos inibidores de crescimento anti-Copenhageni encontrados antes e após a revacinação demonstraram que, pelo menos certo grau de proteção contra a infecção por esse sorovar pode ser esperado para os cães vacinados com bacterinas do sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, não sendo, no entanto, uma proteção cruzada completa.
Currently, the serovar Copenhageni is the representative of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae maintained in synanthropic rodents found most frequently in dogs and humans in metropolitan areas of Brazil. Despite some authors have suggested the existence of cross-protection between serovars included in the same serogroup, this condition has not yet been sufficiently clarified for serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni. In the present work, 2 to 6-year-old dogs, vaccinated at 60, 90 and 120 days of age and thereafter, revaccinated annually with commercial vaccine containing Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Pomona bacterins were evaluated as to the immune status against leptospirosis before and 30 days after revaccination. Mycroscopic agglutination test (MAT) and in vitro growth inhibition test (GIT) were performed to search for agglutinating anti-Leptospira antibodies and neutralizing anti-Leptospira antibodies, respectively for serovars Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and additionally, for serovar Copenhageni, not included in the vaccine. The results showed that the immunity conferred by the vaccine to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae is more lasting than that observed for serovar Canicola, since neutralizing antibody titers >1.0 log10 were observed before the booster vaccination with no substantial increase after revaccination. As for the serovar Canicola, revaccination resulted in a considerable increase in neutralizing antibody titer when compared to the one observed previously to the revaccination (p=0.001). The analysis of the data obtained by GIT allowed us to conclude that dogs given vaccine containing Icterohaemorrhagiae bacterin did not produce neutralizing antibodies against serovar Copenhageni enough to inhibit leptopiral growth at the same level as occurred for the homologous serovar. Despite this, the GIT titer found for serovar Copenhageni before and after revaccination showed that at least, some level of protection could be expected for dogs vaccinated with serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae bacterin, not a complete cross protection.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Formación de Anticuerpos , Perros , Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona , Vacunación/veterinariaRESUMEN
Leptospires have never been recovered from goats in Brazil. Serum samples were obtained from 248 goats from Rio de Janeiro and from the seroreactive animals, urine samples were collected and processed for Leptospira isolation. A total of 52 positive reactions were observed, corresponding to 20.9 percent of the samples. The most prevalent reactions were to serovars Hardjo (36.5 percent), Shermani (30.8 percent), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9.6 percent), Grippotyphosa (9.6 percent), Autumnalis (5.8 percent), Castellonis (3.8 percent) and Bratislava (3.8 percent). Two strains of Leptospira sp. were isolated, both in the same region, but from different flocks. Presumptive identification based on serologic methods suggests those strains to be from Grippotyphosa serogroup.
Leptospiras nunca foram isolados de caprinos no Brasil. Amostras de soros foram obtidas de 248 caprinos no Rio de Janeiro, e, dos animais sororeativos, amostras de urina foram coletadas e processadas para isolamento de leptospiras. Um total de 52 (20,9 por cento) reações positivas foi observado. Os serovares mais prevalentes foram Hardjo (36,5 por cento), Shermani (30,8 por cento), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9,6 por cento), Grippotyphosa (9,6 por cento), Autumnalis (5,8 por cento), Castellonis (3,8 por cento) e Bratislava (3,8 por cento). Duas estirpes de Leptospira sp. foram isoladas, ambas na mesma região, mas de diferentes rebanhos. A identificação sorológica presuntiva sugere trataram-se de amostras do sorogrupo Grippotyphosa.
