WFUMB Guideline/Guidance on Liver Multiparametric Ultrasound: Part 1. Update to 2018 Guidelines on Liver Ultrasound Elastography.

The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) endorsed the development of this document on multiparametric ultrasound. Part 1 is an update to the WFUMB Liver Elastography Guidelines Update released in 2018 and provides new evidence on the role of ultrasound elastography in chronic liver disease. The recommendations in this update were made and graded using the Oxford classification, including level of evidence (LoE), grade of recommendation (GoR) and proportion of agreement (Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [OCEBM] 2009). The guidelines are clinically oriented, and the role of shear wave elastography in both fibrosis staging and prognostication in different etiologies of liver disease is discussed, highlighting advantages and limitations. A comprehensive section is devoted to the assessment of portal hypertension, with specific recommendations for the interpretation of liver and spleen stiffness measurements in this setting.

WFUMB Guidelines/Guidance on Liver Multiparametric Ultrasound. Part 2: Guidance on Liver Fat Quantification.

The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) has promoted the development of this document on multiparametric ultrasound. Part 2 is a guidance on the use of the available tools for the quantification of liver fat content with ultrasound. These are attenuation coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and speed of sound. All of them use the raw data of the ultrasound beam to estimate liver fat content. This guidance has the aim of helping the reader in understanding how they work and interpret the results. Confounding factors are discussed and a standardized protocol for measurement acquisition is suggested to mitigate them. The recommendations were based on published studies and experts' opinion but were not formally graded because the body of evidence remained low at the time of drafting this document.

Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Epidemiology, and Survival: A Retrospective Seven Years Study.

Background and Objectives: Liver cancer poses a significant global health threat, ranking among the top three causes of cancer-related deaths. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often present with symptoms associated with neoplasms or unusual clinical features such as paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS), including hypoglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, thrombocytosis, and erythrocytosis. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and survival outcomes associated with PNS in HCC patients and assess each PNS's impact on patient survival. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of PNS clinical features and survival among consecutive HCC patients diagnosed at our department over seven years, comparing them with HCC patients without PNS. The study involved a retrospective data evaluation from 378 patients diagnosed with HCC between January 2016 and October 2023. Results: We obtained a PNS prevalence of 25.7%, with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia at 10.9%, hypoglycemia at 6.9%, erythrocytosis at 4.5%, and thrombocytosis at 3.4%. Patients with PNS tended to be younger and predominantly male. Multivariate analysis revealed a strong correlation between PNS and levels of alpha-fetoprotein and tumor size, with diabetes also showing a significant statistical association (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis based on specific paraneoplastic syndromes demonstrated shorter survival in patients with PNS, albeit without significant statistical differences, except for hypoglycemia (p < 0.0001). Matched analysis indicated a shorter survival rate for patients with PNS, although no significant statistical differences were observed. Conclusions: PNS are frequently observed in HCC cases and are associated with unfavorable prognoses and decreased survival rates due to their correlation with increased tumor burdens. However, they do not independently predict poor survival. The impact of individual PNS on HCC prognosis varies.

Multiparametric ultrasound as a new concept of assessment of liver tissue damage.

Liver disease accounts for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. All chronic liver diseases (CLDs), whether of toxic, genetic, autoimmune, or infectious origin, undergo typical histological changes in the structure of the tissue. These changes may include the accumulation of extracellular matrix material, fats, triglycerides, or tissue scarring. Noninvasive methods for diagnosing CLD, such as conventional B-mode ultrasound (US), play a significant role in diagnosis. Doppler US, when coupled with B-mode US, can be helpful in evaluating the hemodynamics of hepatic vessels and detecting US findings associated with hepatic decompensation. US elastography can assess liver stiffness, serving as a surrogate marker for liver fibrosis. It is important to note that interpreting these values should not rely solely on a histological classification. Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) provides valuable information on tissue perfusion and enables excellent differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions. Clinical evaluation, the etiology of liver disease, and the patient current comorbidities all influence the interpretation of liver stiffness measurements. These measurements are most clinically relevant when interpreted as a probability of compensated advanced CLD. B-mode US offers a subjective estimation of fatty infiltration and has limited sensitivity for mild steatosis. The controlled attenuation parameter requires a dedicated device, and cutoff values are not clearly defined. Quan-titative US parameters for liver fat estimation include the attenuation coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and speed of sound. These parameters offer the advantage of providing fat quantification alongside B-mode evaluation and other US parameters. Multiparametric US (MPUS) of the liver introduces a new concept for complete noninvasive diagnosis. It encourages examiners to utilize the latest features of an US machine, including conventional B-mode, liver stiffness evaluation, fat quantification, dispersion imaging, Doppler US, and CEUS for focal liver lesion characterization. This comprehensive approach allows for diagnosis in a single examination, providing clinicians worldwide with a broader perspective and becoming a cornerstone in their diagnostic arsenal. MPUS, in the hands of skilled clinicians, becomes an invaluable predictive tool for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring CLD.

Learning curves in abdominal ultrasound in medical students.

AIMS: Ultrasound (US) is an essential diagnostic and educational tool in medical practice, and its effective implementation into medical curricula is critical. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two disparate educational approaches-an optional semester course and a specifically curated intensive workshop-on the learning curve of medical students in abdominal ultrasonography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Engaging fourth and fifth-year medical students, this study, incorporated both theoretical and practical elements of US, providing participants with hands-on experience and evaluative assessments pre- and post-training. Students were segregated into two groups: one experienced a 14-hour optional semester course and the other a 6-hour intensive workshop, both yielding distinct teaching methodologies yet aspiring for synonymous educational outcomes. RESULTS: Involving a total of 93 participants, findings elucidated that regardless of the educational method employed, post-training identification of US structures exhibited a significant enhancement compared to pre-training. Interestingly, no substantial disparities were discerned between the two educational approaches nor gender-based differences in learning outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides pivotal insights into the versatile utility of different educational strategies in abdominal US training for medical students, affirming that varied pedagogical methods can achieve comparable augmentations in student proficiency. Further research is paramount to ascertain the optimal integration of US education into medicalcurricula, considering aspects such as duration, depth, and mode of delivery.

Unraveling the Metabolic Changes in Acute Pancreatitis: A Metabolomics-Based Approach for Etiological Differentiation and Acute Biomarker Discovery.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) remains a challenging medical condition, where a deeper metabolic insight could pave the way for innovative treatments. This research harnessed serum metabolomics to discern potential diagnostic markers for AP and distinguish between its biliary (BAP) and alcohol-induced (AAP) forms. Leveraging high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, the metabolic signatures of 34 AP patients were contrasted against 26 healthy participants, and then between different etiologies of AP. The results identified metabolites primarily from glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, fatty acyls, sterol lipids, and pteridines and derivative classes, with the Human Metabolome Database aiding in classification. Notably, these metabolites differentiated AP from healthy states with high AUROC values above 0.8. Another set of metabolites revealed differences between BAP and AAP, but these results were not as marked as the former. This lipidomic analysis provides an introduction to the metabolic landscape of acute pancreatitis, revealing changes in multiple lipid classes and metabolites and identifying these metabolites. Future research could add and discover new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies enhancing the management of acute pancreatitis.

The Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis Stages on More than 23,000 Liver Stiffness Measurements by Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography: A Single Center Study.

Vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) was the first non-invasive method used for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Over the years, many studies have evaluated its performance. It is now used globally, and, in some countries, it represents the primary step in evaluating liver fibrosis. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of VCTE and highlight the prevalence of liver fibrosis stages assessed by VCTE in a large cohort of patients at a single study center. We also aimed to observe the trends in liver stiffness (LS) values over the years according to each type of hepatopathy. A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 13 years (2007-2019) and included patients who presented to our clinic for LS measurements (LSMs), either with known liver diseases or with suspected liver pathology who were undergoing fibrosis screening. The database contained a total of 23,420 measurements. Valid LSMs were obtained in 90.91% (21,291/23,420) of the cases, while 2129 (9.09%) of the measurements were either failed or unreliable. In untreated patients with chronic viral hepatitis, LS values tended to increase during the years, while in patients undergoing antiviral therapy LS values significantly decreased. Our comprehensive study, one of the largest of its kind spanning 13 years, emphasizes the reliability and significance of VCTE in real-world clinical settings.

Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (ElastQ) accurately rules out liver fibrosis and rules in advanced chronic liver disease across liver disease etiologies: a prospective multicenter study.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated ElastQ, a two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) technique, for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis risk using liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The aim was to determine its diagnostic accuracy and establish LSM cutoffs for clinical risk stratification. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study was conducted, employing vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) as a reference standard. The statistical analysis utilized Pearson correlations and Lin concordance correlation coefficients, diagnostic areas under the curve (AUCs), and 90%-specific rule-in and 90%-sensitive rule-out ElastQ cutoffs. RESULTS: The study included 875 patients at risk for liver disease, of whom 816 (376 women, 46.1%; median age, 57.0 years [interquartile range, 19.0]) had successful and reliable VCTE- and ElastQ-LSMs. The median LSM was 13.0 kPa (range, 2.0 to 75.0 kPa) for VCTE and 6.6 kPa (range, 2.9 to 26.5 kPa) for ElastQ. The correlation between VCTE-LSM and ElastQ-LSM was adequate for VCTE-LSM <15 kPa (Pearson r=0.63) but lower for VCTE-LSM ≥15.0 kPa (Pearson r=0.27). VCTE-LSM indicated no fibrosis risk (<5.0 kPa) in 178 cases (21.8%), gray zone (5.0-9.9 kPa) in 347 cases (42.5%), and advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD; ≥10.0 kPa) in 291 cases (35.7%). The diagnostic AUC for ElastQ-LSM was 0.82 for fibrosis risk and 0.90 for ACLD. The clinically relevant ElastQ cutoffs for ruling out fibrosis risk and ruling in compensated ACLD (cACLD) were <5.0 kPa and ≥9.0 kPa, respectively. CONCLUSION: ElastQ 2D-SWE enables accurate, non-invasive assessments of liver fibrosis and cACLD risk. In clinical practice, ElastQ-LSM <5.0 kPa rules out fibrosis, while ElastQ-LSM ≥9.0 kPa rules in cACLD.

Association between Dietary Habits and Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are frequent complications of cirrhosis, and the dietary patterns of patients with these diseases significantly impact the development of both conditions. This study aims to evaluate the adequacy of the dietary intake of patients with liver cirrhosis. A total of 201 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in this analysis. We evaluated the nutritional status of the patients as stated by EWGSOP2 criteria. Subjects were divided into three groups: non-sarcopenic, sarcopenic, and with sarcopenic obesity. We conducted a dietary assessment three times over nonconsecutive 24 h periods within a month. According to EWGSOP2 criteria, combining low handgrip strength with low skeletal muscle index, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 57.2%. Sarcopenic obesity was found in 25.3% of patients. In the sarcopenic group of patients, the energy intake was lower than the current recommendations. Regarding protein intake, the consumption was relatively low in both sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity samples of patients (0.85 g/kg body weight and 0.77 g/kg BW, p < 0.0001). Patients had a median of 2-3 eating episodes daily, and they often missed late-evening snacks. In conclusion, diet quality in cirrhotic patients was relatively poor, and energy and protein intakes were lower than suggested.

A Statistical Approach to the Diagnosis and Prediction of HCC Using CK19 and Glypican 3 Biomarkers.

Various statistical models predict the probability of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis, with GALAD being one of the most extensively studied scores. Biomarkers like alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), AFP-L3, and des-g-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) are widely used alone or in conjunction with ultrasound to screen for HCC. Our study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and Glypican-3 (GPC3) as standalone biomarkers and in a statistical model to predict the likelihood of HCC. We conducted a monocentric prospective study involving 154 participants with previously diagnosed liver cirrhosis, divided into two groups: 95 patients with confirmed HCC based on clinical, biological, and imaging features and 59 patients without HCC. We measured the levels of AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, GPC3, and CK19 in both groups. We used univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to evaluate the ability of GPC3 and CK19 to predict the presence of HCC and incorporated them into a statistical model-the GALKA score-which was then compared to the GALAD score. AFP performed better than AFP-F3, DCP, GPC3, and CK19 in predicting the presence of HCC in our cohort. Additionally, GPC3 outperformed CK19. We used multivariate analysis to compute the GALKA score to predict the presence of HCC. Using these predictors, the following score was formulated: 0.005*AFP-L3 + 0.00069*AFP + 0.000066*GPC3 + 0.01*CK19 + 0.235*Serum Albumin-0.277. The optimal cutoff was >0.32 (AUROC = 0.98, sensitivity: 96.8%, specificity: 93%, positive predictive value-95.8%, negative predictive value-94.8%). The GALKA score had a similar predictive value to the GALAD score for the presence of HCC. In conclusion, AFP, AFP-L3, and DCP were the best biomarkers for predicting the likelihood of HCC. Our score performed well overall and was comparable to the GALAD score.

Assessment of Thyroid Stiffness and Viscosity in Autoimmune Thyroiditis Using Novel Ultrasound-Based Techniques.

The estimation of viscosity by measuring the shear-wave dispersion (SWD) using ultrasound 2D shear-wave elastography (SWE) is becoming more and more popular. Recent research suggests that SWD can be used in addition to 2D-SWE (shear-wave speed) to diagnose diffuse liver disease. Viscosity was studied for the assessment of normal thyroid tissue. This study aims to evaluate the use of viscosity measurements in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis using the SuperSonic MACH®30 ultrasound machine (Hologic SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) which provides the Vi PLUS mode for viscosity and the 2D SWE PLUS mode for shear-wave speed measurements. Valid measurements were obtained in 308 cases, 153 with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) and 155 with no thyroid pathology (95.95% feasibility of the methods). The differences between the healthy group and the CAT group were statistically significant both for Vi PLUS (2.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.8 ± 0.5, p < 0.0001) and for 2D-SWE PLUS (13.5 ± 3.3 vs. 23.1 ± 8.3, p < 0.0001). The diagnostic performance was poor for Vi PLUS alone (AUC = 0.69; cut-off > 2.5 Pa·s, se = 68.6%; sp = 64.52%) and good for 2D-SWE PLUS alone (AUC = 0.861; cut-off > 18.4 kPa, se = 69.9%; sp = 92.2%). Vi PLUS correlated with 2D-SWE PLUS, with the presence of CAT, the thyroid volume, levothyroxine replacement therapy and age. Statistically significant differences were found between the CAT subgroup receiving thyroid replacement therapy and the subgroup without therapy: 24.74 ± 8.33 vs. 21.93 ± 8.12 kPa for 2D-SWE (p = 0.0380) and 3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 0.4 Pa·s for Vi PLUS (p = 0.0193). Elastography-based methods improve the classic ultrasound evaluation: 2D-SWE PLUS performed somewhat better in distinguishing CAT from normal thyroid tissue, while Vi PLUS made a slightly better assessment regarding the functional status.

Relationship between Novel Elastography Techniques and Renal Fibrosis-Preliminary Experience in Patients with Chronic Glomerulonephritis.

INTRODUCTION: A renal biopsy represents the gold standard in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patients with glomerulonephritis. So far, non-invasive elastographic techniques have not confirmed their utility in replacing a biopsy; however, the new and improved software from Hologic Supersonic Mach 30 is a promising method for assessing the renal tissue's stiffness and viscosity. We investigated whether this elastography technique could reveal renal tissue fibrosis in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-dimensional-shear wave elastography (SWE) PLUS and viscosity plane-wave ultrasound (Vi PLUS) assessments were performed in 40 patients with chronic glomerulopathies before being referred for a renal biopsy. For each kidney, the mean values of five stiffness and viscosity measures were compared with the demographic, biological, and histopathological parameters of the patients. RESULTS: In total, 26 men and 14 women with a mean age of 52.35 ± 15.54 years, a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 53.8 ± 35.49 mL/min/1.73m2, and a mean proteinuria of 6.39 ± 7.42 g/24 h were included after providing their informed consent. Out of 40 kidney biopsies, 2 were uninterpretable with inappropriate material and were divided into four subgroups based on their fibrosis percentage. Even though these elastography techniques were unable to differentiate between separate fibrosis stages, when predicting between the fibrosis and no-fibrosis group, we found a cut-off value of <20.77 kPa with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.860, a p < 0.001 with 88.89% sensitivity, and a 75% specificity for the 2D SWE PLUS measures and a cut-off value of <2.8 Pa.s with an AUC of 0.792, a p < 0.001 with 94% sensitivity, and a 60% specificity for the Vi PLUS measures. We also found a cut-off value of <19.75 kPa for the 2D SWE PLUS measures (with an AUC of 0.789, p = 0.0001 with 100% sensitivity, and a 74.29% specificity) and a cut-off value of <1.28 Pa.s for the Vi PLUS measures (with an AUC 0.829, p = 0.0019 with 60% sensitivity, and a 94.29% specificity) differentiating between patients with over 40% fibrosis and those with under 40%. We also discovered a positive correlation between the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and 2D-SWE PLUS values (r = 0.7065, p < 0.0001) and Vi PLUS values (r = 0.3637, p < 0.0211). C reactive protein (CRP) correlates with the Vi PLUS measures (r = -0.3695, p = 0.0189) but not with the 2D SWE PLUS measures (r = -0.2431, p = 0.1306). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that this novel elastography method can distinguish between individuals with different stages of renal fibrosis, correlate with the renal function and inflammation, and are easy to use and reproducible, but further research is needed for them to be employed routinely in clinical practice.

Impact of COVID-19 on Patients with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) in terms of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), chronic liver failure acute decompensation (CLIF-AD), hospitalization, and mortality. In this retrospective study, we analyzed patients with known DLC who were admitted to the Gastroenterology Department with COVID-19. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained to compare the development of ACLF, CLIF-AD, days of hospitalization, and the presence of independent factors of mortality in comparison with a non-COVID-19 DLC group. All patients enrolled were not vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2. Variables used in statistical analyses were obtained at the time of hospital admission. A total of 145 subjects with previously diagnosed liver cirrhosis were included; 45/145 (31%) of the subjects were confirmed with COVID-19, among which 45% had pulmonary injury. The length of hospital stay (days) was significantly longer in patients with pulmonary injury compared to those without (p = 0.0159). In the group of patients with COVID-19 infection, the proportion of associated infections was significantly higher (p = 0.0041). Additionally, the mortality was 46.7% in comparison with only 15% in the non-COVID-19 group (p = 0.0001). Pulmonary injury was associated with death during admission in multivariate analysis in both the ACLF (p < 0.0001) and the non-ACLF (p = 0.0017) group. COVID-19 significantly influenced disease progression in patients with DLC in terms of associated infections, hospitalization length, and mortality.

Point Shear Wave Elastography by ElastPQ for Fibrosis Screening in Patients with NAFLD: A Prospective, Multicenter Comparison to Vibration-Controlled Elastography.

BACKGROUND: Since nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of liver disease in the Western world, clinicians need reliable noninvasive tools for the identification of NAFLD-associated fibrosis. Limited evidence on the performance of the novel shear wave elastography technique Elast-PQ (EPQ) in NAFLD is available. METHOD: In this prospective, European multinational study we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of EPQ using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) as a reference standard. RESULTS: Among 353 NAFLD patients, 332 (94.1%) fulfilled reliability criteria of VCTE and EPQ (defined by IQR/median ≤0.3; 41.3% female, mean age: 59 [IQR: 16.5], mean BMI: 29.0 (7.1)). 4/353 (1.1%) and 17/353 (4.8%) had unreliable VCTE and EPQ measurements, respectively. VCTE-based NAFLD fibrosis stages were F0/F1: 222(66.9%), F2: 41 (12.3%), F3: 30 (9.1%), F4: 39 (11.7%). We found a strong correlation (Pearson R=0.87; p<0.0001) and concordance (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient =0.792) of EPQ with VCTE. EPQ was able to identify NAFLD-fibrosis risk with the following EPQ cutoffs: ≥6.5 kPa for significant fibrosis (≥F2) (≥1.47 m/s; sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 95%; AUROC: 0.94), ≥6.9 kPa for advanced fibrosis (≥F3) (≥1.52 m/s; sens.: 88%, spec.: 89%; AUROC: 0.949), and ≥10.4 kPa for cirrhosis (F4) (≥1.86 m/s; sens.: 87%; spec.: 94%; AUROC: 0.949). CONCLUSION: The point shear wave elastography technique EPQ shows excellent correlation to and concordance with VCTE. EPQ can reliably exclude NAFLD fibrosis <6.0 kPa (<1.41 m/s) and indicate a high risk of advanced fibrosis ≥10.4 kPa (≥1.86 m/s).

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Arrival Time Parametric Imaging as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool for Liver Cirrhosis.

Liver biopsy is the gold standard method for staging liver fibrosis, but it is an invasive procedure that is associated with some complications. There are also non-invasive techniques for assessing liver fibrosis, such as elastography and biological tests, but these techniques can fail in detection or generate false measurements depending on the subject's condition. This study aimed to determine whether liver fibrosis can be evaluated using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with arrival time parametric imaging using the ultrasound machine's parametric image software, the method being called (CEUS-PAT). CEUS-PAT was performed on each subject using SonoVue as a contrast agent, and images showing liver parenchyma and the right kidney on a single screen were used for analysis in parametric imaging, which was performed using the proprietary software of the ultrasound system. The ratio between the kidney and liver arrival times was calculated. The study included 64 predominantly male (56.3%) subjects, 37 cirrhotic patients, and 27 healthy volunteers, with a mean age of 58.98 ± 8.90 years. Significant differences were found between the liver cirrhosis and healthy groups regarding CEUS-PAT, 0.83 ± 0.09 vs. 0.49 ± 0.11, p < 0.0001. The correlation between CEUS-PAT and VCTE was r = 0.81. The optimal cut-off value for detecting liver cirrhosis was >0.7, with an AUC of 0.98, p < 0.001, Se = 89.19%, Sp = 100%, PPV = 100%, and NPV = 87.1%. We demonstrate that CEUS-PAT achieves excellent performance in diagnosing liver cirrhosis and is a fast method for diagnosing liver cirrhosis that can even be applied in situations where the use of other methods is excluded.

Liver fat quantification. What is the purpose?

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The role of elastography for liver fibrosis screening in alcoholic liver disease.

Non-invasive tests have been developed to determine the severity of liver disease in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). We aimed to assess the severity of liver steatosis and liver fibrosis (LF) in a cohort of patients with AUD using liver elastography and biological scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed on 172 subjects, without previously known liver disease, with a positive AUDIT-C score, serum markers, and vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP). RESULTS: From 172 subjects with positive AUDIT-C test, VCTE diagnosed advanced fibrosis (F3) in 13.9% (24/172) of the subjects and liver cirrhosis (F4) in 17.5% (30/172). Moderate and severe steatosis was found in 18.6% (32/172), respectively 52.3% (90/172). Significant correlations were found between liver stiffness and APRI (r=0.33, p=0.001), FIB-4(r=0.31, p=0.0012) and the age-platelet index (r=0.25, p=0.008). FIB-4 (p=0.01) and age-platelet index (p=0.03) were independently associated with the presence of advanced fibrosis. Age-platelet index (AUC- 0.82) performed significantly better than AST/ALT (AUC- 0.55) and APRI (AUC- 0.58) (p= 0.0001 and p= 0.0014, respectively), but no differences were found when compared to FIB-4 (AUC- 0.77) (p=0.35) for predicting advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in a cohort of patients with AUD, 70.9% presented moderate and severe liver steatosis and 17.5% were newly diagnosed with liver cirrhosis.

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: A comparison between variceal and nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding.

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a typical medical emergency, with an incidence of 84 to 160 cases per 100,000 individuals and a mortality rate of approximately 10%. This study aimed to identify all cases of UGIB hospitalized in a tertiary gastroenterology department, to identify possible predictive factors involved in rebleeding and mortality, potential associations between different elements and the severity of bleeding, and the differences between the upper digestive hemorrhage due to nonvariceal and variceal bleeding. This was an observational, retrospective study of patients with UGIB admitted to the tertiary Department of Gastroenterology between January 2013 and December 2020. A total of 1499 patients were enrolled in the study. One thousand four hundred and ninety-nine patients were hospitalized for 7 years with active upper digestive hemorrhage, 504 variceal bleeding, and 995 nonvariceal bleeding. When comparing variceal with nonvariceal bleeding, in nonvariceal bleeding, the mean age was higher, similar sex, higher mortality rate, higher rebleeding rate, and higher hemorrhagic shock rate. Endoscopy treatment was also performed more frequently in variceal bleeding than in nonvariceal bleeding. Severe anemia was found more frequently in patients with variceal bleeding. The mortality rate was 10% in the entire study group, which was not significantly different between the 2 batches. However, the rebleeding rate is higher in patients with variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.

Non-Invasive Evaluation of Kidney Elasticity and Viscosity in a Healthy Cohort.

Introduction: There is currently a lack of published data on kidney elasticity and viscosity. Non-invasive techniques, such as two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE PLUS) and viscosity plane-wave ultrasound (Vi PLUS), have surfaced as new detection methods, which, thanks to efficient processing software, are expected to improve renal stiffness and viscosity measurements. This study aims to be the first one to assess the normal range values in normal renal function subjects and to investigate the factors that impact them. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study employing 50 participants (29 women and 21 men) with a mean age of 42.22 ± 13.17, a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 97.12 ± 11 mL/min/1.73 m2, a mean kidney length of 10.16 ± 0.66 cm, and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.24 ± 3.98. With a C6-1X convex transducer and the Ultra-FastTM software available on the Hologic Aixplorer Mach 30 ultrasound system, we acquired five measurements of renal cortical stiffness and viscosity (achieved from five distinct images in the middle part of the subcapsular cortex) from each kidney. The ten measurements' median values correlated with the participant's demographical, biological, and clinical parameters. Results: The mean kidney elasticity was 31.88 ± 2.89 kiloPascal (kPa), and the mean viscosity was 2.44 ± 0.57 Pascal.second (Pa.s) for a mean measurement depth 4.58 ± 1.02 cm. Renal stiffness seemed to be influenced by age (r = −0.7047, p < 0.0001), the measurement depth (r = −0.3776, p = 0.0075), and eGFR (r = 0.6101, p < 0.0001) but not by BMI (r = −0.2150, p = 0.1338), while viscosity appeared to be impacted by age (r = −0.4251, p = 0.0021), eGFR (r = 0.4057, p = 0.0038), the measurement depth (r = −0.4642, p = 0.0008), and BMI (r = −0.3676, p = 0.0086). The results of the one-way ANOVA used to test the differences in the variables among the three age sub-groups are statistically significant for both 2D-SWE PLUS (p < 0.001) and Vi PLUS (p = 0.015). The method found good intra-operator reproducibility for the 2D-SWE PLUS measurements, with an ICC of 0.8365 and a 95% CI of 0.7512 to 0.8990, and for the Vi PLUS measurements, with an ICC of 0.9 and a 95% CI of 0.8515 to 0.9397. Conclusions: Renal stiffness and viscosity screening may become an efficacious, low-cost way to gather supplemental diagnostic data from patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The findings demonstrate that these non-invasive methods are highly feasible and not influenced by gender and that their values correlate with renal function and decrease with age progression. Nevertheless, more research is required to ascertain their place in clinical practice.

Dynamic Changes in Liver Stiffness in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Undergoing Antiviral Therapy.

This is a retrospective single-center study that included 87 subjects. All subjects had chronic hepatitis B or HBV cirrhosis and underwent nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUC) treatment for more than one year. The study aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes in liver stiffness (LS) measured by transient elastography (TE) during a median interval of 64 months. Patients were assessed prior to starting therapy and followed up annually. Liver stiffness measurements (LSM) were performed annually, and ten valid LSMs were obtained in each session. Reliable LSMs were defined as the median value of 10 measurements with Interquartile range/median (IQR/M) ≤ 30%. A significant decrease in liver stiffness values (p < 0.001) was observed during follow-up. In patients with liver cirrhosis, the LSMs decreased significantly after only one year, 24.6 ± 4.3 kPa vs. 13.5 ± 4.2 kPa (p = 0.007), whereas the decrease in non-cirrhotic patients was not significant, 7.31 ± 3.62 vs. 6.80 ± 2.41 (p = 0.27). Liver stiffness decrease was more significant in patients with initially higher transaminases. Undetectable viral load was achieved in 73.5% of patients in year one, 82.7% in year two, and 90.8% in year three of treatment. In conclusion, our study reveals a decrease in liver stiffness by TE in patients with chronic hepatitis B when undergoing anti-HBV therapy in the first two years. It can be used as a method for follow-up in patients undergoing NUC therapy.