Intercostal Nerve Transfer for Biceps Reinnervation in Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Individual Patient Data Systematic Review using Individualized Fusion and Comparison to Supraclavicular Exploration and Nerve Grafting.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to search existing literature on nerve reconstruction surgery in patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy to determine whether treatment with supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting produced better elbow flexion outcomes compared to intercostal nerve transfer. Methods: This study was a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Individual Patient Data guidelines. A systematic search was conducted using multiple databases. An ordinal regression model was used to analyze the effect of using supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting or intercostal nerve on elbow flexion with the two scores measured: elbow flexion Medical Research Council scores and Toronto active movements scale scores for elbow flexion. Results: A final patient database from 6 published articles consisted of 83 supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting patients (73 patients with Medical Research Council and 10 patients with Toronto score) and 7 published articles which consisted of 131 intercostal nerve patients (84 patients with Medical Research Council and 47 patients with Toronto scores). Patients who underwent supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting presented with an average Medical Research Council score of 3.9 ± 0.72 and an average Toronto score of 6.2 ± 2.2. Patients who underwent intercostal nerve transfer presented with an average Medical Research Council score of 3.9 ± 0.71 and an average Toronto score of 6.4 ± 1.2. There was no statistical difference between supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting and intercostal nerve transfer when utilizing Medical Research Council elbow flexion scores (ordinal regression: 0.3821, standard error: 0.4590, p = 0.2551) or Toronto Active Movement Scale score for elbow flexion (ordinal regression: 0.7154, standard error: 0.8487, p = 0.2188). Conclusion: Regardless of surgical intervention utilized (supraclavicular exploration and nerve grafting or intercostal nerve transfers), patients had excellent outcomes for elbow flexion following obstetric brachial plexus palsy when utilizing Medical Research Council or Toronto scores for elbow flexion. The difference between these scores was not statistically significant. Type of study/Level of evidence: Therapeutic Study: Investigating the Result of Treatment/level III.

Prevalence and factors associated with tuberculosis infection in India.

BACKGROUND: The risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease is higher in individuals with TB infection. In a TB endemic country like India, it is essential to understand the current burden of TB infection at the population level. The objective of the present analysis is to estimate the prevalence of TB infection in India and to explore the factors associated with TB infection. METHODS: Individuals aged > 15 years in the recently completed National TB prevalence survey in India who were tested for TB infection by QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) assay were considered for this sub-analysis. TB infection was defined as positive by QFT-Plus (value >0.35 IU/ml). The estimates for prevalence, prevalence ratio (PR) and adjusted risk ratio (aRR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 16864 individuals analysed, the prevalence of TB infection was 22.6% (95% CI:19.4 -25.8). Factors more likely to be associated with TB infection include age > 30 years (aRR:1.49;95% CI:1.29-1.73), being male (aRR:1.26; 95%CI: 1.18-1.34), residing in urban location (aRR:1.58; 95%CI: 1.03-2.43) and past history of TB (aRR:1.49; 95%CI: 1.26-1.76). CONCLUSION: About one fourth (22.6%) of the individuals were infected with TB in India. Individuals aged > 30 years, males, residing in urban location, and those with past history of TB were more likely to have TB infection. Targeted interventions for prevention of TB and close monitoring are essential to reduce the burden of TB in India.

Simulated anesthesia consent discussions demonstrate high level of comprehension and education requirements for patients: A pilot study.

Objective: Patient comprehension of informed consent and demonstration of procedural understanding is often lacking in anesthesiology. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient communication in anesthesiology is being conducted effectively, and in a manner that ensures adequate communication between anesthesia professionals and their patients regarding procedures with associated risks and benefits. Methods: Anesthesia professionals were recorded in a simulated setting explaining anesthesia procedures of increasing complexity with one control scenario. Score means were calculated, and statistical comparisons made between discussion of anesthesia procedures and the control scenario. Results: Calculation of means for 6 readability tests demonstrated the grade level required to understand the medical practitioners' verbal communication was high and increased with complexity of the anesthesia procedure described. The control scenario required a statistically significant lower level of comprehension for the recipient of the information. Conclusion: In simulated settings, anesthesia professionals regularly communicate procedural details in a manner that is difficult for the general public to understand. Subjects could communicate in simple terms when discussing a control. Innovation: This pilot study demonstrated effective methodology, using artificial intelligence technology for transcription, to assess patient comprehension of verbal communication.

A Survey-Based Assessment of the Practices Governing Morbidity and Mortality Conferences and the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences are essential components for resident education and provide a valuable tool to improve patient safety and quality of care. M&M conferences help identify important gaps in safety and reduce avoidable events in future patient care. Active methods to improve the utilization of M&M conferences have been shown to enhance their educational value for residents, faculty and multidisciplinary teams in healthcare institutions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to use a survey-based methodology to assess how morbidity and mortality conferences are conducted in residency programs, including characteristics such as frequency, involvement of personnel and the effects of COVID-19. Methods: From February to October 2021, a validated 19 question survey was electronically distributed to residency program directors in anesthesiology, emergency medicine and general surgery, after a search for email addresses in the ACGME database. The survey was created and hosted on Google Forms. Results: A total of 125 of 713 program directors (17.5%) responded to the survey. Eighty-three percent of respondent programs reported mandatory participation for residents, with residents providing most of the presentations. Case presentations utilized various formats including SBAR, adverse event analysis and root cause analysis as the most common modalities. Though most programs reported no change in frequency of M&M conferences due to COVID-19, most respondents reported a shift to a virtual or hybrid platform. Conclusion: M&M conferences are an important educational and quality improvement modality, and many residency directors changed practice to incorporate virtual platforms due to the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain uninterrupted educational sessions. Nonetheless, significant variation still exists in how these conferences are conducted between different institutions.

Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for the Management of Phantom Limb Pain: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Amputees commonly feel an intermittent tingling, piercing, or burning sensation in the region of the missing portion of the amputated limb, a phenomenon known as phantom limb pain. Current treatment modalities include medications, mirror therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and more recently neuromodulation through spinal cord stimulation and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to examine the existing literature to identify and analyze evidence for the use of DRG stimulation as a pain relief modality for phantom limb pain. STUDY DESIGN: Scoping Review. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using relevant search terms. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases were used, and reference lists of selected articles were searched for additional relevant literature. RESULTS: Most studies analyzed had low to moderate bias in all categories assessed. There are case reports and case series indicating that DRG stimulation could be an effective treatment method for phantom limb pain. Fifteen of 25 patients across 5 studies achieved satisfactory levels of pain relief and significant improvements were reported by all patients evaluated for quality of life. Patient selection and proper targeting of stimulation are important factors in limiting large variability in results while determining effectiveness of this pain relief modality. LIMITATIONS: The studies included in this scoping review are limited by the number of cases and by the length of follow-up. Also, there are no randomized control trials or observational studies with large sample sizes that allow for adequate power. Many of these studies do not have a standardized methodology of quantifying pain relief from DRG stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative evidence at present suggests DRG stimulation may be a potentially effective treatment for phantom limb pain, however, a powered prospective randomized controlled trial is needed to assess the long-term benefits of this treatment modality. Given the increasing population of military veterans who are living with limb amputations, finding a modality for adequate long-term pain control is crucial.

Trends of Age and Geographical Location in Microsurgical Treatment of Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Debate over the optimal age at time of surgery for treatment of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) remains controversial, and there exists geographical varia- tion in surgical preference for age at time of surgery. The objective of this review was to analyze trends in age and geography in brachial plexus microsurgery for treatment of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) over time. METHODS: Review of the literature in this study was con- ducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Sys- tematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched. RESULTS: Pediatric patients undergoing brachial plexus microsurgery described in published reports before 2011 had a mean of 7.15 ± 6.56 months of age, while pediatric patients undergoing brachial plexus microsurgery surgery described in published reports after 2011 had a mean of 11.23 ± 9.76 months of age (p < 0.05). The mean age at surgery was lower in publications from Asian countries (6.29 months) than in publications from North America (11.34 months; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Age at time of microsurgery for treatment of BPBI is increasing, with mean age at surgeries occurring in and after 2011 being 4 months higher than thos occuring before 2011. The mean age at surgery was about 5 months higher in North American publications than in Asian pub- lications.

Characterization of Pediatric Genital Injuries Due to Consumer Products From 2011 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe demographic trends of consumer product-related injuries in the pediatric cohort from 2011 - 2020. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database surveying emergency department visits was retrospectively searched for all pediatric genitourinary injuries from 2011 to 2020. Data on demographics, diagnosis, products, disposition, and anatomy injured were collected on patients between the ages of 0-19 years. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression. RESULTS: There were 12,953 reported pediatric cases involving injuries of the genital region from 2011 to 2020 with a national estimate of 324,636 (95% CI 241,527 - 407,746) pediatric genital injuries, comprising 0.76% of total pediatric injuries in the past decade. Of these patients, female (54.2%), white (39.7%) individuals sustained the most injuries, and items most commonly responsible included bicycles (9.4%), playground equipment (6.9%), toilets (4.6%), beds (4.5%), bathtubs and showers (4.4%), soaps (4.4%), chairs (4.1%), and razors and shavers (2.3%). Urethral injuries were due to chemical injuries from soaps (22%), furniture (17%), playground injuries (17%), insertion of foreign bodies into the urethra (13%), bicycles (10%), and swimming related injuries (4%). Genital injuries in children 0-5 years old were primarily caused by furniture (47.8%), while injuries in the 6-10, 11-15, and 16-19 age groups were attributed to sports and recreation (41.2%, 24.6%, 12.2% respectively). There was no significant change in the annual number of pediatric genital injuries from 2011 to 2020 (R2 = 0.38, P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: Identifying factors involved in pediatric genital trauma can allow for increased legislation, surveillance, and prevention of such injuries in targeted age groups.

Are Opioids Out? Assessing Prescription Patterns in Plastic Surgery Using Medicare Part D Beneficiary Data.

INTRODUCTION: Since 1999, nearly 841,000 individuals have died from overdoses, 29% involving prescription opioids. Use of opioids for postoperative pain lacks evidence-based guidelines, and despite studies showing the efficacy of nonopioid agents in reducing postoperative morbidity, opioids are still routinely prescribed. However, multiple states are adopting prescription drug monitoring programs and prescription drug laws. The authors sought to investigate recent opioid prescription patterns among plastic surgeons. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used "Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Part D Prescriber" provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services from 2016 to 2018. Entries were filtered to include plastic surgeons. Demographic variables included surgeon sex, geographic region and state, board certification status, and length of experience. The surgeon's practice was designated as academic, private, or both. Outcomes included total opioid claims, opioid prescriber rate, and days per claim. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical comparison (α = .05). RESULTS: From 2016 to 2018, plastic surgeons wrote 289,525 opioid prescriptions for 1,729,523 days (6.0 days per prescription), totaling $3,346,979.39. In 2018, 62.2% of plastic surgeons prescribed 0 to 10 opioids, 36.5% prescribed 11 to 50 opioids, and 1.3% prescribed more than 50. Furthermore, 99.5% of plastic surgeons prescribing opioids are practicing in metropolitan areas (rural-urban commuting area codes 1-3). Plastic surgeons who were male or were board certified had significantly lower opioid prescriber rates (P < 0.001). There were no significant variations in outcomes by length of surgeon experience. Geographic region was significantly associated with opioid prescription rates and days per claim, with Southern plastic surgeons having lower rates (P < 0.001) and those Northeastern ones prescribing shorter courses (P = 0.004). The number of opioid claims, days per claim, and opioid prescriber rates were all significantly lower in 2018 than in 2017 and 2016 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prescriptions written by plastic surgeons may have contributed to the opioid epidemic, but 2018 data suggest opioids are becoming less routine in postoperative pain control. Further studies are warranted to assess factors related to reduced and shorter opioid prescriptions by plastic surgeons in the South and Northeast, respectively. Such insight, if adopted into law and implemented into clinical practice, may help reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic.

Surgical timing in neonatal brachial plexus palsy: A PRISMA-IPD systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is a serious complication of high-risk deliveries with controversy surrounding timing of corrective nerve surgery. This review systematically examines the existing literature and investigates correlations between age at time of upper trunk brachial plexus microsurgery and surgical outcomes. METHODS: A systematic screening of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases using PRISMA-IPD guidelines was conducted in January 2020 to include full-text English papers with microsurgery in upper trunk palsy, pediatric patients. Spearman rank correlation analysis and two-tailed t-tests were performed using individual patient data to determine the relationship between mean age at time of surgery and outcome as determined by the Mallet, Medical Research Council (MRC), or Active Movement Scale (AMS) subscores. RESULTS: Two thousand nine hundred thirty six papers were screened to finalize 25 papers containing individual patient data (n = 256) with low to moderate risk of bias, as assessed by the ROBINS-I assessment tool. Mallet subscore for hand-to-mouth and shoulder abduction, AMS subscore for elbow flexion and external rotation, and MRC subscore for elbow flexion were analyzed alongside the respective age of patients at surgery. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (ρ = -0.30, p < .01, n = 89) between increasing age (5.50 ± 2.09 months) and Mallet subscore for hand-to-mouth (3.43 ± 0.83). T-tests revealed a significant decrease in Mallet hand-to-mouth subscores after 6 months (p < .05) and 9 months (p < .05) of age. No significant effects were observed for Mallet shoulder abduction, MRC elbow flexion, or AMS elbow flexion and external rotation. CONCLUSION: The cumulative evidence suggests a significant negative correlation between age at microsurgery and Mallet subscores for hand-to-mouth. However, a similar correlation with age at surgery was not observed for Mallet shoulder abduction, MRC elbow flexion, AMS external rotation, and AMS elbow flexion subscores.

Current Trends of Research Productivity among Students Matching at Top Ophthalmology Programs.

Importance San Francisco Match publishes no data on the research output of matched applicants to an ophthalmology residency. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the temporal trends in publication volume by medical students who successfully matched into a top ophthalmology residency. Methods This retrospective case series compared all residents in the top 30 ophthalmology residency programs from the class of 2022 and 2017. Publication volume from before September 15th of the residents' fourth year of medical school was recorded using PubMed and Google Scholar. We recorded total number of publications (any authorship), first/second author publications, and ophthalmology-specific publications. Using Welch's t -test, publication volumes were statistically compared against all others. Results One-hundred sixty-one residents from the class of 2022 and 145 residents from the class of 2017 were included. Total publications per matched applicant (mean ± standard deviation) were 3.04 ± 0.35 for the class of 2022 and 1.67 ± 0.23 for the class of 2017. Mean publications in ophthalmology journals were 1.07 ± 0.20 (2022) and 0.58 ± 0.13 (2017); mean first author publications were 1.00 ± 0.13 (2022) and 0.64 ± 0.11 (2017) and mean second author publications were 0.70 ± 0.10 (2022) and 0.37 ± 0.06 (2017). Research productivity in all four metrics (total, ophthalmology journals, first author, and second author publications) was significantly higher for the class of 2022 than the class of 2017 ( p = 0.001; p = 0.03; p = 0.03; p = 0.02, respectively) supporting the trend of increasing research output among students. Applicants with PhD degrees had statistically more total and first author publications in 2017 ( p = 0.01; p = 0.045), but only more first author publications in 2022 ( p = 0.01). International applicants produced significantly more total publications in 2022 ( p < 0.001). Conclusions Overall, after a 5-year period, the authors found matched applicants had significantly increased publications compared with those at the beginning of the period. We also identified several applicant factors that may have variable effects on research publication. This analysis emphasizes the growing importance of research in the match process and can help future applicants navigate the ophthalmology match.

Video-Based, Patient-Focused Opioid Education in the Perioperative Period Increases Self-Perceived Opioid-Related Knowledge: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a video-based, patient-focused opioid education tool delivered in the perioperative period would decrease acute and chronic post-operative opioid prescription dispensations and increase self-rated knowledge about opioids. METHODS: We enrolled 110 patients with no reported opioid use in the previous 30 days, undergoing ambulatory surgery for breast, orthopedic, gynecologic, or other outpatient procedures for which opioids would be prescribed. Patients were randomized to receive either post-operative opioid education by the surgical team (control arm) or pre-operative education via a novel 5-minute video plus post-operative education by the surgical team (intervention arm). All patients received follow-up phone calls on post-operative day (POD) 7 to assess self-rated knowledge of opioids on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being most informed, and self-reported opioid use (primary outcome). Arkansas Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (AR PDMP) data were obtained to assess opioid dispensations at POD 90-150 days. RESULTS: Seventy-seven percent of participants completed POD7 survey. Participants in the intervention arm rated their knowledge of opioids after surgery significantly higher than those in the control arm (p=0.013). Data from the AR PDMP reveal trends (non-significant) that show increased use of opioids in the control group when compared to the video intervention group at POD 30 (88.7% vs 76%) and POD 90-150 (22.6% vs 10%). CONCLUSION: Video-based, patient-focused opioid education can be effectively implemented in a large university hospital during the perioperative period and is effective for increasing a patient's perception of opioid-related knowledge. A fully powered, randomized control trial is needed to further explore observed trends and determine if this novel tool can decrease chronic post-operative opioid dispensations.

Use of Telepresence Robots in Glaucoma Patient Education.

PRCIS: Telepresence robots (TR) present the versatility to effectively provide remote educational sessions for patients affected by glaucoma to improve disease knowledge. Given COVID-19's effect on clinical practice, TR can maintain social distancing when educating patients. PURPOSE: TR are devices that allow remote users to have a mobile presence anywhere. We compared the effect of an education session given by an in-person educator versus a TR on glaucoma knowledge and identified factors that impact patient education. METHODS: Eighty-five glaucoma patients were split into control, human, and TR groups. We measured glaucoma knowledge scores (KS) using the National Eye Institute's Eye-Q Test. Human and TR groups had the education session with a human or TR followed by the questionnaire. The control group was administered the questionnaire without an education session. Treatment regimen recall (RR) >90% was considered a success. We used linear regression and binary logistic regression to determine variables that affect KS and RR, respectively. RESULTS: Mean age was 58.3±2.8 years. 49% were female. Mean KS were 5.8±0.7 in the control group (n=31), 7.9±0.5 in the TR group (n=26), and 8.4±0.5 in the human group (n=28). Control participants had a lower mean KS than the human or TR groups (P<0.001). Having the education session (2.5, P<0.001), education greater than high school (0.8, P=0.016), and diabetes (-0.7, P=0.037) affected KS. Having diabetes (odds ratio=0.14, P=0.014) negatively affected RR. Having the education session may affect RR (odds ratio=5.47, P=0.07), warranting additional studies. CONCLUSIONS: Education sessions with a human and TR improved patients' glaucoma KS. TRs may serve as an alternative to in-person education sessions and allow educators to safely and effectively educate patients remotely to adhere to COVID-19 social distancing guidelines.

Comparisons of Monopolar Lesion Volumes with Hypertonic Saline Solution in Radiofrequency Ablation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Ex Vivo Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic degeneration of the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical or lumbar spine are common causes of axial back pain. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a treatment modality in the denervation of facet joint-related pain. Although multiple factors have been theorized to contribute to the size of the optimal RF lesion, the addition of hypertonic saline solution has been posited to create larger RF lesion sizes. OBJECTIVES: This study compares lesion of 20-gauge RF monopolar probe using 2% lidocaine, 0.9% normal saline solution, and 3% saline solution administered through the RF needle prior to ablation, with subsequent lesion sizes recorded. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded, ex vivo study using clinically relevant conditions. SETTING: Procedural laboratory in an academic institution. METHODS: RF ablation lesions were reproduced in room temperature (21°C ± 2°C) chicken breast specimens with 20-gauge monopolar RF probes inserted. RF was applied for 90 seconds at 80°C after injection of 1 mL of either 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine and 0.9% normal saline solution in a 1:1 ratio, or 2% lidocaine and 3% saline solution in a 1:1 ratio. Tissues were dissected, measured, and ellipsoid volumes of burn calculated. Homogeneity of variances was assessed via the Bartlett's test, and heteroskedasticity with the studentized Breusch-Pagan test. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (alpha of 0.05) was used to evaluate statistical significance between volume means across groups. When the null hypothesis of no difference in burn volume between samples could not be rejected, a predefined equivalence volume of ± 0.05 cm3 was used with Welch's 2 one-sided t-tests (TOST) with a Bonferroni adjusted alpha of 0.0167 to evaluate for null acceptance. RESULTS: The mean lesion volume for monopolar RF with 1 mL 2% lidocaine was 0.16 cm3. Monopolar RF with 1 mL 2% lidocaine + 0.9% normal saline solution had a mean lesion volume of 0.15 cm3, and treatment with 1 mL 2% lidocaine + 3% saline solution measured 0.17 cm3. ANOVA failed to reject the null, and TOST accepted as equivalent all 3 comparisons. LIMITATIONS: In vivo anatomy and physiology of a human organism was not used for this study. Samples were not warmed to physiologic temperature. Randomization resulted in slightly unequal sample sizes, although all groups were of sufficient size that the central limit theorem should apply. CONCLUSIONS: Three commonly used solutions were found to have equivalent lesion sizes from monopolar probe RF ablation. KEY WORDS: Radiofrequency, ablation, lesion shape, lesion size, monopolar RF, hypertonic saline solution.

Assessment of burden of depression during pregnancy among pregnant women residing in rural setting of chennai.

INTRODUCTION: Depression during perinatal period leads to adverse pregnancy outcome and of child growth. Our study aimed to examine the burden of antenatal depression and associated risk factors among pregnant women living in rural settings of Chennai, a southern state of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural settings of Chennai, one of the Southern States of India during August through September 2013. Hundred pregnant women who agreed to participate were enrolled in this study. Edinburg postnatal depression scale was used to assess the depression level of the study participants. Information was also gathered about socio-demographics, obstetric and disease history, social support and marital satisfaction was gathered. Descriptive analysis was performed using univariate statistics to report means and standard deviations for the continuous variables and frequency distribution for the categorical variables. RESULTS: Majority of the participants (65%) had scored 13 or higher on the Edinburg Depression Scale reflecting high likelihood of depression. Majority of the participants (66%) had been bothered due to low feeling, depressed or hopelessness during the previous month. Enriched marital satisfaction scale (p=.025) had shown significant association with Edinburg depression scale. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is very crucial period not only for mother but whole family. This study has shown very high frequency of depression among the participants. There is a need for a longitudinal study to design interventions that can address emerging burden of antenatal depression among pregnant women living in rural settings.