Factors for a broad technology assessment of comprehensive genomic profiling in advanced cancer, a systematic review.

Comprehensive Genomic Profiling (CGP) allows for the identification of many targets. Reimbursement decision-making is, however, challenging because besides the health benefits of on-label treatments and costs, other factors related to diagnostic and treatment pathways may also play a role. The aim of this study was to identify which other factors are relevant for the technology assessment of CGP and to summarize the available evidence for these factors. After a scoping search and two expert sessions, five factors were identified: feasibility, test journey, wider implications of diagnostic results, organisation of laboratories, and "scientific spillover". Subsequently, a systematic search identified 83 studies collecting mainly evidence for the factors "test journey" and "wider implications of diagnostic results". Its nature was, however, of limited value for decision-making. We recommend the use of comparative strategies, uniformity in outcome definitions, and the inclusion of a comprehensive set of factors in future evidence generation.

Sunitinib for the treatment of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: the effect of TDM-guided dose optimization on clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is an oral anticancer drug approved for the treatment of among others gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Previous analyses demonstrated an exposure-response relationship at the standard dose, and minimum target levels of drug exposure have been defined above which better treatment outcomes are observed. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could be used as a tool to optimize the individual dose, aiming at sunitinib trough concentrations ≥37.5 ng/ml for continuous dosing. Nonetheless, data on the added value of TDM-guided dosing on clinical endpoints are currently lacking. Therefore, we evaluate the effect of TDM in patients with advanced and metastatic GIST treated with sunitinib in terms of efficacy and toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A TDM-guided cohort was compared to a non-TDM-guided cohort in terms of median progression-free survival (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS). Also, mPFS between patients with and without dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) was compared. Patients in the prospective cohort were included in two studies on TDM-guided dosing (the DPOG-TDM study and TUNE study). The retrospective cohort consisted of patients from the Dutch GIST Registry who did not receive TDM-guided dosing. RESULTS: In total, 51 and 106 patients were included in the TDM-guided cohort and non-TDM-guided cohort, respectively. No statistical difference in mPFS was observed between these two cohorts (39.4 versus 46.9 weeks, respectively; P = 0.52). Patients who experienced sunitinib-induced DLTs had longer mPFS compared to those who did not (51.9 versus 28.9 weeks, respectively; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the routine use of TDM-guided dose optimization of sunitinib in patients with advanced/metastatic GIST to improve survival.

Real-world data on the management of pazopanib-induced liver toxicity in routine care of renal cell cancer and soft tissue sarcoma patients.

PURPOSE: Pazopanib is known to cause liver toxicity. A relationship between pazopanib exposure and alanine transaminase elevations has been described in clinical trials. This study investigated the relation between pazopanib exposure and liver toxicity in real-world patients and evaluated the management of pazopanib-induced liver toxicity in routine care. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study was performed in patients treated with pazopanib in whom pazopanib exposure was measured. The percentage of patients with and without liver toxicity during treatment with pazopanib was calculated as well as the average pazopanib exposure in both groups. Furthermore, the management of patients with liver toxicity was evaluated. RESULTS: Liver toxicity was observed in 25 out of the 133 patients included (19%). Pazopanib exposure was comparable in patients with or without liver toxicity (27.7 mg/L versus 28.1 mg/L). Seven patients permanently discontinued pazopanib after the occurrence of liver toxicity. Of the remaining 18 patients, continuation or restart of pazopanib after liver toxicity was successful in 16 patients and half of these patients were able to safely continue pazopanib at the same dose as prior to liver toxicity for the remaining duration of treatment. CONCLUSION: Our study did not demonstrate a clear relationship between pazopanib exposure and the occurrence of pazopanib-induced liver toxicity. Half of the patients were able to safely continue or restart pazopanib treatment after liver toxicity and received the same dose as prior to drug withdrawal. Successful interventions to address pazopanib-induced toxicity in the clinic led to an algorithm for the management of pazopanib-induced liver toxicity.

The use of microtracers in food-effect trials: An alternative study design for toxic drugs with long half-lives exemplified by the case for alectinib.

The traditional design of food-effect studies has a high patient burden for toxic drugs with long half-lives (e.g., anticancer agents). Microtracers could be used to assess food-effect in patients without influencing their ongoing treatment. The feasibility of a microtracer food-effect study during steady-state of the therapeutic drug was investigated in an in silico simulation study with alectinib as an example for a relative toxic drug with a long half-life. Microtracer pharmacokinetics were simulated based on a previously published population pharmacokinetic model and used for estimation of a model with and a model without food as a covariate on oral bioavailability of alectinib (assuming a 40% food-effect). Power was defined as the fraction of clinical trials where a significant (p < 0.01) food-effect was identified. The proposed study design of 10 patients on steady-state treatment, 10 blood samples collected within 24 h after administration and an assumed food-effect of 40% had a power of 99.9%. The mean estimated food-effect was 39.8% (80% confidence interval: 31.0%-48.6%). The feasibility of microtracer food-effect studies was demonstrated. The design of the microtracer food-effect study allowed estimation of the food-effect with minimal influence on therapeutic treatment and reducing patient burden compared to the traditional study design for toxic drugs with long half-lives.

Elevated preoperative serum interleukin-6 level is predictive for worse postoperative outcome after soft tissue sarcoma surgery.

BACKGROUND: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a role in cancer development and progression, but research into the predictive value of IL-6 on postoperative outcome in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is scarce. The purpose of this study is to investigate the predictive value of serum IL-6 level for the achievement of assumed (post)operative outcome after STS surgery, the so-called textbook outcome. METHODS: Preoperative IL-6 serum levels were collected in all patients with a STS at first presentation between February 2020 and November 2021. Textbook outcome was defined as a R0 resection, no complications, no blood transfusions, no reoperation within the postoperative period, no prolonged hospital stay, no hospital readmission within 90-days, and no mortality within 90-days. Factors associated with textbook outcome were determined by multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Among 118 patients with primary, non-metastatic STS, 35.6% achieved a textbook outcome. Univariate analysis showed that smaller tumor size (p = 0.026), lower tumor grade (p = 0.006), normal hemoglobin (Hb, p = 0.044), normal white blood cell (WBC) count (p = 0.018), normal C-reactive protein (CRP) serum level (p = 0.002) and normal IL-6 serum level (p = 1.5 × 10-5) were associated with achieving textbook outcome after surgery. Multivariable analysis showed that elevated IL-6 serum level (p = 0.012) was significantly associated with not achieving a textbook outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Increased IL-6 serum level is predictive for not achieving a textbook outcome after surgery for primary, non-metastatic STS.

Exposure-response analyses of BRAF- and MEK-inhibitors dabrafenib plus trametinib in melanoma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Dabrafenib and trametinib are currently administered at fixed doses, at which interpatient variability in exposure is high. The aim of this study was to investigate whether drug exposure is related to efficacy and toxicity in a real-life cohort of melanoma patients treated with dabrafenib plus trametinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational study was performed in which pharmacokinetic samples were collected as routine care. Using estimated dabrafenib Area Under the concentration-time Curve and trametinib trough concentrations (Cmin), univariable and multivariable exposure-response analyses were performed. RESULTS: In total, 140 patients were included. Dabrafenib exposure was not related to either progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Trametinib exposure was related to survival, with Cmin ≥ 15.6 ng/mL being identified as the optimal threshold. Median OS was significantly longer in patients with trametinib Cmin ≥ 15.6 ng/mL (22.8 vs. 12.6 months, P = 0.003), with a multivariable hazard ratio of 0.55 (95% CI 0.36-0.85, P = 0.007). Median PFS in patients with trametinib Cmin levels ≥ 15.6 ng/mL (37%) was 10.9 months, compared with 6.0 months for those with Cmin below this threshold (P = 0.06). Multivariable analysis resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.70 (95% CI 0.47-1.05, P = 0.082). Exposure to dabrafenib and trametinib was not related to clinically relevant toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival of metastasized melanoma patients with trametinib Cmin levels ≥ 15.6 ng/mL is ten months longer compared to patients with Cmin below this threshold. This would theoretically provide a rationale for therapeutic drug monitoring of trametinib. Although a high proportion of patients are underexposed, there is very little scope for dose increments due to the risk of serious toxicity.

Oncology phase I trial design and conduct: time for a change - MDICT Guidelines 2022.

In 2021, the Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence announced Project Optimus focusing on dose optimization for oncology drugs. The Methodology for the Development of Innovative Cancer Therapies (MDICT) Taskforce met to review and discuss the optimization of dosage for oncology trials and to develop a practical guide for oncology phase I trials. Defining a single recommended phase II dose based on toxicity may define doses that are neither the most effective nor the best tolerated. MDICT recommendations address the need for robust non-clinical data which are needed to inform trial design, as well as an expert team including statisticians and pharmacologists. The protocol must be flexible and adaptive, with clear definition of all endpoints. Health authorities should be consulted early and regularly. Strategies such as randomization, intrapatient dose escalation, and real-world eligibility criteria are encouraged whereas serial tumor sampling is discouraged in the absence of a strong rationale and appropriately validated assay. Endpoints should include consideration of all longitudinal toxicity. The phase I dose escalation trial should define the recommended dose range for later testing in randomized phase II trials, rather than a single recommended phase II dose, and consider scenarios where different populations may require different dosages. The adoption of these recommendations will improve dosage selection in early clinical trials of new anticancer treatments and ultimately, outcomes for patients.

Complete genomic characterization in patients with cancer of unknown primary origin in routine diagnostics.

BACKGROUND: In ∼3%-5% of patients with metastatic disease, tumor origin remains unknown despite modern imaging techniques and extensive pathology work-up. With long diagnostic delays and limited and ineffective therapy options, the clinical outcome of patients with cancer of unknown primary (CUP) remains poor. Large-scale genome sequencing studies have revealed that tumor types can be predicted based on distinct patterns of somatic variants and other genomic characteristics. Moreover, actionable genomic events are present in almost half of CUP patients. This study investigated the clinical value of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in terms of primary tumor identification and detection of actionable events, in the routine diagnostic work-up of CUP patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A WGS-based tumor type 'cancer of unknown primary prediction algorithm' (CUPPA) was developed based on previously described principles and validated on a large pan-cancer WGS database of metastatic cancer patients (>4000 samples) and 254 independent patients, respectively. We assessed the clinical value of this prediction algorithm as part of routine WGS-based diagnostic work-up for 72 CUP patients. RESULTS: CUPPA correctly predicted the primary tumor type in 78% of samples in the independent validation cohort (194/254 patients). High-confidence predictions (>95% precision) were obtained for 162/254 patients (64%). When integrated in the diagnostic work-up of CUP patients, CUPPA could identify a primary tumor type for 49/72 patients (68%). Most common diagnoses included non-small-cell lung (n = 7), gastroesophageal (n = 4), pancreatic (n = 4), and colorectal cancer (n = 3). Actionable events with matched therapy options in clinical trials were identified in 47% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Genome-based tumor type prediction can predict cancer diagnoses with high accuracy when integrated in the routine diagnostic work-up of patients with metastatic cancer. With identification of the primary tumor type in the majority of patients and detection of actionable events, WGS is a valuable diagnostic tool for patients with CUP.

Sex differences in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours: do they exist and does it affect survival?

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in cancer have gained attention in recent years. The role of sex as a prognostic factor in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) has not been well established. The aim of this research was to elucidate potential sex differences in GIST patients and the influence of sex on disease-specific survival (DSS). METHODS: A review of the literature was carried out to obtain an overview of all literature with sex as a covariate on GIST survival analyses. Furthermore, in the Dutch GIST Registry, GIST characteristics between males and females were compared and the influence of sex on DSS was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 118 articles from the review of the literature met our selection criteria; 58% of the articles found no sex difference in survival and 42% did find a sex difference. All differences favoured female patients, although there was substantial overlap of individual patients in the various reported groups. The Dutch GIST Registry cohort consisted of 1425 patients (46% female). Compared with female patients, male patients had larger tumours (mean 9.0 cm versus 7.9 cm) and higher mitotic rates (34.4% versus 28.0% >5 mitoses/5 mm2). GIST in males was more often metastasized at diagnosis (21.3% versus 13.7%) and incurable (38.5% versus 31.0%). Male patients less often received surgery of the primary tumour (71.7% versus 78.9%), but did experience more tumour ruptures (18.2% versus 13.3%). Male patients had a worse DSS than females. This was not statistically significant when corrected for differences in GIST characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: In case of sex differences in GIST in the literature, male patients have a worse outcome. In our Dutch GIST cohort a similar finding was made, but sex was shown not to be an independent factor. Male patients more often had aggressive GISTs, with larger tumours, higher mitotic rates, more tumour ruptures, and metastases, which could explain the sex differences in DSS.

Therapeutic drug monitoring-based precision dosing of oral targeted therapies in oncology: a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Oral targeted therapies show a high pharmacokinetic (PK) interpatient variability. Even though exposure has been positively correlated with efficacy for many of these drugs, these are still dosed using a one-size-fits-all approach. Consequently, individuals have a high probability to be either underexposed or overexposed, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes. Therapeutic drug monitoring, which is personalized dosing based on measured systemic drug concentrations, could address these problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were enrolled in this prospective multicenter study (www.trialregister.nl; NL6695) if they started treatment with one of the 24 participating oral targeted therapies. Primary outcome was to halve the proportion of underexposed patients, compared with historical data. PK sampling was carried out after 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and every 12 weeks thereafter. In case of Cmin below the predefined target and manageable toxicity, a pharmacokinetically guided intervention was proposed (i.e. checking compliance and drug-drug interactions, concomitant intake with food, splitting intake moments or dose increments). RESULTS: In total, 600 patients were included of whom 426 patients are assessable for the primary outcome and 552 patients had ≥1 PK sample(s) available and were therefore assessable for the overall analyses. Pharmacokinetically guided dosing reduced the proportion of underexposed patients at the third PK measurement by 39.0% (95% confidence interval 28.0% to 49.0%) compared with historical data. At the third PK measurement, 110 out of 426 patients (25.8%) had a low exposure. In total, 294 patients (53.3%) had ≥1 PK sample(s) below the preset target at a certain time point during treatment. In 166 of these patients (56.5%), pharmacokinetically guided interventions were carried out, which were successful in 113 out of 152 assessable patients (74.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacokinetically guided dose optimization of oral targeted therapies was feasible in clinical practice and reduced the proportion of underexposed patients considerably.

Quality of life with encorafenib plus cetuximab with or without binimetinib treatment in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: patient-reported outcomes from BEACON CRC.

BACKGROUND: In the BEACON CRC study (NCT02928224), encorafenib plus cetuximab with binimetinib {9.3 versus 5.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.60 [0.47-0.75]} or without binimetinib [9.3 versus 5.9 months; HR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.48-0.77)] significantly improved overall survival (OS) compared with the previous standard of care (control) in patients with BRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Quality of life (QoL) was a secondary endpoint, assessed using validated instruments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: BEACON CRC was a randomized, open-label, phase III study comparing encorafenib plus cetuximab with or without binimetinib and the investigator's choice of irinotecan plus cetuximab or FOLFIRI plus cetuximab (chemotherapy control) in patients with previously treated BRAF V600E mCRC. Patient-reported QoL assessments included the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C). The primary outcome for these tools was time to definitive 10% deterioration. RESULTS: Encorafenib plus cetuximab, both with and without binimetinib, was associated with longer median times to definitive 10% deterioration versus the control group in the EORTC Global Health Status scale [HR (95% CI): 0.65 (0.52-0.80) versus 0.61 (0.49-0.75), respectively] and the FACT-C functional well-being subscale [HR (95% CI): 0.62 (0.50-0.76) versus 0.58 (0.47-0.72), respectively]. Consistent results were observed across all subscales of the EORTC and FACT-C instruments. QoL was generally maintained during treatment for the global EORTC and FACT-C scales. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to improving OS, encorafenib plus cetuximab with or without binimetinib delays QoL decline in previously treated patients with BRAF V600E-mutant mCRC.

Priorities and preferences of advanced soft tissue sarcoma patients starting palliative chemotherapy: baseline results from the HOLISTIC study.

INTRODUCTION: Palliative chemotherapy is the principal treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STS); however prognosis is limited (median overall survival 12-19 months). In this setting, patient values and priorities are central to personalised treatment decisions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The prospective HOLISTIC study was conducted in the UK and the Netherlands assessing health-related quality of life in STS patients receiving palliative chemotherapy. Participants completed a questionnaire before starting chemotherapy, including attitudes towards quality of life (QoL) versus length of life (LoL), decisional control preferences, and decisional conflict. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate associations between patient characteristics and preferences. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-seven patients with advanced STS participated (UK: n = 72, the Netherlands: n = 65). Median age was 62 (27-79) years. Preference for extended LoL (n = 66, 48%) was slightly more common than preference for QoL (n = 56, 41%); 12 patients (9%) valued LoL and QoL equally (missing: n = 3). Younger patients (age <40 years) prioritised LoL, whereas two-thirds of older patients (aged ≥65 years) felt that QoL was equally or more important than LoL (P = 0.020). Decisional conflict was most common in patients who prioritised QoL (P = 0.024). Most patients preferred an active (n = 45, 33%) or collaborative (n = 59, 44%) role in treatment decisions. Gender, performance status, and country were significantly associated with preferred role. Concordance between preferred and actual role in chemotherapy decision was high (n = 104, 76%). CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneous priorities and preferences among advanced STS patients support personalised decisions about palliative treatment. Considering individual differences during treatment discussions may enhance communication and optimise patient-centred care.

Monitoring of EGFR mutations in circulating tumor DNA of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR inhibitors.

PURPOSE: We studied EGFR mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and explored their role in predicting the progression-free survival (PFS) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with erlotinib or gefitinib. METHODS: The L858R, T790M mutations and exon 19 deletions were quantified in plasma using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The dynamics of ctDNA mutations over time and relationships with PFS were explored. RESULTS: In total, 249 plasma samples (1-13 per patient) were available from 68 NSCLC patients. The T790M and L858R or exon 19 deletion were found in the ctDNA of 49 and 56% patients, respectively. The median (range) concentration in these samples were 7.3 (5.1-3688.7), 11.7 (5.1-12,393.3) and 27.9 (5.9-2896.7) copies/mL, respectively. Using local polynomial regression, the number of copies of EGFR mutations per mL increased several months prior to progression on standard response evaluation. CONCLUSION: This change was more pronounced for the driver mutations than for the resistance mutations. In conclusion, quantification of EGFR mutations in plasma ctDNA was predictive of treatment outcomes in NSCLC patients. In particular, an increase in driver mutation copy number could predict disease progression.

Correction to: Exposure-survival analyses of pazopanib in renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma patients: opportunities for dose optimization.

In the original publication of the article, the second author name has been misspelled.

Exposure-response analyses of abiraterone and its metabolites in real-world patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Abiraterone acetate is an oral 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC) patients. Previously, a prospective observational trial demonstrated a relationship between abiraterone trough concentrations (Cmin) in plasma and treatment efficacy. The aim of our study was to investigate the exposure-response relationship of abiraterone and its metabolites, and to study if the proposed target for abiraterone of 8.4 ng/mL is feasible in a "real-world" patient cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: mCRPC patients who had at least one abiraterone plasma concentration at steady-state were included in this study. Plasma abiraterone and its metabolites levels were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Using calculated Cmin values of abiraterone and its active metabolite Δ(4)-abiraterone (D4A), univariate, and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were included in this retrospective analysis, of which 42% were underexposed (mean abiraterone Cmin ≤ 8.4 ng/mL). In multivariable analysis, Cmin ≥ 8.4 ng/mL was associated with longer prostate-specific antigen (PSA) independent progression-free survival (16.9 vs 6.1 months; p = 0.033), which resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.82, p = 0.01). D4A Cmin did not show a relationship with treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that mCRPC patients with an abiraterone Cmin ≥ 8.4 ng/mL have a better prognosis compared with patients with low Cmin. Monitoring Cmin of abiraterone can help to identify those patients at risk of suboptimal treatment for whom treatment optimization may be appropriate.

Enhancing antitumor response by combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy in solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Cancer immunotherapy has changed the standard of care for a subgroup of patients with advanced disease. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in particular has shown improved survival compared with previous standards of care for several tumor types. Although proven to be successful in more immunogenic tumors, ICB is still largely ineffective in patients with tumors that are not infiltrated by immune cells, the so-called cold tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This review describes the effects of different chemotherapeutic agents on the immune system and the potential value of these different types of chemotherapy as combination partners with ICB in patients with solid tumors. Both preclinical data and currently ongoing clinical trials were evaluated. In addition, we reviewed findings regarding different dosing schedules, including the effects of an induction phase and applying metronomic doses of chemotherapy. RESULTS: Combining ICB with other treatment modalities may lead to improved immunological conditions in the tumor microenvironment and could thereby enhance the antitumor immune response, even in tumor types that are so far unresponsive to ICB monotherapy. Chemotherapy, that was originally thought to be solely immunosuppressive, can exert immunomodulatory effects which may be beneficial in combination with immunotherapy. Each chemotherapeutic drug impacts the tumor microenvironment differently, and in order to determine the most suitable combination partners for ICB it is crucial to understand these mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Preclinical studies demonstrate that the majority of chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to exert immunostimulatory effects, either by inhibiting immunosuppressive cells and/or activating effector cells, or by increasing immunogenicity and increasing T-cell infiltration. However, for certain chemotherapeutic agents timing, dose and sequence of administration of chemotherapeutic agents and ICB is important. Further studies should focus on determining the optimal drug combinations, sequence effects and optimal concentration-time profiles in representative preclinical models.

Surgical and medical management of small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A report of the Dutch GIST registry.

BACKGROUND: A cohort of 201 patients with small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) treated between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2016 in five GIST expertise centers in the Netherlands was analyzed. Goal of this study was to describe the clinical, surgical and pathological characteristics of this rare subpopulation of GIST patients, registered in the Dutch GIST registry. METHODS: Clinical outcomes and risk factors of patients with small bowel GIST who underwent surgery or treated with systemic therapy were analyzed. A classification was made based on disease status at diagnosis (localized vs. metastasized). RESULTS: 201 patients with small bowel GIST were registered of which 138 patients (69%) were diagnosed with localized disease and 63 patients (31%) with metastatic disease. Approximately 19% of the patients had emergency surgery, and in 22% GIST was an accidental finding. In patients with high risk localized disease, recurrence occurred less often in patients who received adjuvant treatment (4/32) compared to patients who did not (20/31, p < 0.01). Disease progression during palliative imatinib treatment occurred in 23 patients (28%) after a median of 20.7 (range 1.8-47.1) months. Ongoing response was established in 52/82 patients on first line palliative treatment with imatinib after a median treatment time of 30.6 (range 2.5-155.3) months. CONCLUSION: Patients with small-bowel GIST more frequently present with metastatic disease when compared to patients with gastric GIST in literature. We advocate for Prospective registration of these patients and investigate the use of surgery in patients with limited metastatic disease.

Validation and clinical application of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of everolimus using volumetric absorptive microsampling.

Everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor approved for the treatment of various tumor types. Less invasive measurement of everolimus concentrations could facilitate pharmacokinetic studies and personalized dosing based on whole blood concentrations, known as therapeutic drug monitoring. Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling (VAMS) has been introduced as a patient friendly, less invasive sampling technique to obtain an accurate volume of whole blood regardless of hematocrit value. We describe the bioanalytical validation and clinical application of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify everolimus using VAMS. For the quantification, 13C2D4-Everolimus was used as internal standard (IS). Everolimus and the IS were extracted with methanol from the VAMS device, which was evaporated after ultrasonification and shaking. The residue was reconstituted in 20 mM ammonium formate buffer and methanol (50%, v/v) of which 5 µL was injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Quantification was performed for the ammonium adduct of everolimus in positive electrospray ion mode. The VAMS method met all pre-defined validation criteria. Accuracy and precision were within 11.1% and ≤14.6%, respectively. Samples were shown to be stable on the VAMS device for at least 362 days at ambient temperatures. Considerable biases from -20 to 31% were observed over a 30-50% hematocrit range. Although the method fulfilled all validation criteria, the perceived advantage of VAMS over dried blood spot sampling could not be demonstrated. Despite the effect of hematocrit, using an empirically derived formula the whole blood everolimus concentration could be back calculated with reasonable accuracy in the clinical application study.

Patient-reported outcome measures in a pharmacokinetic study with sunitinib, a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: During treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as sunitinib, patients experience treatment and/or disease-related symptoms. Although application of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) enhances early recognition of symptoms, early clinical trials are focused on symptom severity objectified by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) in order to evaluate drug safety and to determine a personalized and/or safe dosage range. To gain insight into patient-reported symptoms in addition to healthcare professional-reported adverse events (AEs), a substudy was conducted in an ongoing pharmacokinetic-guided sunitinib dosing study. METHODS: In patients for whom sunitinib was considered standard therapy or patients with advanced/metastatic tumors for whom no standard therapy was available, patient-reported symptoms and well-being besides healthcare professional-reported AEs were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included for analysis. Over 50% of them experienced a decreased well-being, caused by symptoms of mild and moderate intensity. Compared to healthcare professionals, all measured symptoms, with the exception of fatigue and vomiting, were reported statistically significantly more often by patients. CONCLUSIONS: Application of PROMs in early clinical trials on personalized or individualized oral targeted anticancer agents is feasible and enhances early recognition of symptom burden due to multiple CTCAE grade 1-2 AEs, just as pro-active symptom management and effect evaluation of interventions performed. Application of PROMs in these trials might be clinically relevant in obtaining dose-limiting toxicities.

Genetic polymorphisms as predictive biomarker of survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with sunitinib.

This study aimed to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with outcome to treatment with sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Forty-nine SNPS involved in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathway of sunitinib were associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in 127 patients with advanced GIST who have been treated with sunitinib. PFS was significantly longer in carriers of the TT genotype in POR rs1056878 (hazards ratio (HR) 4.310, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.457-12.746, P=0.008). The presence of the T-allele in SLCO1B3 rs4149117 (HR 2.024, 95% CI:1.013-4.044, P=0.046), the CCC-CCC alleles in SLC22A5 haplotype (HR 2.603, 95% CI: 1.216-5.573, P=0.014), and the GC-GC alleles in the IL4 R haplotype (HR 7.131, 95% CI:1.518-33.496, P=0.013) were predictive for OS. This shows that polymorphisms in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways of sunitinib are associated with survival in GIST. This may help to identify patients that benefit more from treatment with sunitinib.