Activation of human vascular endothelium in melanoma metastases induces ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression and results in increased infiltration with effector lymphocytes.

Lymphocytic infiltration into melanoma tissue is an important prerequisite for effective antitumoral immunity. However, analysis of human metastatic melanoma has shown that leucocyte adhesion receptor expression on melanoma blood vessels is very low or absent, thereby impairing the entry of cytotoxic lymphocytes into tumor tissue. We hypothesized that adhesion molecules can be induced on melanoma vasculature allowing better infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining indicated that the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (CD54) and E-selectin (CD62E) can be significantly induced by intralesional application of TNF alpha in tissue from human melanoma metastases either in vitro or in vivo when grafted onto immunodeficient NSG (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice that preserved human vessels. Furthermore, activated human autologous CD3+ lymphocytes were injected intravenously into mice bearing melanoma xenografts treated with TNF-α or PBS in addition to the leucocyte chemoattractant TARC (CCL17). Significantly increased numbers of CD8+ cells were detected in TNF-α-treated melanoma metastases compared with PBS-treated controls. In addition, tumor cell apoptosis was enhanced and melanoma cell proliferation reduced as shown by TUNEL assay and KI-67 staining. We conclude that adhesion molecules can be induced on human melanoma vasculature resulting in significantly improved homing of activated autologous cytotoxic T cells to melanoma tissue and inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation. These observations should be considered when designing protocols for immunotherapy of malignant melanoma.

Effect of pimecrolimus vs. corticosteroids on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell differentiation, maturation and function.

Pimecrolimus (SDZ ASM981) is a non-steroid member of calcineurin inhibitors recently developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we compared the effect of pimecrolimus and corticosteroids on the differentiation, maturation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC). We added pimecrolimus at concentrations of 5-500 ng/ml or 0.5 ng/ml mometasone furoate at different timepoints to the BM-DC culture and checked (i) the number of matured cells, (ii) the expression of activation markers, (iii) the release of cytokines and (iv) the stimulatory capacity of the resulting BM-DC in vivo. Even at the highest concentration, pimecrolimus treatment resulted in only modest effects. In the pimecrolimus-treated culture, we observed a decrease in the numbers of matured cells but no significant effects on the expression of activation markers. The release of some inflammatory cytokines was reduced, but the stimulatory capacity in vivo was not affected. In contrast, mometasone furoate has pronounced effects on BM-DC at a concentration ten to 1000 times lower than those used with pimecrolimus. Furthermore, topical treatment of mice with clobetasole cream 0.05% resulted in almost complete depletion of splenic DC and a severe hyposplenia, while high-dose oral pimecrolimus treatment did not show any effects on the spleen or on splenic DC. These results support that pimecrolimus, unlike corticosteroids, has little effects on dendritic cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this type with use of BM-DC.

Systemic administration of a TLR7 ligand leads to transient immune incompetence due to peripheral-blood leukocyte depletion.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lead to the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and are potent enhancers of specific immune responses. We show here that a single systemic dose of R-848, a ligand for TLR7, potently enhanced hapten sensitization during the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, R-848 administration also resulted in a rapid and almost complete depletion of leukocytes from the blood. This effect was transient and was associated with general induction of endothelial adhesiveness. In response to R-848, endothelial cells up-regulated adhesion molecules in vitro and in vivo and leukocytes exhibited increased rolling on endothelia in R-848-treated animals. Adhesion molecule induction appeared to be a direct effect, because endothelial cells expressed TLR7 in vitro and in vivo. After R-848 treatment, the tissue residence time of leukocytes was markedly prolonged in all major peripheral organs. The resulting transiently reduced availability of peripheral-blood leukocytes (PBLs) (TRAP) significantly inhibited otherwise potent CHS responses until the effector cells returned. Thus, although TLR7 ligands are effective adjuvants for the induction of cell-mediated immunity, they can transiently inhibit the elicitation of localized immune responses, possibly due to a systemic endothelial activation throughout the vasculature.

Immature mouse dendritic cells enter inflamed tissue, a process that requires E- and P-selectin, but not P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1.

Inflammatory processes are associated with the rapid migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to regional lymph nodes and depletion of these potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the inflamed tissue. This study examined whether sites of cutaneous inflammation can be repopulated with DCs from a pool of immature DCs circulating in the blood. In adoptive transfer experiments with ex vivo-generated radioactively labeled primary bone marrow-derived DCs injected into mice challenged by an allergic contact dermatitis reaction, immature DCs were actively recruited from the blood to sites of cutaneous inflammation, whereas mature DCs were not. Immature, but not mature, DCs were able to adhere specifically to immobilized recombinant E- and P-selectin under static as well as under flow conditions. P-selectin-dependent adhesion of immature DCs correlates with their higher level of expression of the carbohydrate epitope cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) and is blocked by a novel inhibitory antibody against mouse P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Surprisingly, however, emigration of immature DCs into inflamed skin is retained in the presence of this anti-PSGL-1 antibody and is also normal when immature DCs are generated from fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T) Fuc-TVII-deficient mice. By contrast, emigration of wild-type immature DCs is reduced by adhesion-blocking anti-E- and P-selectin antibodies, and immature DCs generated ex vivo from Fuc-TVII/Fuc-TIV double-deficient mice emigrate poorly. Thus, fucosylated ligands of the endothelial selectins, determined in part by Fuc-TIV, and independent of PSGL-1, are required for extravasation of DCs into sites of cutaneous inflammation.

Beta2 integrins are required for skin homing of primed T cells but not for priming naive T cells.

Beta2 integrins are of critical importance for leukocyte extravasation through vascular endothelia and for T cell activation. To elucidate the role of beta2 integrins in T cell-mediated immune responses, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), irritant dermatitis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) were assessed in mice lacking the beta2 integrin subunit, CD18. ACD and DTH responses, but not edema formation, were severely suppressed in CD18(-/-) mice. Extravasation of CD18(-/-) T cells into eczematous skin lesions was greatly impaired, whereas migration of Langerhans cell precursors and dendritic cells was normal in CD18(-/-) mice. CD18(-/-)lymph nodes (LNs) contained an abnormal population of CD3(-)CD44(high) lymphocytes and showed evidence of widespread T cell activation. T cells from regional LNs of sensitized CD18(-/-) mice proliferated in response to hapten challenge, and subcutaneous injection of sensitized syngeneic LN cells directly into ears of hapten-challenged naive recipients restored the defective ACD in CD18(-/-) mice, suggesting that CD18 is not required for priming of naive T cells but is indispensable for T cell extravasation. Thus, a dysfunction of T cells, in addition to granulocytes, may contribute to the pathophysiology of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I, which arises from mutations in the human CD18 gene.