Effects of a robot intervention on visuospatial hemineglect in postacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of an intervention using the robot device PARO on visuospatial hemineglect and activities of daily living, and its acceptance during stroke rehabilitation. PARO is an interactive robotic toy with the appearance of a baby seal, which can move, produce sounds, and react to speech and touch. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Hospital for neurorehabilitation. SUBJECTS: Patients above 60 years old who have suffered their first stroke within the previous three months with left hemineglect (n = 39). INTERVENTIONS: The PARO group (n = 21) was exposed to PARO over a period of two weeks, three times per week. The participants of the control group (n = 18) were read to aloud. OUTCOME MEASURE: Visuospatial hemineglect was measured by a cancellation test and a Line Bisection Test, and independence in the activities of daily living was assessed by Scores of Independence Index for Neurological and Geriatric Rehabilitation (SINGER) test. The acceptance of PARO was also evaluated. Data were collected blinded at three times: baseline (T0), after two weeks of interventions (T1), and after additional two weeks as follow-up (T2). RESULTS: Improvement of hemineglect at T1 and T2 was significantly higher in the PARO group (T1: mean (SD) = 6.23 (3.81); T2: mean (SD) = 7.85 (3.68)) compared to the control group (T1: mean (SD) = 2.66 (4.19); T2: mean (SD) = 3.33 (4.16)) (T1: P < 0.05; T2: P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study showed that the use of the PARO is well accepted and can help to improve neglect symptoms in patients with subacute stroke.

[Shame and social anxiety in anorexia and bulimia nervosa]. / Scham und soziale Angst bei Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVES: The importance of shame for the understanding of eating disorders has been well-known for a long time, but only few empirical studies exist to date on this aspect. Particularly the sense of self-esteem and external appearance have been attributed a major influence in the emergence of shame. Since social anxiety has increasingly been considered to be a factor in recent discussions related to eating disorders, and shame is a primary symptom of social phobia and of social anxiety in general, the present study focuses on shame and social anxiety in anorexia and bulimia, as compared to other clinical disorders. Another research question is the extent to which the prevalence of shame in eating disorders is influenced by self-esteem, attitudes about appearance and social anxiety. METHODS: The sample consists of 104 (female) patients, comprising 26 patients, respectively, with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, anxiety disorders and depression. The various variables were recorded with the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), the Appearance Attitude Scale (AAS) and the Social Autonomous Self-Esteem Scale (SAS). RESULTS: Patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa have higher scores in internalized global shame than patients with anxiety disorders and depressions. In contrast to anorectic patients, however, patients with bulimia also have higher scores than the other two groups in the area of social performance anxiety; they also differ significantly from the anxiety disorders in terms of interaction anxiety. In the multiple regression analysis of the patients with eating disorders, self-esteem, performance anxiety and perfectionism with regard to appearance prove to be predictors of the affect of shame. DISCUSSION: The findings indicate that not just shame, but also social anxiety, should be regarded as important influencing factors, especially in the case of bulimia nervosa. The question remains as to what extent social anxiety is a result of shame being projected onto the body. For therapeutic considerations, it seems advisable to work on the affect of shame and also include the aspect of social anxiety in focused therapy strategies.