Predictors of Developmental and Respiratory Outcomes Among Preterm Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Objectives: To examine the importance of perinatal and postnatal environmental factors on developmental and respiratory outcomes among preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Methods: Preterm infants (<32 weeks of gestation) born at a single tertiary medical center between 2012 and 2015 were included. Development was assessed at 12 months corrected age. Parents retrospectively completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire reviewing their child's health during the first 2 years of life. A linear regression model was applied to assess the effect of various perinatal and postnatal factors on development. A machine-learning algorithm was trained to assess factors affecting inhaler use. Results: Of 398 infants meeting the inclusion criteria, 208 qualified for the study: 152 (73.1%) with no BPD, 40 (19.2%) with mild BPD, and 16 (7.7%) with moderate-severe BPD. Those in the moderate-severe group were more likely to be male, have mothers who were less educated, and require longer ventilation periods and less time to regain birth weight. They were also more likely to have mothers with asthma/allergies and to have a parent who smoked. Those in the moderate-severe BPD group exhibited significantly lower developmental scores (85.2 ± 16.4) than the no-BPD group (99.3 ± 10.9) and the mild BPD group (97.8 ± 11.7, p < 0.008) as well as more frequent inhaler use (p = 0.0014) than those with no or mild BPD. In addition to perinatal factors, exposure to breast milk, income level and daycare attendance positively affected development. Exposure to cigarette smoke, allergies among family members and daycare attendance proved to be important factors in inhaler use frequency. Conclusions: Postnatal environmental factors are important in predicting and modifying early childhood outcomes among preterm infants.

Preterm infants with severe brain injury demonstrate unstable physiological responses during maternal singing with music therapy: a randomized controlled study.

Preterm infants with severe brain injury are at high risk for poor outcomes and, therefore, may benefit from developmental care modalities such as music therapy (MT). In this prospective, randomized intervention, preterm infants with severe brain injury (grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia) who underwent skin-to-skin contact (SSC) with or without maternal singing during MT were evaluated for physiological responses, including autonomic nervous system stability (low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) power), heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and behavioral state. Maternal anxiety state and physiological data were also evaluated. A total of 35 preterm infants with severe brain injuries were included in the study analysis. Higher mean ± standard deviation (SD) LF/HF ratio (1.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.25, p = 0.01), higher mean ± SD heart rate (145 ± 15 vs. 132 ± 12 beats per minute, p = 0.04), higher median (interquartile range) infant behavioral state (NIDCAP manual for naturalistic observation and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment) score (3 (2-5) vs. 1 (1-3), p = 0.03), and higher mean ± SD maternal anxiety (state-trait anxiety inventory) score (39.1 ± 10.4 vs. 31.5 ± 7.3, p = 0.04) were documented in SSC combined with maternal singing during MT, as compared to SSC alone.Conclusion: Maternal singing during MT for preterm infants with severe brain injury induces physiological and behavioral instability and increases maternal anxiety during NICU hospitalization. A unique MT intervention should be designed for preterm infants with severe brain injury and their mothers. What is Known: • Preterm infants with severe brain injury are at high risk for poor outcomes. • Music therapy benefits brain development of preterm infants without severe brain injury, however it is unknown whether maternal singing during music therapy for preterm infants with severe brain injury is beneficial. What is New: • Maternal singing during music therapy for preterm infants with severe brain injury induces physiological and behavioral instability and increases maternal anxiety during NICU hospitalization. • A unique music therapy intervention should be designed for preterm infants with severe brain injury and their mothers.

"Golden Hour" quality improvement intervention and short-term outcome among preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a quality improvement intervention during the first hour of life ("Golden Hour") on short-term preterm neonatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN: A comprehensive protocol designed for initial stabilization and treatment of preterm infants that included cord blood sampling, use of a dedicated resuscitation room and improved team communication using Crew Resource Management tools. The infants admitted before and after implementation of the protocol were retrospectively compared in a matched case-control design. RESULTS: There were 194 infants in the intervention group and 194 controls. Admission temperatures improved significantly from a mean of 35.26 °C to 36.26 °C (P < 0.001), and late-onset sepsis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates lowered significantly (P = 0.035 and P = 0.028, respectively) in the intervention group. There was trend towards reduction in early blood transfusion and ventilation duration. CONCLUSIONS: A "Golden Hour" quality improvement intervention was of significant benefit for preterm neonates. Further follow-up to assess long-term effects is warranted.

The double benefit of Spalax p53: surviving underground hypoxia while defying lung cancer cells in vitro via autophagy and caspase-dependent cell death.

The blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, is a model organism for hypoxia tolerance. This superspecies have adapted to severe environment by altering an array of hypoxia-mediated genes, among which an alteration in the p53 DNA binding domain (corresponding to R174K in humans) that hinders its transcriptional activity towards apoptotic genes. It is well accepted that apoptosis is not the only form of programmed cell death and that mechanisms that depend on autophagy are also involved. In the current work we have extended our research and investigated the possibility that Spalax p53 can activate autophagy. Using two complementary assays, we have established that over-expression of the Spalax p53 in p53-null cells (human lung cancer cells, H1299), potently induces autophagy. As Spalax is considered highly resistant to cancer, we further studied the relative contribution of autophagy on the outcome of H1299 cells, following transfection with Spalax p53. Results indicate that Spalax p53 acts as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer cells, inducing cell death that involves autophagy and caspases and inhibiting cell number, which is exclusively caspase-dependent. To conclude, the Spalax p53 protein was evolutionary adapted to survive severe underground hypoxia while retaining the ability to defy lung cancer.

Short-term morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants exposed to magnesium sulphate treatment.

AIM: The aim of the study is to examine whether baseline serum Mg concentration has an impact on short-term and long-term outcomes in preterm infants exposed antenatally to MgSO4. METHODS: Participants included all infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at <32 weeks of gestational age. Infant serum Mg concentration (iMgC) was examined immediately after birth in those exposed to maternal MgSO4. Data for short-term outcomes were collected from the infants' computerised charts. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6-12 months corrected age were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales. RESULTS: Of 197 eligible infants, 145 were exposed to MgSO4. Baseline iMgC was available for 88 infants. Mean iMgC was 3.5 ± 0.88 mg/dL (1.6-5.7 mg/dL). Baseline iMgC was not associated with an increased risk for neither early morbidities nor adverse long-term outcome. However, iMgC above the mean (>3.5 mg/dL) was associated with significantly lower scores on locomotor (P = 0.016) and personal-social (0.041) scales in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of preterm infants antenatally exposed to MgSO4, elevated baseline iMgC (>3.5 mg/dL) was associated with lower locomotor scores. Further research is needed in order to study the relationship between supra-physiologic iMgC and its effect on the developing brain.

apoB and apobec1, two genes key to lipid metabolism, are transcriptionally regulated by p53.

p53 is an established tumor suppressor gene activating the transcription of multiple target genes. Apolipoprotein B (apo B), a dietary lipid transporter, occurs as apo B-100 and apoB-48, created by a premature stop codon by apo B mRNA-editing enzyme complex 1 (apobec1). We have identified p53 response elements (p53RE) in the genes encoding for apoB and apobec1, cloned these novel p53RE and by performing functionality, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and expression assays in cancer cell lines, confirmed that these genes are transcriptionally regulated by p53. In C57bl/6 mice treated with adriamycin, a potent p53 inducer, intestinal/liver mRNA expression of apoB and apobec1 and liver apoB editing levels were elevated. In irradiated wild type C57bl6 mice but not p53 knockout mice, liver and intestine apoB but not apobec1 mRNA expression was elevated. In this work, we have identified that p53 regulates the transcription of two central lipid metabolism players. We further show, for the first time, an involvement of p53 in the RNA editing process, through the transcription of apobec1. Our findings may reveal a previously unknown role for p53 in the direct regulation of atherogenic lipoproteins and a possible role for these genes in classical p53 activities.

Hepcidin in acute iron toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Hepcidin regulates extracellular iron concentration by inhibiting iron release from macrophages and preventing iron absorption in the intestine. Our objective was to evaluate the expression of hepcidin in the liver in acute iron poisoning in a rat model. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were assigned to group 1, who received 750 mg/kg elemental iron (LD(50)) by gavage, and group 2 (control), who received distilled water. Iron concentrations and liver transaminases were measured in the serum. Hepcidin messenger RNA levels were measured in the liver. RESULTS: Mean serum iron levels, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and uric acid were significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (P < .0001, P = .01, P < .0001, and P = 0.0001, respectively). Hepcidin messenger RNA levels in the liver were significantly higher in the study group (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: In acute iron intoxication, hepcidin expression in the liver significantly increased. Further studies are needed to determine whether hepcidin levels correlate with the severity of the intoxication.

Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is transcriptionally activated by p53.

Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory protein that is upregulated in response to increased iron or inflammatory stimuli. Hepcidin reduces serum iron and induces iron sequestration in the reticuloendothelial macrophages - the hallmark of anaemia of inflammation. Iron deprivation is used as a defense mechanism against infection, and it also has a beneficial effect on the control of cancer. The tumour-suppressor p53 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in growth arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair, and perturbation of p53 pathways is a hallmark of the majority of human cancers. This study inspected a role of p53 in the transcriptional regulation of hepcidin. Based on preliminary bioinformatics analysis, we identified a putative p53 response-element (p53RE) contained in the hepcidin gene (HAMP) promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), reporter assays and a temperature sensitive p53 cell-line system were used to demonstrate p53 binding and activation of the hepcidin promoter. p53 bound to hepcidin p53RE in vivo, andthis p53RE could confer p53-dependent transcriptional activation. Activation of p53 increased hepcidin expression, while silencing of p53 resulted in decreased hepcidin expression in human hepatoma cells. Taken together, these results define HAMP as a novel transcriptional target of p53. We hypothesise that hepcidin upregulation by p53 is part of a defence mechanism against cancer, through iron deprivation. Hepcidin induction by p53 might be involved in the pathogenesis of anaemia accompanying cancer.

Downregulation of hepcidin and haemojuvelin expression in the hepatocyte cell-line HepG2 induced by thalassaemic sera.

Beta-thalassaemia represents a group of diseases, in which ineffective erythropoiesis is accompanied by iron overload. In a mouse model of beta-thalassaemia, we observed that the liver expressed relatively low levels of hepcidin, which is a key factor in the regulation of iron absorption by the gut and of iron recycling by the reticuloendothelial system. It was hypothesised that, despite the overt iron overload, a putative plasma factor found in beta-thalassaemia might suppress liver hepcidin expression. Sera from beta-thalassaemia and haemochromatosis (C282Y mutation) patients were compared with those of healthy individuals regarding their capacity to induce changes the expression of key genes of iron metabolism in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. Sera from beta-thalassaemia major patients induced a major decrease in hepcidin (HAMP) and lipocalin2 (oncogene 24p3) (LCN2) expression, as well as a moderate decrease in haemojuvelin (HFE2) expression, compared with sera from healthy individuals. A significant correlation was found between the degree of downregulation of HAMP and HFE2 induced by beta-thalassaemia major sera (r = 0.852, P < 0.0009). Decreased HAMP expression was also found in HepG2 cells treated with sera from beta-thalassaemia intermedia patients. In contrast, the majority of sera from hereditary haemochromatosis patients induced an increase in HAMP expression, which correlated with transferrin (Tf) saturation (r = 0.765, P < 0.0099). Our results suggest that, in beta-thalassaemia, serum factors might override the potential effect of iron overload on HAMP expression, thereby providing an explanation for the failure to arrest excessive intestinal iron absorption in these patients.

mRNA expression of iron regulatory genes in beta-thalassemia intermedia and beta-thalassemia major mouse models.

beta-Thalassemia is an inherited anemia in which synthesis of the hemoglobin beta-chain is decreased. The excess unmatched alpha-globin chains accumulate in the growing erythroid precursors, causing their premature death (ineffective erythropoiesis). Clinical features of beta-thalassemia include variably severe anemia and iron accumulation due to increased intestinal iron absorption. The most anemic patients require regular blood transfusions, which exacerbate their iron overload and result in damage to vital organs. The hepatic peptide hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism in mammals, was recently found to be low in the urine of beta-thalassemia patients, compared with healthy controls, despite their iron overload. In our work, we measured by RQ-PCR the liver mRNA expression of hepcidin and other iron regulatory genes in beta-thalassemia major mouse model (C57Bl/6 Hbb(th3/th3)), and compared it with beta-thalassemia intermedia mouse model (C57Bl/6 Hbb(th3/+)) and control mice. We found decreased expression of hepcidin and TfR2 and increased expression of TfR1 and NGAL in the beta-thalassemia mouse models, compared with the control mice. Significant down-regulation of hepcidin expression in beta-thalassemia major, despite iron overload, might explain the increased iron absorption typically observed in thalassemia.

Role of iron in inducing oxidative stress in thalassemia: Can it be prevented by inhibition of absorption and by antioxidants?

The pathophysiology of thalassemia is, to a certain extent, associated with the generation of labile iron in the pathological red blood cell (RBC). The appearance of such forms of iron at the inner and outer cell surfaces exposes the cell to conditions whereby the labile metal promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cumulative cell damage. Another source of iron accumulation results from increased absorption due to decreased expression of hepcidin. The presence of labile plasma iron (LPI) was carried out using fluorescent probes in the FACS. RNA expression of hepcidin was measured in two models of thalassemic mice. Hepcidin expression was also measured in human hepatoma HepG2 cells following incubation with thalassemic sera. LPI was identified and could be quantitatively measured and correlated with other parameters of iron overload. Hepcidin expression was downregulated in the livers of thalassemic mice, in major more than in intermedia. Thalassemic sera down regulated hepcidin expression in HepG2 liver cells. A possible way to decrease iron absorption could be by modulating hepcidin expression pharmacologically, by gene therapy or by its administration. Treatment with combination of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine for proteins and vitamin E for lipids in addition to iron chelators could neutralize the deleterious effects of ROS and monitored by quantitation of LPI.

Exploring the role of hepcidin, an antimicrobial and iron regulatory peptide, in increased iron absorption in beta-thalassemia.

To develop new treatments for beta-thalassemia, it is essential to identify the genes involved in the relevant pathophysiological processes. Iron metabolism in thalassemia mice being investigated, focusing on the expression of a gene called hepcidin (Hamp), which is expressed in the liver and whose product (Hamp) is secreted into the bloodstream. In mice, iron overload leads to overexpression of Hamp, while Hamp-knockout mice suffer from hemochromatosis. The aim of this study is to investigate Hamp in the mouse model of beta-thalassemia and to address the potential gene transfer of Hamp to prevent abnormal iron absorption.