Gender-specific aspects of socialisation and risk of cardiovascular disease among community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study using machine learning algorithms and a conventional method.

BACKGROUND: Gender influences cardiovascular disease (CVD) through norms, social relations, roles and behaviours. This study identified gender-specific aspects of socialisation associated with CVD. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted, involving 9936 (5,231 women and 4705 men) initially healthy, community-dwelling Australians aged 70 years or more from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study and ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons, with a median follow-up time of 6.4 years. Variable categorisation, variable selection (using machine learning (ML) models; Elastic Net and extreme gradient boosting) and Cox-regression were employed separately by binary gender to identity socialisation factors (n=25 considered) associated with CVD. RESULTS: Different socialisation factors were identified using the ML models. In the Cox model, for both genders, being married/partnered was associated with a reduced risk of CVD (men: HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.96; women: HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.95). For men, having 3-8 relatives they felt close to and could call on for help (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99; reference <3 relatives), having 3-8 relatives they felt at ease talking with about private matters (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90; reference <3 relatives) or playing games such as chess or cards (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.00) was associated with reduced risk of CVD. For women, living with others (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.91) or having ≥3 friends they felt at ease talking with about private matters (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.95; reference <3 friends) was associated with a lower risk of CVD. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the need to prioritise gender-specific social factors to improve cardiovascular health in older adults.

Management of obstructive sleep apnoea in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is common in the community and is increasing in prevalence. Primary care plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of OSA. OBJECTIVE: This article focuses on the management options for a patient with an established diagnosis of OSA and provides a guide for driving licensing requirements. Indications for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are discussed and tips provided to consider when conducting a review appointment, including trouble shooting. DISCUSSION: There are several treatment options available for patients with an established diagnosis of OSA. Selecting the optimal therapy involves aligning the symptoms and severity of OSA with the presence of comorbidities. CPAP is a highly effective therapy for symptomatic adults with moderate-to-severe OSA and for some symptomatic patients with mild OSA. Early trouble shooting of side effects and using supportive interventions increases the probability of long-term adherence, which is key to symptomatic improvement.

Management of physical and psychological trauma resulting from motor vehicle crashes in Australian general practice: a mixed-methods approach.

BACKGROUND: In Australia, motor vehicle crashes (MVC)-related health data are available from insurance claims and hospitals but not from primary care settings. This study aimed to identify the frequency of MVC-related consultations in Australian general practices, explore the pharmacological management of health conditions related to those crashes, and investigate general practitioners' (GPs) perceived barriers and enablers in managing these patients. METHODS: Mixed-methods study. The quantitative component explored annual MVC-related consultation rates over seven years, the frequency of chronic pain, depression, anxiety or sleep issues after MVC, and management with opioids, antidepressants, anxiolytics or sedatives in a sample of 1,438,864 patients aged 16 + years attending 402 Australian general practices (MedicineInsight). Subsequently, we used content analysis of 81 GPs' qualitative responses to an online survey that included some of our quantitative findings to explore their experiences and attitudes to managing patients after MVC. RESULTS: MVC-related consultation rates remained stable between 2012 and 2018 at around 9.0 per 10,000 consultations. In 2017/2018 compared to their peers, those experiencing a MVC had a higher frequency of chronic pain (48% vs. 26%), depression/anxiety (20% vs. 13%) and sleep issues (7% vs. 4%). In general, medications were prescribed more after MVC. Opioid prescribing was much higher among patients after MVC than their peers, whether they consulted for chronic pain (23.8% 95%CI 21.6;26.0 vs. 15.2%, 95%CI 14.5;15.8 in 2017/2018, respectively) or not (15.8%, 95%CI 13.9;17.6 vs. 6.7%, 95% CI 6.4;7.0 in 2017/2018). Qualitative analyses identified a lack of guidelines, local referral pathways and decision frameworks as critical barriers for GPs to manage patients after MVC. GPs also expressed interest in having better access to management tools for specific MVC-related consequences (e.g., whiplash/seatbelt injuries, acute/chronic pain management, mental health issues). CONCLUSION: Chronic pain, mental health issues and the prescription of opioids were more frequent among patients experiencing MVC. This reinforces the relevance of appropriate management to limit the physical and psychological impact of MVC. GPs identified a lack of available resources (e.g. education, checklists and management support tools) for managing MVC-related consequences, and the need for local referral pathways and specific guidelines to escalate treatments.

Effectiveness of patient reminders on influenza vaccination coverage among adults with chronic conditions: A feasibility study in Australian general practices.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination is recommended for Australians 18+ years old with medical risk factors, but coverage is suboptimal. We aimed to examine whether automatic, opportunistic patient reminders (SMS and/or printed) before appointments with a general practitioner increased influenza vaccination uptake. METHODS: This clustered non-randomised feasibility study in Australian general practice included patients aged 18-64 years with at least one medical risk factor attending participating practices between May and September 2021. Software installed at intervention practices identified unvaccinated eligible patients when they booked an appointment, sent vaccination reminders (SMS on booking and 1 h before appointments), and printed automatic reminders on arrival. Control practices provided usual care. Clustered analyses adjusted for sociodemographic differences among practices were performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 12,786 at-risk adults attended 16 intervention practices (received reminders = 4066; 'internal control' receiving usual care = 8720), and 5082 individuals attended eight control practices. Baseline influenza vaccination uptake (2020) was similar in intervention and control practices (∼34%). After the intervention, uptake was similar in all groups (control practices = 29.3%; internal control = 30.0%; intervention = 31.6% (p-value = 0.203). However, SMS 1 h before appointments increased vaccination coverage (39.3%, adjusted OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.20;2.27; number necessary to treat = 13), especially when combined with other reminder forms. That effect was more evident among adults with chronic respiratory, rheumatologic, or inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that automated SMS reminders delivered at proximate times to appointments are a low-cost strategy to increase influenza vaccination among adults at higher risk of severe disease attending Australian general practices.

Comparing the Effect of Early Versus Delayed Metformin Treatment on Glycaemic Parameters Among Australian Adults With Incident Diabetes: Evidence Using a National General Practice Database.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of early vs delayed metformin treatment for glycaemic management among patients with incident diabetes. METHODS: Cohort study using electronic health records of regular patients (1+ visits per year in 3 consecutive years) aged 40+ years with 'incident' diabetes attending Australian general practices (MedicineInsight, 2011-2018). Patients with incident diabetes were defined as those who had a) 12+ months of medical data before the first recording of a diabetes diagnosis AND b) a diagnosis of 'diabetes' recorded at least twice in their electronic medical records or a diagnosis of 'diabetes' recorded only once combined with at least 1 abnormal glycaemic result (i.e., HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting blood glucose [FBG] ≥7.0 mmol/L, or oral glucose tolerance test ≥11.1mmol/L) in the preceding 3 months. The effect of early (<3 months), timely (3-6 months), or delayed (6-12 months) initiation of metformin treatment vs no metformin treatment within 12 months of diagnosis on HbA1c and FBG levels 3 to 24 months after diagnosis was compared using linear regression and augmented inverse probability weighted models. Patients initially managed with other antidiabetic medications (alone or combined with metformin) were excluded. FINDINGS: Of 18,856 patients with incident diabetes, 38.8% were prescribed metformin within 3 months, 3.9% between 3 and 6 months, and 6.2% between 6 and 12 months after diagnosis. The untreated group had the lowest baseline parameters (mean HbA1c 6.4%; FBG 6.9mmol/L) and maintained steady levels throughout follow-up. Baseline glycaemic parameters for those on early treatment with metformin (<3 months since diagnosis) were the highest among all groups (mean HbA1c 7.6%; FBG 8.8mmol/L), reaching controlled levels at 3 to 6 months (mean HbA1c 6.5%; FBG 6.9mmol/L) with sustained improvement until the end of follow-up (mean HbA1c 6.4%; FBG 6.9mmol/L at 18-24 months). Patients with timely and delayed treatment also improved their glycaemic parameters after initiating treatment (timely treatment: mean HbA1c 7.3% and FBG 8.3mmol/L at 3-6 months; 6.6% and 6.9mmol/L at 6-12 months; delayed treatment: mean HbA1c 7.2% and FBG 8.4mmol/L at 6-12 months; 6.7% and 7.1mmol/L at 12-18 months). Compared to those not managed with metformin, the corresponding average treatment effect for HbA1c at 18-24 months was +0.04% (95%CI -0.05;0.10) for early, +0.24% (95%CI 0.11;0.37) for timely, and +0.29% (95%CI 0.20;0.39) for delayed treatment. IMPLICATIONS: Early metformin therapy (<3 months) for patients recently diagnosed with diabetes consistently improved HbA1c and FBG levels in the first 24 months of diagnosis.

Correction: Mobile App Intervention of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Obesity and Those Who Are Overweight in General Practice: User Engagement Analysis Quantitative Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/45942.].

2023 Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk.

INTRODUCTION: The 2023 Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk provides updated evidence-based recommendations for the clinical assessment and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk for primary prevention. It includes the new Australian CVD risk calculator (Aus CVD Risk Calculator), based on an equation developed from a large New Zealand cohort study, customised and recalibrated for the Australian population. The new guideline replaces the 2012 guideline that recommended CVD risk assessment using the Framingham risk equation. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS: The new guideline recommends CVD risk assessment in people without known CVD: all people aged 45-79 years, people with diabetes from 35 years, and First Nations people from 30 years. The new Aus CVD Risk Calculator should be used to estimate and categorise CVD risk into low (< 5% risk over five years), intermediate (5% to < 10% risk over five years) or high risk (≥ 10% over five years). The following reclassification factors may be applied to recategorise calculated risk to improve accuracy of risk prediction, particularly in individuals close to a risk threshold: Indigenous status/ethnicity, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin to creatinine ratio measurements, severe mental illness, coronary artery calcium score and family history of premature CVD. A variety of communication formats is available to communicate CVD risk to help enable shared decision making. Healthy lifestyle modification, including smoking cessation, nutrition, physical activity and limiting alcohol, is encouraged for all individuals. Blood pressure-lowering and lipid-modifying pharmacotherapies should be prescribed for high risk and considered for intermediate risk individuals, unless contraindicated or clinically inappropriate. Reassessment of CVD risk should be considered within five years for individuals at low risk and within two years for those with intermediate risk. Reassessment of CVD risk is not recommended for individuals at high risk. CHANGES IN ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT AS A RESULT OF THE GUIDELINE: The updated guideline recommends assessment over a broader age range and uses the Aus CVD Risk Calculator, which replaces the previous Framingham-based equation. It incorporates new variables: social disadvantage, diabetes-specific risk markers, diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and use of blood pressure-lowering and lipid-modifying therapies. Reclassification factors are also a new addition. Updated risk categories and thresholds are based on the new Aus CVD Risk Calculator. The proportion of the population in the high risk category (≥ 10% over five years) is likely to be broadly comparable to more than 15% risk from the Framingham-based equation. The full guideline and Aus CVD Risk Calculator can be accessed at www.cvdcheck.org.au.

Mobile App Intervention of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Obesity and Those Who Are Overweight in General Practice: User Engagement Analysis Quantitative Study.

BACKGROUND: The Health eLiteracy for Prevention in General Practice trial is a primary health care-based behavior change intervention for weight loss in Australians who are overweight and those with obesity from lower socioeconomic areas. Individuals from these areas are known to have low levels of health literacy and are particularly at risk for chronic conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The intervention comprised health check visits with a practice nurse, a purpose-built patient-facing mobile app (mysnapp), and a referral to telephone coaching. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess mysnapp app use, its user profiles, the duration and frequency of use within the Health eLiteracy for Prevention in General Practice trial, its association with other intervention components, and its association with study outcomes (health literacy and diet) to determine whether they have significantly improved at 6 months. METHODS: In 2018, a total of 22 general practices from 2 Australian states were recruited and randomized by cluster to the intervention or usual care. Patients who met the main eligibility criteria (ie, BMI>28 in the previous 12 months and aged 40-74 years) were identified through the clinical software. The practice staff then provided the patients with details about this study. The intervention consisted of a health check with a practice nurse and a lifestyle app, a telephone coaching program, or both depending on the participants' choice. Data were collected directly through the app and combined with data from the 6-week health check with the practice nurses, the telephone coaching, and the participants' questionnaires at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The analyses comprised descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: Of the 120 participants who received the intervention, 62 (52%) chose to use the app. The app and nonapp user groups did not differ significantly in demographics or prior recent hospital admissions. The median time between first and last app use was 52 (IQR 4-95) days, with a median of 5 (IQR 2-10) active days. App users were significantly more likely to attend the 6-week health check (2-sided Fisher exact test; P<.001) and participate in the telephone coaching (2-sided Fisher exact test; P=.007) than nonapp users. There was no association between app use and study outcomes shown to have significantly improved (health literacy and diet) at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment and engagement were difficult for this study in disadvantaged populations with low health literacy. However, app users were more likely to attend the 6-week health check and participate in telephone coaching, suggesting that participants who opted for several intervention components felt more committed to this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617001508369; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373505. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023239.

Long-term blood pressure variability and frailty risk in older adults.

INTRODUCTION: In healthy older adults, the relationship between long-term, visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure (BP) and frailty is uncertain. METHODS: Secondary analysis of blood pressure variability (BPV) and incident frailty in >13 000 participants ≥65-70 years enrolled in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial and its observational follow-up (ASPREE-XT). Participants were without dementia, physical disability, or cardiovascular disease at baseline. BPV was estimated using standard deviation of mean BP from three annual visits (baseline through the second annual follow-up). Frailty was defined using Fried phenotype and a frailty deficit accumulation index (FDAI). Participants with frailty during the BPV estimation period were excluded from the main analysis. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated the association between BPV and incident frailty, and linear mixed models for change in frailty scores, through a maximum of 9 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Participants in the highest systolic BPV tertile were at higher risk of frailty compared to those in the lowest (referent) tertile of systolic BPV [Fried hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.31; FDAI HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.30]. Findings were consistent when adjusted for multiple covariates and when stratified by antihypertensive use. Linear mixed models showed that higher systolic BPV was associated with increasing frailty score over time. Diastolic BPV was not consistently associated. CONCLUSIONS: High systolic BPV, independent of mean BP, is associated with increased risk of frailty in healthy older adults. Variability of BP across visits, even in healthy older adults, can convey important risk information beyond mean BP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01038583 and ISRCTN83772183.

Low-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality Outcomes Among Healthy Older Adults: A Post Hoc Analysis of ASPREE Trial.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic implication of cholesterol levels in older adults remains uncertain. This study aimed to examine the relationship between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and mortality outcomes in older individuals. METHODS: This post hoc analysis examined the associations of LDL-c levels with mortality risks from all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and combined non-CVD/noncancer conditions in a cohort of individuals aged ≥65 years from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly trial (NCT01038583). At baseline, participants had no diagnosed dementia, physical disability, or CVD, and were not taking lipid-lowering agents. Outcome analyses were performed using multivariable Cox models. RESULTS: We analyzed 12 334 participants (mean age: 75.2 years). Over a median 7-year follow-up, 1 250 died. Restricted cubic splines found a U-shaped relation for LDL-c and all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and noncancer/non-CVE mortality (nadir: 3.3-3.4 mmol/L); the risk of CVD mortality was similar at LDL-c below 3.3 mmol/L and increased above 3.3 mmol/L. Similar trends were observed in analyses modeling LDL-c by quartiles. When modeling LDL-c as a continuous variable, the risk of all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and noncancer/non-CVD mortality was decreased by 9%, 16%, and 18%, respectively, per 1-mmol/L higher LDL-c, and the risk of CVD mortality was increased by 19% per 1-mmol/L higher LDL-c. Reduced all-cause and non-CVD/noncancer mortality risks were only significant in males but not females (pinteraction < .05). CONCLUSIONS: There were U-shaped relationships between LDL-c and all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, and noncancer/non-CVD mortality in healthy older adults. Higher LDL-c levels were associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. Future studies are warranted to confirm our results.

Association Between Triglycerides and Risk of Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that higher triglyceride levels were associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer disease. This study aimed to examine the association of triglycerides with dementia and cognition change in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal study used data from the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) randomized trial of adults aged 65 years or older without dementia or previous cardiovascular events at enrollment. The main outcome was incident dementia. Other outcomes included changes in composite cognition and domain-specific cognition (global cognition, memory, language and executive function, and psychomotor speed). The association between baseline triglycerides and dementia risk was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for relevant risk factors. Linear mixed models were used to investigate cognitive change. The analysis was repeated in a subcohort of participants with available APOE-ε4 genetic data with additional adjustment for APOE-ε4 carrier status and an external cohort (UK Biobank) with similar selection criteria applied. RESULTS: This study included 18,294 ASPREE participants and 68,200 UK Biobank participants (mean age: 75.1 and 66.9 years; female: 56.3% and 52.7%; median [interquartile range] triglyceride: 106 [80-142] mg/dL and 139 [101-193] mg/dL), with dementia recorded in 823 and 2,778 individuals over a median follow-up of 6.4 and 12.5 years, respectively. Higher triglyceride levels were associated with lower dementia risk in the entire ASPREE cohort (hazard ratio [HR] with doubling of triglyceride: 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.94). Findings were similar in the subcohort of participants with APOE-ε4 genetic data (n = 13,976) and in the UK Biobank cohort (HR was 0.82 and 0.83, respectively, all p ≤ 0.01). Higher triglycerides were also associated with slower decline in composite cognition and memory over time (p ≤ 0.05). DISCUSSION: Older adults with higher triglyceride levels within the normal to high-normal range had a lower dementia risk and slower cognitive decline over time compared with individuals with lower triglyceride levels. Higher triglyceride levels may be reflective of better overall health and/or lifestyle behaviors that would protect against dementia development. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether specific components within the total circulating pool of plasma triglycerides may promote better cognitive function, with the hope of informing the development of new preventive strategies.

General practitioner assessment and management of insomnia in adults.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance is among the most prevalent presentations in Australian general practice. Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, is associated with impaired daytime, social and occupational function, reduced quality of life and substantially increased risk of future depression. Guidelines from Australian and international general practice, sleep and medical societies strongly recommend cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. This is because CBT-i targets the underlying causes of insomnia, results in sustained improvements and commonly improves comorbid conditions such as depression and pain. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to provide an overview of evidence-based assessment, management and referral options for insomnia in Australian general practice. DISCUSSION: Access to brief insomnia assessment and evidenced-based treatments are becoming increasingly available to Australian general practitioners. CBT-i can be delivered through self-guided online programs or by suitably trained general practitioners and psychologists.

General practitioner management of comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea are the two most common sleep disorders and frequently co-exist. Patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea experience worse daytime function, mental health and physical health than patients with either disorder alone. General practitioners may face unique challenges in the assessment and management of this prevalent and debilitating condition. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to provide an overview of the prevalence, consequences, assessment and management of patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea in Australian general practice. DISCUSSION: Patients with either insomnia or sleep apnoea should be assessed for both conditions. Treatments for both disorders should be offered to patients with both conditions. The recommended treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioural therapy, whereas the recommended first-line treatment for moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea is lifestyle/weight management advice (where relevant) and continuous positive airway pressure therapy.

The association between adverse events in later life and mortality in older individuals.

Background: Stress can have adverse impacts on health, particularly when it is chronic or resulting from major adverse events. Our study investigated whether relatively common adverse events in older individuals were associated with an increased risk of death, as well as cause-specific death and potential gender differences. Methods: Participants were 12896 community-dwelling Australians aged ≥70 years at enrolment into the ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) study and without known life-limiting disease. A questionnaire administered in the year after enrolment, collected information on ten adverse events experienced in the past year. Mortality status was verified by multiple sources including health records and the National Death Index across a maximum of 10 years. Underlying causes of death were determined using clinical information by two adjudicators. Cox-proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate mortality risk. Results: Two of the ten adverse events were associated with an increased risk of mortality in fully adjusted models. A 69% increased risk of mortality was observed in participants who reported their spouse/partner had recently died (95% CI: 1.19-2.39, P < 0.01). Cancer-related but not cardiovascular deaths also increased. Participants with a seriously ill spouse/partner also had a 23% increased risk of mortality (HR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.48, P = 0.03). There was a tendency for these associations to be stronger among men than women. Limitations: Perceived stress and cortisol were not measured, thus limiting our understanding of the psychological and physiological impacts of adverse events. Conclusions: Experiencing adverse events in later-life, especially the death of a spouse/partner, may be a risk factor for earlier mortality. These findings may increase public health awareness and better inform initiatives for particular groups, including bereaved men.

Pharmaceutical management of type 2 diabetes among Indigenous Australians living in urban or rural locations: a comparative study using a national general practice database.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, especially those living in rural than urban areas. However, little is known about how diabetes is managed in different settings. OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in the prevalence of diabetes and the prescription of antidiabetic medications for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Peoples living in urban or rural Australia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using de-identified electronic medical records of 29,429 Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander adults (60.4% females; mean age 45.2 ± 17.3 years) regularly attending 528 'mainstream' Australian general practices (MedicineInsight) in 2018. FINDINGS: The prevalence of diabetes was 16.0%, and it was more frequent among those living in rural areas (22.0; 95% CI 19.3-24.4) than inner regional (17.6%; 95% CI 16.0-19.2) or major cities (15.8%; 95% CI 14.7-17.0; p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of diabetes was for males living in rural settings (25.0%). Of those with diabetes, 71.6% (95% CI 69.0-74.0) were prescribed antidiabetics, with a similar frequency in urban and rural areas (p = 0.291). After adjustment for sociodemographics, the only difference in diabetes management was a higher prescription of sulfonylureas in rural areas than in major cities (OR 1.39; 1.07-1.80). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of diabetes was similar to other national data, although we found it was more frequent amongst Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander males, especially those from rural areas. CONCLUSION: Despite current recommendations, one-in-four Indigenous Australians with diabetes were not prescribed antidiabetics. The clinical significance of more frequent prescriptions of sulfonylureas in rural locations remains unclear.

Do patients with prediabetes managed with metformin achieve better glycaemic control? A national study using primary care medical records.

AIMS: To estimate the effectiveness of metformin on glycaemic parameters among participants with incident prediabetes attending Australian general practices. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records of regular participants (3+ visits in two consecutive years) attending 383 Australian general practices (MedicineInsight). Participants with 'incident' prediabetes (newly recorded diagnosis between 2012 and 2017) and their glycaemic parameters (haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] or fasting blood glucose [FBG]) at 6-, 12-, and 18-24 months post diagnosis (unexposed) or post-management with metformin (treatment) were identified from the database. We estimated the average treatment effect (ATE) of metformin management on glycaemic parameters using both linear regression and augmented inverse probability weighting. RESULTS: Of the 4770 investigated participants with 'incident' prediabetes, 10.2% were managed with metformin. Participants on metformin had higher HbA1c levels at the baseline than those unexposed (mean 45 mmol/mol [6.2%] and 41 mmol/mol [5.9%], respectively), but no differences were observed at 6-12 months (mmol/mol ATE 0.0, 95% CI -0.4; 0.7) or 12-18 months (ATE -0.3, 95% CI -1.2; 0.3). However, participants on metformin had lower mean HbA1c mmol/mol at 18-24 months (ATE -1.1, 95% CI -2.0; 0.1) than those unexposed. Consistent results were observed for FBG (ATE at 6-12 months -0.14 [95% CI -0.25; -0.04], 12-18 months 0.02 [95% CI -0.08; 0.13] and 18-24 months -0.07 [95% CI -0.25; 0.12]). CONCLUSION: The higher HbA1c and FBG baseline levels among participants with 'incident' prediabetes managed with metformin improved after 6-12 months of starting pharmacological management, and the effect persisted for up to 24 months. Management with metformin could prevent further deterioration of glycaemic levels.

Diabetes mellitus monitoring and control among adults in Australian general practice: a national retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the monitoring and control of clinical parameters are better among patients with newly compared with past recorded diabetes diagnosis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: MedicineInsight, a national general practice database in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 101 875 'regular' adults aged 18+ years with past recorded (2015-2016) and 9236 with newly recorded (2017) diabetes diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two different groups of outcomes were assessed in 2018. The first group of outcomes was the proportion of patients with clinical parameters (ie, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio) monitored at least once in 2018. The second group of outcomes were those related to diabetes control in 2018 (HbA1c ≤7.0%, (BP) ≤140/90 mm Hg, total cholesterol <4.0 mmol/L and LDL-C <2.0 mmol/L). Adjusted ORs (ORadj) and adjusted probabilities (%) were obtained based on logistic regression models adjusted for practice variables and patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study included 111 111 patients (51.7% men; mean age 65.3±15.0 years) with recorded diabetes diagnosis (11.0% of all 1 007 714 adults in the database). HbA1c was monitored in 39.2% (95% CI 36.9% to 41.6%) of patients with newly recorded and 45.2% (95% CI 42.6% to 47.8%) with past recorded diabetes (ORadj 0.78, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.82). HbA1c control was achieved by 78.4% (95% CI 76.7% to 80.0%) and 54.4% (95% CI 53.4% to 55.4%) of monitored patients with newly or past recorded diabetes, respectively (ORadj 3.11, 95% CI 2.82 to 3.39). Less than 20% of patients with newly or past recorded diabetes had their HbA1c, BP and total cholesterol levels controlled (ORadj 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.21). CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of clinical parameters was lower among patients with newly than past recorded diabetes. However, diabetes control was similarly low in both groups, with only one in five monitored patients achieving control of all clinical parameters.

Potentially inappropriate medication use is associated with increased risk of incident disability in healthy older adults.

BACKGROUND: Efforts to minimize medication risks among older adults include avoidance of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). However, most PIMs research has focused on older people in aged or inpatient care, creating an evidence gap for community-dwelling older adults. To address this gap, we investigated the impact of PIMs use in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) clinical trial cohort. METHODS: Analysis included 19,114 community-dwelling ASPREE participants aged 70+ years (65+ if US minorities) without major cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, or significant physical disability. PIMs were defined according to a modified 2019 AGS Beers Criteria. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to estimate the association between baseline PIMs exposure and disability-free survival, death, incident dementia, disability, and hospitalization, with adjustment for sex, age, country, years of education, frailty, average gait speed, and comorbidities. RESULTS: At baseline, 7396 (39% of the total) participants were prescribed at least one PIM. Compared with those unexposed, participants on a PIM at baseline were at an increased risk of persistent physical disability (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 1.80) and hospitalization (adjusted HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.20, 1.32), but had similar rates of disability-free survival (adjusted HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.93, 1.13) and death (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.81, 1.05). These effects did not vary by polypharmacy status in interaction analyses. PIMs exposure was associated with higher risk of disability followed by hospitalization (adjusted HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.25, 2.96) as well as vice versa (adjusted HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.15, 2.05). PPIs, anti-psychotics and benzodiazepines, were associated with increased risk of disability. CONCLUSIONS: PIMs exposure is associated with subsequent increased risk of both incident disability and hospitalization. Increased risk of disability prior to hospitalization suggests that PIMs use may start the disability cascade in healthy older adults. Our findings emphasize the importance of caution when prescribing PIMs to older adults in otherwise good health.