Predicting distant recurrence in receptor-positive breast cancer patients with limited clinicopathological risk: using the PAM50 Risk of Recurrence score in 1478 postmenopausal patients of the ABCSG-8 trial treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy alone.

BACKGROUND: PAM50 is a 50-gene test that is designed to identify intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and generate a Risk of Recurrence (ROR) score. It has been developed to be carried out in qualified routine hospital pathology laboratories. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One thousand four hundred seventy-eight postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)+ early breast cancer (EBC) treated with tamoxifen or tamoxifen followed by anastrozole from the prospective randomized ABCSG-8 trial were entered into this study. Patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. RNA was extracted from paraffin blocks and analyzed using the PAM50 test. Both intrinsic subtype (luminal A/B, HER2-enriched, basal-like) and ROR score were calculated. The primary analysis was designed to test whether the continuous ROR score adds prognostic value in predicting distant recurrence (DR) over and above standard clinical variables. RESULTS: In all tested subgroups, ROR score significantly adds prognostic information to the clinical predictor (P<0.0001). PAM50 assigns an intrinsic subtype to all cases, and the luminal A cohort had a significantly lower ROR at 10 years compared with Luminal B (P<0.0001). Significant and clinically relevant discrimination between low- and high-risk groups occurred also within all tested subgroups. CONCLUSION(S): The results of the primary analysis, in combination with recently published results from the ATAC trial, constitute Level 1 evidence for clinical validity of the PAM50 test for predicting the risk of DR in postmenopausal women with ER+ EBC. A 10-year metastasis risk of <3.5% in the ROR low category makes it unlikely that additional chemotherapy would improve this outcome-this finding could help to avoid unwarranted overtreatment. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: ABCSG 8: NCT00291759.

Direct detection of bacterial genomic DNA using gold nanoparticle probes.

The molecular probes and associated instrumentation necessary to perform genetic analyses are typically expensive, complex, and prone to error. While techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene expression analysis have provided a wealth of information previously unattainable, their utility in clinical diagnostics has yet to be realized due to the aforementioned limitations. Nanosphere Inc. has developed a gold nanoparticle-based platform for sequence specific DNA detection that is well-suited for clinical diagnostics due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and accuracy. Thirteen nanometer gold nanoparticle probes, stabilized by a shell of oligonucleotides using proprietary attachment chemistries, enable highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial genomic DNA sequences without synthetic amplification techniques on a glass array. After silver staining, light scattered by the nanoparticle probes is collected with robust, cost-effective instrumentation. It is the unique features of Nanosphere's detection methodology that provide the necessary steps forward to allow for genetic analyses to become part of routine clinical diagnostics.

Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles.

A highly selective, colorimetric polynucleotide detection method based on mercaptoalkyloligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes is reported. Introduction of a single-stranded target oligonucleotide (30 bases) into a solution containing the appropriate probes resulted in the formation of a polymeric network of nanoparticles with a concomitant red-to-pinkish/purple color change. Hybridization was facilitated by freezing and thawing of the solutions, and the denaturation of these hybrid materials showed transition temperatures over a narrow range that allowed differentiation of a variety of imperfect targets. Transfer of the hybridization mixture to a reverse-phase silica plate resulted in a blue color upon drying that could be detected visually. The unoptimized system can detect about 10 femtomoles of an oligonucleotide.

A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials.

Colloidal particles of metals and semiconductors have potentially useful optical, optoelectronic and material properties that derive from their small (nanoscopic) size. These properties might lead to applications including chemical sensors, spectroscopic enhancers, quantum dot and nanostructure fabrication, and microimaging methods. A great deal of control can now be exercised over the chemical composition, size and polydispersity of colloidal particles, and many methods have been developed for assembling them into useful aggregates and materials. Here we describe a method for assembling colloidal gold nanoparticles rationally and reversibly into macroscopic aggregates. The method involves attaching to the surfaces of two batches of 13-nm gold particles non-complementary DNA oligonucleotides capped with thiol groups, which bind to gold. When we add to the solution an oligonucleotide duplex with 'sticky ends' that are complementary to the two grafted sequences, the nanoparticles self-assemble into aggregates. This assembly process can be reversed by thermal denaturation. This strategy should now make it possible to tailor the optical, electronic and structural properties of the colloidal aggregates by using the specificity of DNA interactions to direct the interactions between particles of different size and composition.