Psychometric Evaluation of the Polish adaptation of a Self-Report Form of the DSM-5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS-SR). / Wlasciwosci psychometryczne polskiej adaptacji Samoopisowej skali poziomu funkcjonowania osobowosci wedlug DSM-5 (LPFS-SR).

OBJECTIVES: This study examined psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of a Self-Report Form of the DSM-5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS-SR). It is a scale designed to measure general impairment, jointly with a detailed assessment of distinguished components of personality functioning characterized in terms of disturbances in self (identity and self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy and intimacy) functioning - Criterion A in the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). METHODS: The study involved a non-clinical sample of N = 242 adults (52.9% female; Mage = 30.63 years; SDage = 11.81 years). To provide an evaluation of the criterion validity, Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0), and Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) were administered. RESULTS: Our data supported that identity, self-direction, intimacy, and empathy components of the LPFS-SR can be characterized by a single, global dimension of personality dysfunction, consistent with the assumption that DSM-5 Criterion A is a relatively homogeneous construct. The LPFS-SR showed good reliability estimates and demonstrated conceptually sound associations with the PD severity index and related measures of personality functioning. Moreover, all the LPFS-SR components manifested at least partial distinction from maladaptive personality traits (i.e., Criterion B in the DSM-5 AMPD). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide support for the validity of the Polish adaptation of the LPFS-SR as an operationalization of impairment in the core and common features of personality pathology described in the DSM-5 alternative model.

Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Validity and reliability of the Polish adaptation. / Krótka Skala Poziomu Funkcjonowania Osobowosci ­ wersja 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0): Trafnosc i rzetelnosc polskiej adaptacji.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) measuring features corresponding to self - and interpersonal impairment of personality functioning as defined in the diagnostic guidelines for Personality Disorder in the DSM-5 Section III. METHODS: The study involved a non-clinical sample of N = 242 adults (52.9% female; Mage = 30.63 years, SDage = 11.81 years). To evaluate the criterion validity, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), Agency-Communion-Inventory (AC-IN), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) were administered. RESULTS: The LPFS-BF 2.0 yielded two reliable latent components that correspond to an interpretation of self - and interpersonal functioning and showed relevant associations with a personality disorder severity index, maladaptive personality traits, well-being, and personality constructs of agency and communion. The LPFS-BF 2.0 also demonstrated incremental validity over and above all the PID-5 pathological traits with respect to global well-being as an outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish adaptation of the LPFS-BF 2.0 is a psychometrically and conceptually sound measure to assess features corresponding to self and interpersonal impairment of personality functioning as defined in the DSM-5 Section III. However, findings warrant replication in clinical populations.

How many and what mechanisms are needed to explain self-regulatory functions in personality dynamics: Toward a model based on the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits.

We propose a model of basic self-regulatory mechanisms that integrates descriptive-structural and dynamic-explanatory approaches to personality. Using a structural way of thinking and based on a structural model of personality (the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits), we deduced two orthogonal (distinct) but interactive mechanisms: (a) Impulse Control responsible for controlling automatically activated impulses, urges, and affective reactions and (b) Self-Motivation responsible for regulating intentions in goal-oriented behaviors. Their operation depends on both situational and dispositional factors and optimal functioning of both mechanisms is needed for effective regulation of behavior. People can also be characterized by relatively stable levels of Impulse Control and Self-Motivation as dispositions, which depend on temperamental predispositions but can develop incoherently with them due to the impact of environmental factors. Combinations of Impulse Control and Self-Motivation as dispositions result in personality types, which differ in their adaptiveness. Importantly, Impulse Control and Self-Motivation mechanisms reveal substantial similarities to other self-regulatory constructs described in the literature, particularly those included in Block and Block's as well as Kuhl's theories. The contribution of our paper may serve as an example of how to apply the descriptive-structural approach to develop a dynamic-explanatory model of personality.

Support for the three-factor model of narcissism and its personality underpinnings through the lens of the network psychometrics.

Recent literature on narcissism argues that there are three factors covering the construct: agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic. Within the current study, we aim to (a) empirically test whether this hypothesized structure reproduces using, for the first time, network psychometrics with eight distinct narcissism measures as well as reanalysing data from eleven narcissism measures from Crowe et al. (2019) and (b) scrutinize the personality underpinnings of the differentiated facets through the lens of the circumplex of personality metatraits (CPM) model. Within the study, N = 465 Polish adults were administered eight distinct narcissism measures, comprising 13 scales capturing different aspects of narcissistic personality and a measure of personality metatraits. Results revealed that the three-factor structure reproduces well in the network approach across both data sets. The circumplex analyses provided further evidence for the personality underpinnings of the three factors. We discuss the role of pathological narcissism within the three-factor conceptualization of narcissism. Findings of the current article facilitate the understanding of narcissistic personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Revealing the hierarchical structure of temperamental constructs distinguished in eight theories.

The paper explores the hierarchical structure of temperament with the inclusion of a wide catalog of temperamental constructs derived from eight different theoretical models. Analyses were conducted on a group of 412 participants aged from 16 to 79 (Mage = 28.49, SDage = 11.64), administrating nine well-established measures of temperament, with a representation of 34 different constructs. An eight-level hierarchical structure of temperament was obtained using a top-down procedure. The results are discussed twofold: (1) relating the subsequent levels of the obtained structure to the existing theories and models of temperament, and (2) regarding possible identification of the most general dimensions of temperament, that percolate the abundant catalogs of its specific constructs. The latter-considering both an empirical and theoretical perspectives-resulted in the emergence of the Big Two broad factors, being recognized as two fundamental dimensions of temperament. The first factor (Neuroticism/Emotionality) refers to general (negative) emotionality and susceptibility to react with negative affect, whereas the second (Extraversion/Sensation Seeking) is expressed in broadly understood activity and its diversity, as well as high stimuli value of functioning.

Assessment of personality disorder in the ICD-11 diagnostic system: Polish validation of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11. / Pomiar zaburzen osobowosci w systemie diagnostycznym ICD-11: Polska adaptacja Inwentarza osobowosci PiCD.

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents results of a study on the Polish adaptation of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), which was developed to measure pathological traits under a new, dimensional model of personality disorders proposed in ICD-11. METHODS: The study involved a non-clinical sample of N = 597 adults (51.4% female; Mage = 30.24 years; SD = 12.07 years). For convergent and divergent validity, Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) were used. RESULTS: The results showed the Polish adaptation of the PiCD to be reliable and valid. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for PiCD scale scores ranged from 0.77 to 0.87 (Mα = 0.82). The four-factor structure of PiCD items with the three unipolar factors, "Negative Affectivity", "Detachment", and "Dissociality", and one bipolar "Anankastia" vs. "Disinhibition" factor was conformed. All PiCD traits are related to PID-5 pathological traits and BFI-2 normal traits in an expected way both in correlational and factor analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained data demonstrate satisfactory internal consistency, factorial validity, and convergent-discriminant validity of the Polish adaptation of PiCD in a non-clinical sample.

Toward a Model of Personality Competencies Underlying Social and Emotional Skills: Insight From the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in social and emotional skills (SES) both in the scientific literature and in social practice. The paper presents an overview of the ways of understanding what SES are and the catalogs thereof. There are some attempts in the literature to organize these catalogs within the Big Five traits that for a long time was claimed to be the most sound model of basic orthogonal dimensions of personality. However, further research on personality structure revealed that two metatraits can be found above the Big Five traits. These two metatraits form the basis of the Two Factor Model of personality, which was later developed into the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits. It turned out that in certain aspects models based on metatraits have a greater theoretical potential than those based on the Big Five traits. The paper presents a proposal for describing SES from the perspective of the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits rather than the Big Five. In this framework, we distinguish the concept of personality competences that underlie and organize many specific SES and identify the core personality competencies on the basis of the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits model.

Anankastia or Psychoticism? Which One Is Better Suited for the Fifth Trait in the Pathological Big Five: Insight From the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits Perspective.

Both the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 (Section III) classification systems introduced dimensional models of personality disorders, with five broad domains called the Pathological Big Five. Nevertheless, despite large congruence between the two models, there are also substantial differences between them, with the most evident being the conceptualization of the fifth dimension: Anankastia in the ICD-11 vs. Psychoticism in the DSM-5. The current paper seeks an answer to the question of which domain is structurally better justified as the fifth trait in the dimensional model of personality disorders. For this purpose, we provided both a conceptual and empirical comparison of the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 models, adopting the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits-a comprehensive model of personality structure built on the basis of the higher-order factors of the Big Five-as a reference framework. Two studies were conducted: the first on a sample of 242 adults (52.9% female; M age = 30.63, SD age = 11.82 years), and the second on a sample of 355 adults (50.1% female; M age = 29.97, SD age = 12.26 years) from the non-clinical population. The Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits Questionnaire-Short Form (CPM-Q-SF) were administered in both studies, together with the PID-5BF+M algorithm for measuring a common (ICD-11 + DSM-5) six-domain model. Obtained empirical findings generally support our conceptual considerations that the ICD-11 model more comprehensively covered the area of personality pathology than the DSM-5 model, with Anankastia revealed as a more specific domain of personality disorders as well as more cohesively located within the overall personality structure, in comparison to Psychoticism. Moreover, the results corroborated the bipolar relations of Anankastia vs. Disinhibition domains. These results also correspond with the pattern of relationships found in reference to the Big Five domains of normal personality, which were also included in the current research. All our findings were discussed in the context of suggestions for the content and conceptualization of pathological personality traits that flow from the CPM as a comprehensive model of personality structure including both pathological and normal poles of personality dimensions.

Evaluation of a Fatigue Detector Using Eye Closure-Associated Indicators Acquired from Truck Drivers in a Simulator Study.

This paper presents a camera-based prototype sensor for detecting fatigue and drowsiness in drivers, which are common causes of road accidents. The evaluation of the detector operation involved eight professional truck drivers, who drove the truck simulator twice-i.e., when they were rested and drowsy. The Fatigue Symptoms Scales (FSS) questionnaire was used to assess subjectively perceived levels of fatigue, whereas the percentage of eye closure time (PERCLOS), eye closure duration (ECD), and frequency of eye closure (FEC) were selected as eye closure-associated fatigue indicators, determined from the images of drivers' faces captured by the sensor. Three alternative models for subjective fatigue were used to analyse the relationship between the raw score of the FSS questionnaire, and the eye closure-associated indicators were estimated. The results revealed that, in relation to the subjective assessment of fatigue, PERCLOS is a significant predictor of the changes observed in individual subjects during the performance of tasks, while ECD reflects the individual differences in subjective fatigue occurred both between drivers and in individual drivers between the 'rested' and 'drowsy' experimental conditions well. No relationship between the FEC index and the FSS state scale was found.

The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits and the HEXACO model: Toward refinement and integration.

OBJECTIVE: There is a considerable body of evidence from the last 20 years, indicating the need for the reconceptualization of the highest level of the personality structure that the Big Five/Five-Factor Model (FFM) was assumed to occupy. The main goal of the presented study was to test the relationships between two models that have been developed in this respect: The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits (CPM), based on the higher-order factors of the Big Five, and the HEXACO model including a sixth basic personality dimension (Honesty-Humility). METHOD: The sample consisted of 500 respondents (56.8% females; Mage = 31.9, SDage  = 14.0), all of whom completed the CPM, HEXACO, and FFM measures. RESULTS: The results corroborated the expectation that the HEXACO model can be coherently located within the CPM model, despite the latter is rooted in the FFM research tradition. However, this substantial integration has been made possible by a relatively slight but crucial modification of the CPM, already suggested by previous research. CONCLUSION: After the modification, which concerned the location of the Neuroticism/Emotional stability trait, the CPM enables a comprehensive integration of major models of personality structure encompassing the Two-Factor Model, the FFM, and the HEXACO.

Investigating the structure of the Polish Five Factor Narcissism Inventory: Support for the three-factor model of narcissism.

The 3-factor model of narcissism is generally agreed upon within the literature. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated its structure. We investigated the internal structure of the measure using exploratory factor analysis on the Polish adaptation of the Five Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI). This article reports results of 2 studies conducted in Poland, including a total of 793 adults. The results of both studies provided evidence for the 3-factor structure of narcissism. Nevertheless, there were also some deviations: Grandiose fantasies, thrill seeking and arrogance do not load appropriately on any factor, and manipulativeness and reactive anger were better indicators of agentic extraversion and narcissistic neuroticism than self-centered antagonism. The validity of the modification of the FFNI scoring was assessed in regard to the Big Five personality traits and other measures of narcissistic personality. Results provide evidence that the composite scores of the 3 factors are valid and that the modification of scoring improves the measurement precision of the FFNI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Community Feeling and Narcissism as Two Opposite Phenomena.

The objective of the current study was to examine the relations between narcissism and Adler's community feeling. Based on theoretical considerations, we claim that community feeling can be treated as an opposite pole of narcissism and we expected that: (1) both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be negatively related to community feeling and that (2) grandiose and vulnerable narcissism would be positively related to anti-community domination and isolation. A sample of 520 university students (Mage = 21.37, SDage = 4.31) completed the Community Feeling Questionnaire (CFQ), the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). Structural equation modeling largely confirmed our expectations. These results suggest that narcissism can be understood in terms of a deficit in community feeling. It turned out that community feeling and narcissism are related constructs but they are not reducible to each other.

Type C Personality: Conceptual Refinement and Preliminary Operationalization.

In this paper, we have presented our proposal for reconceptualization and operationalization of Type C (cancer-prone) personality. Based on theoretical analyses, taking into account both the literature on Type C and models of personality structure, we have proposed a two-facet structure of Type C, comprising Submissiveness (the interpersonal aspect) and Restricted Affectivity (the intrapersonal aspect). The study devoted to the validation of the measure of Type C involved 232 participants aged 18-70 (M = 29.35, SD = 8.93; 54% male). We used (a) our proposed measure of Type C personality and (b) the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits Questionnaire (CPM-Q-SF; Strus and Cieciuch, 2017), assessing personality metatraits. The measure of Type C proved to have acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 for Submissiveness and 0.78 for Restricted Affectivity). The measurement model in confirmatory factor analysis with two latent variables proved to be well-fitted to the data. We have also confirmed the hypothesis concerning the location of the two facets of Type C personality close to each other in the theoretically predicted area between the Delta-Plus/Self-Restraint and Beta-Minus/Passiveness metatraits (in the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits). The clinical value of the theoretically refined Type C can be tested in the next step in research on patients with cancer.

International Assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Traits: Toward a Common Nosology in DSM-5.1.

INTRODUCTION: The DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders (PD) are largely commensurate and, when combined, they delineate 6 trait domains: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism/dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia, and psychoticism. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the international validity of a brief 36-item patient-report measure that portrays all 6 domains simultaneously including 18 primary subfacets. METHODS: We developed and employed a modified version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Brief Form Plus (PID5BF+). A total of 16,327 individuals were included, 2,347 of whom were patients. The expected 6-factor structure of facets was initially investigated in samples from Denmark (n = 584), Germany (n = 1,271), and the USA (n = 605) and subsequently replicated in both patient- and community samples from Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, the USA, and Brazil. Associations with interview-rated DSM-5 PD categories were also investigated. RESULTS: Findings generally supported the empirical soundness and international robustness of the 6 domains including meaningful associations with familiar interview-rated PD types. CONCLUSIONS: The modified PID5BF+ may be employed internationally by clinicians and researchers for brief and reliable assessment of the 6 combined DSM-5 and ICD-11 domains, including 18 primary subfacets. This 6-domain framework may inform a future nosology for DSM-5.1 that is more reasonably aligned with the authoritative ICD-11 codes than the current DSM-5 AMPD model. The 36-item modified PID5BF+ scoring key is provided in online supplementary Appendix A see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000507589 (for all online suppl. material).

Measurement of pathological personality traits according to the DSM-5: A Polish adaptation of the PID-5. Part II - empirical results. / Pomiar patologicznych cech osobowosci wedlug DSM-5: Polska adaptacja Inwentarza Osobowosci PID-5. Czesc II ­ wyniki empiryczne.

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents results of a study on the Polish adaptation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), which was developed to measure pathological traits under a new, dimensional model proposed in Section III of the DSM-5 as part of a hybrid alternative system of personality disorder diagnosis. METHODS: The study involved a clinical sample (N = 129 individuals with a mean age of M = 32.40; SD = 9.08; 84.5% with a personality disorder diagnosis) and a non-clinical one (N = 1,043 individuals with a mean age of M = 34.98; SD = 15.71). Two questionnaires: the PID-5 and the MMPI-2 (Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory - 2) were use in the study. RESULTS: The results showed the Polish adaptation of the PID-5 to be reliable and valid (the internal consistency coefficients for the PID-5 scales and subscales were high in clinical sample and at satisfactory level in non-clinical sample). All scales and almost all subscales of the PID-5 turned out to differentiate between clinical and non-clinical samples. The PID-5 scales and subscales exhibited a consistent pattern of relationships with the Personality Psy-chopathology Five (PSY-5) dimensions and with the clinical scales of the MMPI-2. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained data demonstrate the PID-5 to be a satisfactory operationalization of the pathological personality trait model, and at the same time corroborate the scientific value of the DSM-5 model itself.

Measurement of pathological personality traits according to the DSM-5: A Polish adaptation of the PID-5. Part I - theoretical foundations. / Pomiar patologicznych cech osobowosci wedlug DSM-5: Polska adaptacja Inwentarza Osobowosci PID-5. Czesc I ­ podstawy teoretyczne.

The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes a novel hybrid system of personality disorder diagnosis in addition to the one pre-viously laid down in the DSM-IV-TR. This alternative diagnostic system, published within Section III of the DSM-5, was hoped to overcome the inherent limitations of categorical diagnosis by integrating the categorical and dimensional approaches to personality disorders. As such, it constitutes a bridge between psychiatric pathology classifications and findings from psychological research on the structure of normal personality.At the core of the hybrid DSM-5 system lies a new model of pathological personality traits, operationalized using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). This paper outlines the background and main features of the DSM-5 hybrid system of personality disorder diagnosis with a focus on the dimensional model of pathological traits and definitions thereof. The cur-rent status, application potential and limitations of the DSM-5 diagnostic system and the pathological traits model are also discussed. In another paper, the authors present the PID-5 inventory and report on a study investigating a Polish adaptation of this instrument.