Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the Norrish-Yang Photocyclization of Dialkyl 1,2-Diketones: Solution versus Solid State Photochemistry of Two Polymorphs.

As shown by X-ray crystallography, crystals of 3ß-acetoxy-16,17-seco-17,20-dioxopregn-5-ene-16-nitrile are dimorphic. The regioselectivity of the Norrish-Yang type II photocyclization under visible light of this steroidal 1,2-diketone, which bears primary, secondary, and tertiary nonequivalent abstractable γ-hydrogens, dramatically increases in the crystalline state of both polymorphs. X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanics calculations reveal crystal structure-solid state photochemistry relationships.

1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Surzur-Tanner Rearrangement: A Radical Cascade Approach for the Synthesis of 1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane and 6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Scaffolds in Carbohydrate Systems.

The 1,5-HAT-1,2-(ester)alkyl radical migration (Surzur-Tanner rearrangement) radical/polar sequence triggered by alkoxyl radicals has been studied on a series of C-glycosyl substrates with 3-C-(α,ß-d,l-glycopyranosyl)1-propanol and C-(α-d,l-glycopyranosyl)methanol structures prepared from chiral pool d- and l-sugar. The use of acetoxy and diphenoxyphosphatoxy as leaving groups provides an efficient construction of 10-deoxy-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane and 4-deoxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane frameworks. The alkoxyl radicals were generated by the reaction of the corresponding N-alkoxyphthalimides with group 14 hydrides [n-Bu3SnH(D) and (TMS)3SiH], and in comparative terms, the reaction was also initiated by visible light photocatalysis using the Hantzsch ester/fac-Ir(ppy)3 procedure. Special attention was devoted to the influence of the relative stereochemistry of the centers involved in the radical sequence on the reaction outcome. The addition of BF3•Et2O as a catalyst to the radical sequence resulted in a significant increase in the yields of the desired bicyclic ketals.

What Markov State Models Can and Cannot Do: Correlation versus Path-Based Observables in Protein-Folding Models.

Markov state models (MSMs) have been widely applied to study the kinetics and pathways of protein conformational dynamics based on statistical analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These MSMs coarse-grain both configuration space and time in ways that limit what kinds of observables they can reproduce with high fidelity over different spatial and temporal resolutions. Despite their popularity, there is still limited understanding of which biophysical observables can be computed from these MSMs in a robust and unbiased manner, and which suffer from the space-time coarse-graining intrinsic in the MSM model. Most theoretical arguments and practical validity tests for MSMs rely on long-time equilibrium kinetics, such as the slowest relaxation time scales and experimentally observable time-correlation functions. Here, we perform an extensive assessment of the ability of well-validated protein folding MSMs to accurately reproduce path-based observable such as mean first-passage times (MFPTs) and transition path mechanisms compared to a direct trajectory analysis. We also assess a recently proposed class of history-augmented MSMs (haMSMs) that exploit additional information not accounted for in standard MSMs. We conclude with some practical guidance on the use of MSMs to study various problems in conformational dynamics of biomolecules. In brief, MSMs can accurately reproduce correlation functions slower than the lag time, but path-based observables can only be reliably reproduced if the lifetimes of states exceed the lag time, which is a much stricter requirement. Even in the presence of short-lived states, we find that haMSMs reproduce path-based observables more reliably.

Determinants of Frugal Behavior: The Influences of Consciousness for Sustainable Consumption, Materialism, and the Consideration of Future Consequences.

The transition toward sustainability and the adjustment to climate change should involve the reduction of consumption behavior and the need to maintain social practices of frugality. This paper investigates the influences of consciousness for sustainable consumption (CSC), materialism, and the consideration of future consequences (CFC) on frugal behaviors. Four-hundred-and-forty-four individuals responded to an instrument investigating these variables. Results of a structural model revealed that materialism significantly and negatively influenced the three dimensions of CSC: economic, environmental, and social. The consideration of distant future consequences positively and significantly affected the economic dimension of CSC. Frugal behavior received significant and positive influences from the three CSC dimensions and from consideration of distant future consequences. The model explained 46% of variance in frugal behavior, revealing the importance of awareness of the consequences of resource consumption and the CFC has on promoting a moderate consumption of resources.

Mechanical and non-mechanical orthodontic procedures in relapse and retention: scoping review / Procedimientos ortodónticos mecánicos y no mecánicos en recidiva y retención: revisión de cobertura temática

Abstract Introduction: stability after orthodontic treatment is an important goal for orthodontists. This issue has been highly important in orthodontics, so its progress and content require constant analysis. Methods: a panoramic and analytical review of citations and keywords from Web of Science helped create a body of information on the current advances in research on this field. Results: several fields of research arise from the analysis, dealing with surgery as an approach, molecular concepts, orthodontists' experiences in professional practice, and the use of lasers and other applications. Conclusions: information on relapse and retention within orthodontics is still valid and requires further research on current issues to understand this complex phenomenon for both academia and clinical use.

Resumen Introducción: la estabilidad postortodóncica es uno de los objetivos que persigue el ortodoncista. Esta temática siempre ha tenido una importancia relevante en la ortodoncia y requiere continuo análisis de sus avances y contenidos. Métodos: mediante una revisión panorámica y analítica de citas y palabras clave desde Web of Science, se establece un cuerpo de información con base en el cual se plantea el avance actual de la investigación en este campo. Resultados: en el análisis emergen varios campos de investigación que tienen que ver con la cirugía como medio de abordaje, los conceptos moleculares, las experiencias de los ortodoncistas en la práctica profesional y el uso de láser y otras aplicaciones. Conclusiones: dentro de la ortodoncia, la información sobre recidiva y retención sigue vigente e invita a la construcción de trabajos en relación con las temáticas actuales para comprender este fenómeno complejo no solo para la academia, sino además para su utilidad clínica.

Synthetic Approaches to Phosphasugars (2-oxo-1,2-oxaphosphacyclanes) Using the Anomeric Alkoxyl Radical ß-Fragmentation Reaction as the Key Step.

The anomeric alkoxyl radical ß-fragmentation (ARF) of carbohydrates possessing an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) at C2, promoted by PhI(OAc)2/I2, gives rise to an acyclic iodide through which a pentavalent atom of phosphorus can be introduced via the Arbuzov reaction. After selective hydrolysis and subsequent cyclization, the phosphonate or phosphinate intermediates can be converted into 2-deoxy-1-phosphahexopyranose and 2-deoxy-1-phosphapentopyranose sugars. The ARF of carbohydrates with an electron-donor group (EDG) at C2 proceeds by a radical-polar crossover mechanism, and the cyclization occurs by nucleophilic attack of a conveniently positioned phosphonate or phosphinate group to the transient oxocarbenium ion. This alternative methodology leads to 5-phosphasugars with a 4-deoxy-5-phosphapentopyranose framework. The structure and conformation of the 2-oxo-1,2-oxaphosphinane and 2-oxo-1,2-oxaphospholane ring systems in different carbohydrate models have been studied by NMR and X-ray crystallography.

Electrostatically Driven Guanidinium Interaction Domains that Control Hydrogel-Mediated Protein Delivery In Vivo.

Protein biologics are an important class of drugs, but the necessity for frequent parenteral administration is a major limitation. Drug-delivery materials offer a potential solution, but protein-material adsorption can cause denaturation, which reduces their effectiveness. Here, we describe a new protein delivery platform that limits direct contact between globular protein domains and material matrix, yet from a single subcutaneous administration can be tuned for long-term drug release. The strategy utilizes complementary electrostatic interactions made between a suite of designed interaction domains (IDs), installed onto the terminus of a protein of interest, and a negatively charged self-assembled fibrillar hydrogel. These intermolecular interactions can be easily modulated by choice of ID to control material interaction and desorption energies, which allows regulation of protein release kinetics to fit desired release profiles. Molecular dynamics studies provided a molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms that govern release and identified optimal binding zones on the gel fibrils that facilitate strong ID-material interactions, which are crucial for sustained release of protein. This delivery platform can be easily loaded with cargo, is shear-thin syringe implantable, provides improved protein stability, is capable of a diverse range of in vitro release rates, and most importantly, can accomplish long-term control over in vivo protein delivery.

Reductive Radical Cascades Triggered by Alkoxyl Radicals in the ß-Cyclodextrin Framework.

The generation and fate of 2I-VII,3I-VII,6II-VII-icosa- O-methyl-ß-cyclomaltoheptaos-6I- O-yl radical under reductive conditions is described. Two radical cascade reactions are involved: the main one is triggered by a 1,8-HAT of the hydrogen at 5VIIC. The radical can reach the anomeric hydrogen at 1VC three sugar units ahead using a six-step sequence. The different hydrogen donor ability of the group 14 hydrides permits one to selectively stop the cascade at 5VIIC, 2VIC, and 4VIC to obtain ß-CD with a ß-l-Ido p unit, acyclic hepta-, and hexa-saccharide structures, respectively.

Radical-Mediated C-H Functionalization: A Strategy for Access to Modified Cyclodextrins.

A simple and efficient radical C-H functionalization to access modified cyclodextrins (CDs) has been developed. The well-defined conformation of glycosidic and aglyconic bonds in α-, ß-, and γ-CDs favors the intramolecular 1,8-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) promoted by the 6I-O-yl radical, which abstracts regioselectively the hydrogen at C5II of the contiguous pyranose. The C5II-radical evolves by a polar crossover mechanism to a stable 1,3,5-trioxocane ring between two adjacent glucoses or alternatively triggers the inversion of one α-d-glucose into a 5-C-acetoxy-ß-l-idose unit possessing a 1C4 conformation. The 6I,IV- and 6I,III-diols of α- and ß-CDs behave similarly to the monoalcohols, forming mostly compounds originating from two 1,8-HAT consecutive processes. In the case of 6I,II-diols the proximity of the two 6-O-yl radicals in adjacent sugar units allows the formation of unique lactone rings within the CD framework via a 1,8-HAT-ß-scission tandem mechanism. X-ray diffraction carried out on the crystalline 1,4-bis(trioxocane)-α-CD derivative shows a severe distortion toward a narrower elliptical shape for the primary face.

Accurate Estimation of Protein Folding and Unfolding Times: Beyond Markov State Models.

Because standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are unable to access time scales of interest in complex biomolecular systems, it is common to "stitch together" information from multiple shorter trajectories using approximate Markov state model (MSM) analysis. However, MSMs may require significant tuning and can yield biased results. Here, by analyzing some of the longest protein MD data sets available (>100 µs per protein), we show that estimators constructed based on exact non-Markovian (NM) principles can yield significantly improved mean first-passage times (MFPTs) for protein folding and unfolding. In some cases, MSM bias of more than an order of magnitude can be corrected when identical trajectory data are reanalyzed by non-Markovian approaches. The NM analysis includes "history" information, higher order time correlations compared to MSMs, that is available in every MD trajectory. The NM strategy is insensitive to fine details of the states used and works well when a fine time-discretization (i.e., small "lag time") is used.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón. Años 2013-2014 / Surgical treatment of retained canines in the municipality of Colon. Years 2013-2014

Introducción: los caninos, generalmente, son los últimos dientes en erupcionar dentro de las arcadas dentarias, cuando existe la retención de los mismos, es importante tratar de llevarlos dentro del arco dentario a través del tratamiento ortodóncico debido a razones funcionales y de estética. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de los caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón, provincia Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: el universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 40 pacientes que recibieron atención en la consulta multidisciplinaria (Ortodoncia - Máxilo Facial), de la Clínica Estomatológica “27 de Noviembre” y que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Máxilo Facial del Hospital Docente Territorial “Dr. Mario Muñoz” de Colón, Matanzas. En el período comprendido entre enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2014 y que poseían el diagnóstico de canino retenido. Resultados: la edad que predominó fue los 14 años de edad en 11 pacientes, para un 27,5 % de la muestra, no hubo diferencias entre el sexo y el color de la piel. La raza blanca fue la más representada con 36 pacientes, para un 90 %. El canino retenido más afectado fue el superior derecho, (17 casos), para un 42.5%. La localización palatina se presentó en 24 casos, para un 60 %. De los 40 caninos retenidos a 29 se les aplicó brackets (72.5 %) y a 11 se les realizó exodoncia, para un 27.5 %. Conclusiones: el manejo ortodóncico de caninos superiores retenidos puede ser muy complejo y requiere de un cuidadoso y bien planeado abordaje interdisciplinario.

Background: canines are, usually, the last teeth erupting inside the dental arcs. When there is retention of them, it is important to lead them into the dental arc through orthodontic treatment due to functional and esthetic reasons. Aim: describing the behavior of retained canines in the municipality of Colon, province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: the universe of work was formed by 40 patients receiving attention in the multidisciplinary consultation (Orthodontics- Maxillofacial) of the Stomatologic Clinic “27 de Noviembre”, who were surgically treated in the Maxillofacial Service of the Territorial Teaching Hospital “Dr Mario Muñoz” of Colon, Matanzas, in the period between January 2013 and December 2014, with a diagnosis of retained canine. Outcomes: the predominating age was 14 years old in 11 patients, for 27.5 % of the sample; there were not differences in gender and skin color. European people were the most represented ones, with 36 patients, for 90 %. The most affected retained canine was the upper right one (17 cases) for 42.5 %. Palatine location was found in 24 cases, for 60 %. Of the 40 retained canines, brackets were applied to 29 (72.5 %) and 11 were removed, for 27.5 %. Conclusions: the orthodontic treatment of the upper retained canines may be very difficult and requires a careful and well-planed interdisciplinary approach.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón: años 2013–2014 / Surgical treatment of retained canines in the municipality of Colon: Years 2013-2014

Introducción: los caninos, generalmente, son los últimos dientes en erupcionar dentro de las arcadas dentarias, cuando existe la retención de los mismos, es importante tratar de llevarlos dentro del arco dentario a través del tratamiento ortodóncico debido a razones funcionales y de estética. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de los caninos retenidos en el municipio Colón, provincia Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: el universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 40 pacientes que recibieron atención en la consulta multidisciplinaria (Ortodoncia Máxilo Facial), de la Clínica Estomatológica 27 de Noviembre y que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Máxilo Facial del Hospital Docente Territorial Dr Mario Muñoz de Colón, Matanzas. En el período comprendido entre enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2014 y que poseían el diagnóstico de canino retenido. Resultados: la edad que predominó fue los 14 años de edad en 11 pacientes, para un 27,5 por ciento de la muestra, no hubo diferencias entre el sexo y el color de la piel. La raza blanca fue la más representada con 36 pacientes, para un 90 por ciento. El canino retenido más afectado fue el superior derecho, (17 casos), para un 42,5 por ciento. La localización palatina se presentó en 24 casos, para un 60 %. De los 40 caninos retenidos a 29 se les aplicó brackets (72,5 por cientop) y a 11 se les realizó exodoncia, para un 27,5 por ciento. Conclusiones: el manejo ortodóncico de caninos superiores retenidos puede ser muy complejo y requiere de un cuidadoso y bien planeado abordaje interdisciplinario(AU)

Background: canines are, usually, the last teeth erupting inside the dental arcs. When there is retention of them, it is important to lead them into the dental arc through orthodontic treatment due to functional and esthetic reasons. Aim: describing the behavior of retained canines in the municipality of Colon, province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: the universe of work was formed by 40 patients receiving attention in the multidisciplinary consultation (Orthodontics- Maxillofacial) of the Stomatologic Clinic 27 de Noviembre, who were surgically treated in the Maxillofacial Service of the Territorial Teaching Hospital “Dr Mario Muñoz” of Colon, Matanzas, in the period between January 2013 and December 2014, with a diagnosis of retained canine. Outcomes: the predominating age was 14 years old in 11 patients, for 27.5 percent of the sample; there were not differences in gender and skin color. European people were the most represented ones, with 36 patients, for 90 percent. The most affected retained canine was the upper right one (17 cases) for 42.5 percent. Palatine location was found in 24 cases, for 60 percent. Of the 40 retained canines, brackets were applied to 29 (72.5 percent) and 11 were removed, for 27.5 percent. Conclusions: the orthodontic treatment of the upper retained canines may be very difficult and requires a careful and well-planed interdisciplinary approach(AU)

The role of CuCl on the mechanism of dibenzo-p-dioxin formation from poly-chlorophenol precursors: A computational study.

A computational study is performed for the elucidation of the role played by CuCl in the condensation of two polychlorophenol molecules to yield PCDDs. The mechanism found consists of six sequential steps, which allow the final recuperation of the CuCl molecule, and applies for phenol molecules with an ortho chlorine. In the temperature range of 453-473 K (previously reported as adequate to diminish PCDDs formation in the post-combustion area), CuCl is able to softly retain chlorophenol molecules, mainly those less chlorinated. After a first HCl release, Cu(I) remains bonded to phenol oxygen atom, thus avoiding the formation of phenoxy radicals and the subsequent radical processes. A temperature raise up to 1200 K destabilizes the initial CuCl-chlorophenol complexes and causes that the rate limiting step change from the formation of the first oxygen bridge to HCl elimination. It has been checked that tetra and penta-chlorophenols undergo essentially the same reaction process of 2-chlorophenol. In view of our results and trying to arrive at a practical way to diminish the rate of formation of PCDDs, we propose that an extra addition of powdered CuCl to the post-combustion zone, cooled down to temperatures lower than 473 K, could act as an inhibitor in the formation of these pollutants.

Estimating first-passage time distributions from weighted ensemble simulations and non-Markovian analyses.

First-passage times (FPTs) are widely used to characterize stochastic processes such as chemical reactions, protein folding, diffusion processes or triggering a stock option. In previous work (Suarez et al., JCTC 2014;10:2658-2667), we demonstrated a non-Markovian analysis approach that, with a sufficient subset of history information, yields unbiased mean first-passage times from weighted-ensemble (WE) simulations. The estimation of the distribution of the first-passage times is, however, a more ambitious goal since it cannot be obtained by direct observation in WE trajectories. Likewise, a large number of events would be required to make a good estimation of the distribution from a regular "brute force" simulation. Here, we show how the previously developed non-Markovian analysis can generate approximate, but highly accurate, FPT distributions from WE data. The analysis can also be applied to any other unbiased trajectories, such as from standard molecular dynamics simulations. The present study employs a range of systems with independent verification of the distributions to demonstrate the success and limitations of the approach. By comparison to a standard Markov analysis, the non-Markovian approach is less sensitive to the user-defined discretization of configuration space.

WESTPA: an interoperable, highly scalable software package for weighted ensemble simulation and analysis.

The weighted ensemble (WE) path sampling approach orchestrates an ensemble of parallel calculations with intermittent communication to enhance the sampling of rare events, such as molecular associations or conformational changes in proteins or peptides. Trajectories are replicated and pruned in a way that focuses computational effort on underexplored regions of configuration space while maintaining rigorous kinetics. To enable the simulation of rare events at any scale (e.g., atomistic, cellular), we have developed an open-source, interoperable, and highly scalable software package for the execution and analysis of WE simulations: WESTPA (The Weighted Ensemble Simulation Toolkit with Parallelization and Analysis). WESTPA scales to thousands of CPU cores and includes a suite of analysis tools that have been implemented in a massively parallel fashion. The software has been designed to interface conveniently with any dynamics engine and has already been used with a variety of molecular dynamics (e.g., GROMACS, NAMD, OpenMM, AMBER) and cell-modeling packages (e.g., BioNetGen, MCell). WESTPA has been in production use for over a year, and its utility has been demonstrated for a broad set of problems, ranging from atomically detailed host­guest associations to nonspatial chemical kinetics of cellular signaling networks. The following describes the design and features of WESTPA, including the facilities it provides for running WE simulations and storing and analyzing WE simulation data, as well as examples of input and output.

Intervención dirigida a médicos de la familia sobre el síndrome de disfunción temporomandibular / Intervention directed to family physicians on the temporomandibular dysfunction

Introducción: El síndrome de disfunción temporomandibular tiene alta incidencia a nivel mundial. Estudios epidemiológicos en relación con su prevalencia indican que más del 50 % de la población ha padecido esta entidad. A la consulta del Servicio de Máximo-Facial del Hospital Docente Territorial “Dr. Mario Muñoz”, de Colón, provincia de Matanzas, acuden pacientes con síntomas y signos relacionados con esta enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar el conocimiento teórico en los médicos de la familia sobre el síndrome de disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular. Materiales y métodos: el universo estuvo constituido por 171 médicos de la familia de los tres policlínicos comunitarios del municipio de Colón, y la muestra la conformaron 35 médicos. Se realizó en el período comprendido de septiembre a noviembre de 2012. El programa contó con tres fases de ejecución: inicial, de intervención y final. Resultados: el nivel de capacitación del personal médico se elevó a un 95,4 %.

Background: The temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome has high incidence around the world. Epidemiologic studies related with its prevalence show that more than 50 % of the population has suffered this entity. Patients with symptoms and signs related with this disease assist the consultation of the Maxilla-Facial Service of the Teaching Territorial Hospital “Dr. Mario Muñoz” of Colon, province of Matanzas. Aim: To determine family physicians theoretical knowledge on the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Materials and methods: the universe was formed by 171 family physicians form the three community polyclinics of the municipality of Colon, and the sample were 35 physicians. The study was carried out in the period from September to November 2012. The program had three phases: initial, interventional and final. Outcomes: The medical staff training level reached 95,4 %.

Intervención dirigida a médicos de la familia sobre el síndrome de disfunción temporomandibular / Intervention directed to family physicians on the temporomandibular dysfunction

Introducción: El síndrome de disfunción temporomandibular tiene alta incidencia a nivel mundial. Estudios epidemiológicos en relación con su prevalencia indican que más del 50 por ciento de la población ha padecido esta entidad. A la consulta del Servicio de Máximo-Facial del Hospital Docente Territorial Dr Mario Muñoz, de Colón, provincia de Matanzas, acuden pacientes con síntomas y signos relacionados con esta enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar el conocimiento teórico en los médicos de la familia sobre el síndrome de disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular.Materiales y métodos: el universo estuvo constituido por 171 médicos de la familia de los tres policlínicos comunitarios del municipio de Colón, y la muestra la conformaron 35 médicos. Se realizó en el período comprendido de septiembre a noviembre de 2012. El programa contó con tres fases de ejecución: inicial, de intervención y final. Resultados: el nivel de capacitación del personal médico se elevó a un 95,4 por ciento(AU)

Background: The temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome has high incidence around the world. Epidemiologic studies related with its prevalence show that more than 50 percent of the population has suffered this entity. Patients with symptoms and signs related with this disease assist the consultation of the Maxilla-Facial Service of the Teaching Territorial Hospital “Dr. Mario Muñoz” of Colon, province of Matanzas. Aim: To determine family physicians theoretical knowledge on the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Materials and methods: the universe was formed by 171 family physicians form the three community polyclinics of the municipality of Colon, and the sample were 35 physicians. The study was carried out in the period from September to November 2012. The program had three phases: initial, interventional and final.Outcomes: The medical staff training level reached 95,4 percent(AU)

Easy access to modified cyclodextrins by an intramolecular radical approach.

A simple method to modify the primary face of cyclodextrins (CDs) is described. The 6(I)-O-yl radical of α-, ß-, and γ-CDs regioselectively abstracts the H5(II), located in the adjacent D-glucose unit, by an intramolecular 1,8-hydrogen-atom-transfer reaction through a geometrically restricted nine-membered transition state to give a stable 1,3,5-trioxocane ring. The reaction has been extended to the 1,4-diols of α- and ß-CD to give the corresponding bis(trioxocane)s. The C2-symmetric bis(trioxocane) corresponding to the α-CD is a stable crystalline solid whose structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The calculated geometric parameters confirm that the primary face is severely distorted toward a narrower elliptical shape for this rim.

La estomatitis aftosa recurrente y las situaciones de estrés como factor de riesgo / Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and stress situation as risk factors

La estomatitis aftosa, también llamada aftosis bucal o aftas, se caracteriza por la aparición de una o más úlceras dolorosas con pérdida de la continuidad del epitelio, variable en forma, número y tamaño. Se considera la enfermedad más frecuente de la mucosa bucal, ocupa el segundo lugar, y es más frecuente en niños y adolescentes; la ocurrencia de esta afección es considerada alta, aporta cifras de 5 a 66 %, con una media del 20 %. A la consulta del servicio de urgencia del Policlínico Universitario "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", en Colón, acuden pacientes con síntomas y signos relacionados con esta enfermedad. La finalidad de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de afectación por situaciones de estrés en pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente que acuden a dicha consulta. La muestra quedó conformada por 119 pacientes que tenían la presencia clínica de estomatitis aftosa recurrente, de ella 81 personas del sexo femenino para un 68,1 %, el grupo de edades más representado fue el de 15 a 24 años con 61 individuos para un 51,3 %; la forma menor fue la más observada desde el punto de vista clínico, las situaciones de estrés estaban presentes en la mayoría de los casos. Se arribó a las conclusiones de que la mayoría de las personas atendidas presentaron rasgo de ansiedad, los modos de afrontamiento al estrés más representados fue la búsqueda de apoyo social y los pacientes son vulnerables ante situaciones de estrés.

Aphthous stomatitis, also called buccal aphthosis or aphthae, is characterized by the emergence of one or more painful ulcers with lose of the epithelial continuity, varied in form, number and size. It is considered the most frequent buccal mucosa disease, being in the second place, and it is more frequent in children and teenagers; this disease’s occurrence is considered high, amounting between 5 and 60 %, with a 20 % media. Many patients showing symptoms and signs of this disease assist to the emergency service consultation of the University Polyclinic "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", in Colon; the aim of this study was determining in what level stress situation affected patients assisting this consultation with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The sample was formed by 119 patients having the clinical presence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. 81 of them were female, for 68,1 %; the most represented age group was the one formed by 61 individuals aged 15-24 years, with 51,3 %; from the clinical point of view the less form was the most observed one. In most of the cases, stress situation were present. We arrived to the conclusion that most of the attended persons showed stress characteristics. The most represented way of affronting stress was looking for social support and patients are vulnerable to stress situations.

La estomatitis aftosa recurrente y las situaciones de estrés como factor de riesgo / Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and stress situation as risk factors

La estomatitis aftosa, también llamada aftosis bucal o aftas, se caracteriza por la aparición de una o más úlceras dolorosas con pérdida de la continuidad del epitelio, variable en forma, número y tamaño. Se considera la enfermedad más frecuente de la mucosa bucal, ocupa el segundo lugar, y es más frecuente en niños y adolescentes; la ocurrencia de esta afección es considerada alta, aporta cifras de 5 a 66 por ciento, con una media del 20 por ciento. A la consulta del servicio de urgencia del Policlínico Universitario Dr Carlos J Finlay, en Colón, acuden pacientes con síntomas y signos relacionados con esta enfermedad. La finalidad de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de afectación por situaciones de estrés en pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente que acuden a dicha consulta. La muestra quedó conformada por 119 pacientes que tenían la presencia clínica de estomatitis aftosa recurrente, de ella 81 personas del sexo femenino para un 68,1 por ciento, el grupo de edades más representado fue el de 15 a 24 años con 61 individuos para un 51,3 por ciento; la forma menor fue la más observada desde el punto de vista clínico, las situaciones de estrés estaban presentes en la mayoría de los casos. Se arribó a las conclusiones de que la mayoría de las personas atendidas presentaron rasgo de ansiedad, los modos de afrontamiento al estrés más representados fue la búsqueda de apoyo social y los pacientes son vulnerables ante situaciones de estrés(AU)

Aphthous stomatitis, also called buccal aphthosis or aphthae, is characterized by the emergence of one or more painful ulcers with lose of the epithelial continuity, varied in form, number and size. It is considered the most frequent buccal mucosa disease, being in the second place, and it is more frequent in children and teenagers; this diseases occurrence is considered high, amounting between 5 and 60 percent, with a 20 percent media. Many patients showing symptoms and signs of this disease assist to the emergency service consultation of the University Polyclinic Dr Carlos J Finlay, in Colon; the aim of this study was determining in what level stress situation affected patients assisting this consultation with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The sample was formed by 119 patients having the clinical presence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. 81 of them were female, for 68,1 percent; the most represented age group was the one formed by 61 individuals aged 15-24 years, with 51,3 percent; from the clinical point of view the less form was the most observed one. In most of the cases, stress situation were present. We arrived to the conclusion that most of the attended persons showed stress characteristics. The most represented way of affronting stress was looking for social support and patients are vulnerable to stress situations(AU)