Development of an artificial portal vein using bioabsorbable polymers.

PURPOSE: During surgical resection of malignant tumors in the hepatobiliary pancreatic region, portal vein resection and reconstruction may be needed. However, there is no alternative to the portal vein. We therefore developed an artificial portal vein that could be used in the abdominal cavity. METHODS: In the experiments, hybrid pigs (n = 8) were included. An artificial portal vein was created using a bioabsorbable polymer sheet (BAPS). Subsequently, the portal vein's anterior wall was excised into an elliptical shape. A BAPS in the form of a patch was implanted at the same site. At 2 weeks (n = 3) and 3 months (n = 5) after the implantation, the BAPS implantation site was resected and evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. RESULTS: Immediately after the implantation, blood leakage was not detected. Two weeks after implantation, the BAPS remained, and endothelial cells were observed. Thrombus formation was not observed. Three months after implantation, the BAPS had been completely absorbed and was indistinguishable from the surrounding portal vein. Stenosis and aneurysms were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: BAPS can replace a defective portal vein from the early stage of implantation to BAPS absorption. These results suggest that it can be an alternative material to the portal vein in surgical reconstruction.

The aspect ratio of the palpebral fissure as a new blepharoptosis parameter.

Although the margin reflex distance (MRD) is widely used to assess blepharoptosis, it has some drawbacks (e.g. inaccuracy in severe ptosis). A new parameter is desired. We digitally analyzed pre- and post-operative photographs of 95 patients with blepharoptosis. We set a rectangle with the vertical sides at the lateral and medial canthus and the horizontal sides at the highest and lowest points of the eyelids. We calculated the percentage of the vertical side (height) to the horizontal side (width) and defined this value as the vertical percentage of the palpebral fissure. The MRD and the vertical percentage values were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.766). In the 77 bilateral cases, both sides showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 28.9 to 37.3%, right) and (28.7 to 36.1%, left). In the 18 unilateral cases, the affected side showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 29.6 to 38.7%), while the unaffected side showed no change. In the eight patients who underwent re-operation, the revised side's vertical percentage was not improved after the first operation (from 28.0 to 31.3%), and the revision significantly changed the vertical percentage to 39.0%. In the re-operated patients, the difference between the right and left sides decreased significantly from 6.7 to 1.9% post-revision. The aspect ratio of each palpebral fissure (the percentage of height to width) reflected the progression of blepharoptosis and the post-operative changes. The aspect ratio thus has the potential to be a new parameter for blepharoptosis.

Human CD206+ Macrophages Show Antifibrotic Effects on Human Fibroblasts through an IL-6-Dependent Mechanism In Vitro.

BACKGROUND: Pathologic scarring including keloid and hypertrophic scar causes aesthetic and physical problems, and there are clinical difficulties (e.g., posttreatment recurrence) in dealing with pathologic scarring. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie scar control in wound healing will help prevent and treat pathologic scarring. The authors focused on CD206+ macrophages in the wound-healing process, and hypothesized that CD206+ macrophages have antifibrotic effects on fibroblasts. METHODS: The authors established a co-culture system for CD206+ macrophages and fibroblasts (cell ratio, 1:1). The authors examined the CD206+ macrophages' antifibrotic effects on fibroblasts after a 72-hour culture, focusing on fibrosis-related genes. To identify key factor(s) in the interaction between CD206+ macrophages and fibroblasts, the authors analyzed cytokines in a conditioned medium of the co-culture system. RESULTS: Under co-culture with CD206+ macrophages, expression of the following in the fibroblasts was significantly down-regulated: type 1 (fold change, 0.38) and type 3 collagen (0.45), alpha smooth muscle actin (0.24), connective tissue growth factor (0.40), and transforming growth factor-beta (0.66); the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 was significantly up-regulated (1.92). Conditioned medium in the co-culture showed a high interleukin (IL)-6 concentration (419 ± 88 pg/ml). When IL-6 was added to fibroblasts, antifibrotic changes in gene expression (as observed under the co-culture) occurred in the fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' in vitro results revealed that CD206+ macrophages have antifibrotic effects on fibroblasts by means of a paracrine mechanism involving IL-6. Understanding these effects, especially in vivo, will help elucidate the mechanism of scar control in wound healing and contribute to the development of new scar treatments.

Scar Assessment After Breast Reconstruction: Risk Factors for Hypertrophy and Hyperpigmentation in Asian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Breast scars after breast reconstruction can be hypertrophic and/or hyperpigmented, especially in Asian patients, whose skin is thicker and has increased melanin. Few studies have focused on breast scars after breast reconstruction, and the risk factors for an abnormal breast scar remain unknown. METHODS: We examined 257 Asian patients who underwent an immediate 2-stage unilateral implant-based breast reconstruction. Vascularity, hypertrophy, and hyperpigmentation of the patients' breast scars were assessed at 1 year postoperatively. Risk factors for an abnormal scar were analyzed statistically. Analyzed patient factors included age, body mass index, incision site (frontal or lateral), breast size (the weight of the resected specimen), skin necrosis at the initial operation (expander placement), and adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: At 1 year postoperatively, 161 patients (63%) showed normal vascularity, 77 patients (30%) showed mild vascularity, 18 patients (7%) showed moderate vascularity, and 1 patient (0.4%) showed severe vascularity. No patient factors were correlated with vascularity. Thirty-two patients (12%) showed hypertrophy, and the rate of hypertrophy was significantly higher in the patients with a lateral incision (n = 59) compared with those with a frontal incision (n = 198) (28.8% vs 7.6%, P < 0.01). Even in the frontal incision group, a lateral part of the frontal scar was likely to be hypertrophic. Forty-six patients (18%) showed hyperpigmentation, and the rate of hyperpigmentation was significantly higher in the patients with skin necrosis (n = 47) at the initial operation than those without skin necrosis (n = 210) (57.4% vs 9.0%, P < 0.01). Large breast was also a risk factor for hyperpigmentation due to its higher frequency of skin necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In Asian patients who undergo breast reconstruction, the use of a lateral incision is a risk factor for hypertrophy, and skin necrosis at the initial operation is a risk factor for hyperpigmentation at the breast scar.

Sequential Scalp Assessment in Hair Regeneration Therapy Using an Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium.

BACKGROUND: An adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) reportedly exerts skin-rejuvenating and hair growth-promoting effects. In the therapeutic application of ADSC-CM for alopecia, changes to the interfollicular scalp remain unclear although some evidence has indicated hair growth-promoting effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ADSC-CM not only on hair follicles, but also on the interfollicular scalp. METHODS: Forty patients (21 men, 19 women; age range, 23-74 years) with alopecia were treated by intradermal injection of ADSC-CM every month for 6 months. Eighty fixed sites on patients were investigated by trichograms, physiological examinations, and ultrasonographic examinations at 4 time points (before treatment and 2, 4, and 6 months after the initial treatment). RESULTS: Hair density and anagen hair rate increased significantly. As physiological parameters, transepidermal water loss value gradually increased, with significant differences at 4 and 6 months after the initial treatment, but hydration state of the stratum corneum and skin surface lipid level showed no obvious changes. As ultrasonographic parameters, dermal thickness and dermal echogenicity were increased significantly. CONCLUSION: Intradermal administration of ADSC-CM on the scalp has strong potential to provide regenerative effects for hair follicles and the interfollicular scalp. An adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium offers a promising prospect as an alternative treatment for alopecia.

Risk Factors for Skin Flap Necrosis in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Mastectomy Followed by Immediate Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) are the standard techniques for achieving a cosmetic outcome, but necrosis of a cutaneous flap including the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is a serious complication. To analyze the risk factors for skin flap necrosis, we retrospectively evaluated a clinical database of breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction. METHODS: Four hundred and twelve cases were consecutively recorded between 2006 and 2016. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), distance from NAC to referent tumor, distance from overlying skin to the tumor and weight of breast resection (WBR) as measured in the operating theater were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: NSM, SSM and total mastectomy were performed in 123 (30%), 96 (23%) and 193 cases (47%), respectively. A tissue expander was used in 379 cases (92%), a silicone implant in 8 (2%) and autologous breast reconstruction in 25 (6%). Skin flap necrosis was found in 7% of all cases and NAC necrosis in 13% of NSM cases. In a univariate analysis, BW, NSM and WBR were risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and BW, BMI and WBR were risk factors for NAC necrosis. In a multivariate analysis, NSM and WBR remained significant risk factors for skin flap necrosis, and WBR was a significant risk factor for NAC necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: WBR is an important risk factor for skin flap necrosis. Especially, NAC necrosis should be considered for patients with large-volume breasts who undergo NSM and immediate breast reconstruction.

Age-associated intracellular superoxide dismutase deficiency potentiates dermal fibroblast dysfunction during wound healing.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair wound healing through destructive oxidation of intracellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD1) regulates ROS levels and plays a critical role in tissue homoeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that age-associated wound healing impairments may partially result from decreased SOD1 expression. We investigated the mechanistic basis by which increased oxidative stress links to age-associated impaired wound healing. Fibroblasts were isolated from unwounded skin of young and aged mice, and myofibroblast differentiation was assessed by measuring α-smooth muscle actin and collagen gel contraction. Excisional wounds were created on young and aged mice to study the healing rate, ROS levels and SOD1 expression. A mechanistic link between oxidative stress and fibroblast function was explored by assessing the TGF-ß1 signalling pathway components in young and aged mice. Age-related wounds displayed reduced myofibroblast differentiation and delayed wound healing, consistent with a decrease in the in vitro capacity for fibroblast-myofibroblast transition following oxidative stress. Young fibroblasts with normal SOD1 expression exhibited increased phosphorylation of ERK in response to elevated ROS. In contrast, aged fibroblasts with reduced SOD1 expression displayed a reduced capacity to modulate intracellular ROS. Collectively, age-associated wound healing impairments are associated with fibroblast dysfunction that is likely the result of decreased SOD1 expression and subsequent dysregulation of intracellular ROS. Strategies targeting these mechanisms may suggest a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in the aged population.

Influence of Weight Loss on Volumetric Change in Contralateral Breast During 2-Stage Breast Reconstruction.

Objective: During 2-stage breast reconstruction in patients with unilateral breast cancer, we sometimes experience cases in which the contralateral breast volume changes greatly. However, few studies have examined volumetric changes in the contralateral breast during 2-stage breast reconstruction. Methods: Changes in contralateral breast volume between the first and second operations were examined in patients who underwent 2-stage unilateral breast reconstruction between February 2013 and August 2016 (123 patients aged 49.1 ± 8.6 years). Influences of age, postoperative treatment, and body weight on volumetric changes in the contralateral breast were statistically analyzed. Results: A positive correlation was observed between changes in body weight and contralateral breast volume (correlation coefficient = 0.218, P = .015). Weight loss was particularly important: all patients who lost more than 3 kg showed decreased contralateral breast volume (P = .010). Age and postoperative treatment had no significant effect on the change in contralateral breast volume. Conclusion: Change in body weight, and massive weight loss in particular, is an important factor for volumetric changes in the contralateral breast during 2-stage unilateral breast reconstruction.

Liposarcoma Preoperatively Diagnosed as Lipoma: 10-Year Experience at a Single Institution.

BACKGROUND: On rare occasions, a lesion preoperatively diagnosed as a lipoma is ultimately diagnosed as a liposarcoma. It is important to differentiate liposarcomas from lipomas preoperatively. OBJECTIVE: To examine characteristic features of liposarcomas preoperatively diagnosed as lipomas. METHODS: Patients (n = 637) who underwent resection of tumors preoperatively diagnosed as lipomas from January 2006 to October 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Based on pathological examination, 8 of 637 lesions were diagnosed as liposarcomas postoperatively. All the liposarcomas were well-differentiated liposarcomas. The rate of male patients was higher (87.5% vs 38.9%) and the size of tumors was larger (8.75 vs 4.64 cm) in these cases than in accurately diagnosed lipoma cases. On imaging, nonfatty septa were more frequently observed (71.4% vs 20.0%) and were thicker (2.22 vs 1.33 mm) than in true lipoma cases. CONCLUSION: If the patient with a lipomatous tumor is male and the tumor is large, we should consider the possibility of it being a liposarcoma. A thick internal septum in the image findings is a good predictor of malignancy.

Efficient isolation and culture of endothelial cells from venous malformation using the Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y27632.

BACKGROUND: The investigation of primary cells from a pathological lesion can elucidate the pathogenesis of diseases, but, for vascular malformations in humans, such basic research is still stagnant, because the isolation and culture of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is very difficult. To obtain a sufficient amount of ECs from venous malformation (VM) this study took advantage of a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, Y27632, which had been used for the efficient procurement of primary keratinocytes. METHODS: ECs were isolated and cultured from VM lesions, combining enzymatic digestion, cell sorting, and Y27632. The proliferative effect of Y27632 on ECs was examined by proliferation assay. The characteristics of the ECs cultured with Y27632 by EC marker expression and tube formation assay were also examined. RESULTS: Y27632 enhanced the proliferation of ECs and elongated the senescence of the cells. The expression of specific markers of ECs such as von Willebrand factor, endothelin-1, and VE-cadherin, was confirmed in the cells cultured with Y27632. In a tube formation assay, the cells cultured with Y27632 showed higher tube formation ability compared to the cells cultured without Y27632, indicating that Y27632 promoted the angiogenic capability of ECs. CONCLUSIONS: The protocol using Y27632 offers a new EC culture methodology and provides a new option for the biological investigation of vascular malformations. This new method will contribute to other types of vascular biology research as well.

Risk Factors for Complications in Expander-Based Breast Reconstruction: Multivariate Analysis in Asian Patients.

BACKGROUND: There have been many studies examining risk factors for complications in expander-based breast reconstruction after mastectomy, and some patient factors have been identified as risk factors. However, most of the previous studies were based on Caucasian patients. METHODS: Asian patients who had a tissue expander placed for immediate breast reconstruction between January 2006 and December 2015 (363 patients and 371 expanders) were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to elucidate risk factors for complications. RESULTS: The rate of skin necrosis was significantly higher in nipple-sparing mastectomy than in other types of mastectomies (12 patients among 107 patients, P = 0.001). The weight of the resected specimen was significantly higher in the group with complications than in the group without complications (444 g compared with 363 g, P = 0.027). Other factors (age, body mass index, smoking, expander type, preoperative chemotherapy, axillary dissection) had no significant effect on complications. Multivariate analysis with a logistic regression showed that a large breast (over 500 g) was the only significant risk factor for complications, with an odds ratio of 3.20 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.33-7.54 (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: In this series of Asian patients, breast size, rather than body mass index, is the most important predictor for complications in expander-based breast reconstruction.

Hair Regeneration Therapy: Application of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells secrete various cytokines that promote hair growth. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience of hair regeneration therapy using adipose-derived stem cellconditioned medium. RESULTS: We performed the hair regeneration therapy in numerous Japanese patients and reported good results. We described characteristics of the commercialized conditioned medium, treatment methods, and future directions. CONCLUSION: Treatment using adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium is highly effective and may represent a new therapy for alopecia.

Preoperative asymmetry is a risk factor for reoperation in involutional blepharoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with involutional blepharoptosis sometimes require reoperation because of functional or esthetic reasons after the primary operation. Few studies have analyzed the risk factors for reoperation in such cases. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 274 patients who underwent levator aponeurosis surgery for bilateral involutional blepharoptosis. We examined the risk factors for reoperation using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Reoperation was performed for 89 of the 274 patients (32.5%). There was no significant difference in the rate of reoperation among surgeons. In the univariate analysis, patients with preoperative asymmetry, defined as a difference of >1 mm in the marginal reflex distance between the right and left sides, showed a significantly higher rate of reoperation (42.7%) than those without asymmetry (28.1%) (p = 0.018). Age, sex, and ptosis severity did not affect the rate of reoperation. The multivariate analysis with a logistic regression showed that preoperative asymmetry was a significant risk factor for reoperation, with an odds ratio of 1.90 (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: In involutional blepharoptosis, patients with preoperative asymmetry should be informed of the higher risk of reoperation, and the balance between the right and left sides should be carefully adjusted intraoperatively.

Predictive Factors for Drainage Volume after Expander-based Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Closed suction drains are widely used in breast reconstruction, and the drains are removed based on a volume criterion. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no study analyzing predictive factors for drainage volume after breast reconstruction. METHODS: Data of daily drainage in cases with expander-based breast reconstruction between February 2013 and March 2015 (131 patients and 134 expanders) were retrospectively analyzed. Patient factors and operative factors were examined for their influences on total drainage using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The total drainage was 557.3 ± 359.7 mL. A strong correlation was observed between total drainage and duration of drains (correlation coefficient, 0.908). Operative factors, such as mastectomy type, expander type, operative time, and blood loss, did not affect the total drainage. Patients with axillary lymph node dissection showed a higher total volume of drainage (P < 0.001). The weight of the resected specimen, body weight, and breast volume calculated preoperatively showed a strong correlation with total drainage (correlation coefficients, 0.454, 0.388, and 0.345, respectively). In multiple regression analysis with preoperative data, age (P = 0.008), body weight (P = 0.018), and scheduled axillary dissection (P < 0.001) were significant predictive factors for total drainage. Among postoperative data, age (P = 0.003), axillary dissection (P = 0.032), and weight of resected specimen (P = 0.013) were significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Based on preoperative and/or postoperative information, plastic surgeons can predict the total drainage and duration of drains after expander-based breast reconstruction. Age, breast mass, and axillary lymph node dissection are important factors for this prediction.

Comparison of Nasal Septum and Ear Cartilage as a Graft for Lower Eyelid Reconstruction.

In lower eyelid reconstruction, several types of grafts from the nasal septum, ear cartilage, buccal mucosa, and hard palate mucosa have been used for an inner layer of the lower eyelid, but there have been no studies comparing these grafts. The authors retrospectively reviewed our cases of lower eyelid reconstruction, and compared chondromucosal grafts from the nasal septum (N = 8) and ear cartilage grafts (N = 10) for an inner layer of the lower eyelid. The authors observed no significant difference in operative time, blood loss, or length of hospital stay between the "nasal septum" and "ear cartilage" groups. The final results were aesthetically and functionally satisfactory in both groups. In the nasal septum group, 1 patient suffered from perforation of the nasal septum and another patient suffered from nasal bleeding postoperatively. There were no donor site complications in the ear cartilage group. These findings indicate that both a chondromucosal graft from the nasal septum and an ear cartilage graft are good grafts for an inner layer of the lower eyelid. Regarding the donor site, however, an ear cartilage graft has the advantage of a lower complication rate.

Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) After Expander-Based Breast Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but life-threatening complication after plastic surgery procedures. METHODS: We experienced 2 cases of toxic shock syndrome after expander-based breast reconstruction caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS: The first patient took a severe clinical course due to the delayed diagnosis and treatment, and the second patient recovered rapidly after the early diagnosis and treatment based on our experience of the first case. Fever, rash, and gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea and/or vomiting) were characteristic and important for the early diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the increased prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we should suspect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cases of toxic shock syndrome that occur postoperatively, and the empiric administration of vancomycin should be initiated in such cases.