Human monkeypox: a comparison of the characteristics of the new epidemic to the endemic disease.

In May 2022, a new global outbreak of mpox (formerly, human monkeypox) emerged that was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on July 23, 2022. With new patterns of person-to-person spread within sexual networks in nonendemic countries and several differences from the classic disease course, we performed a comprehensive review of existing literature on human monkeypox to discuss epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation and asymptomatic infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines with the primary aim to identify important areas for future research of this new epidemic form of the disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed of all published literature to August 15, 2022. Historically, in regions of monkeypox virus endemicity, human outbreaks have occurred related to discrete zoonotic events. The animal reservoir is unknown, but the virus has been isolated from rodents. Traditionally, transmission occurred by direct or indirect contact with an infected animal. In nonendemic countries affected in the 2022 outbreak, almost exclusive person-to-person spread has been observed, and most cases are connected to sexual networks of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. After an incubation period of approximately 13 days, in traditional human cases affected persons developed a febrile prodrome preceding a rash that started on the face and body, spread centrifugally to the palms and soles and healed monomorphically over two to four weeks. However, in the 2022 outbreak, the febrile illness is often absent or occurs after the onset of the rash. The rash presents primarily in the anogenital region and face before disseminating throughout the body, with lesions displaying regional pleomorphism. There is a paucity of data for the role of antiviral agents or vaccines. The epidemiology and clinical course of mpox has changed in the 2022 epidemic from that observed with the endemic disease. There is an urgent need to establish rapid and collaborative research platforms to diagnose, treat and prevent disease and inform important public health and other strategies to stop the spread of disease.

Atypical Clinical Presentation of Monkeypox Complicated by Myopericarditis.

We present a case of monkeypox infection in a man presenting with genital and labial ulcers, followed by submandibular lymphadenopathy, fever, and constitutional symptoms. His course was complicated by myopericarditis and an ongoing pleomorphic skin eruption. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid was detected by polymerase chain reaction in skin swabs, nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, and semen.

Influenza: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the clinico-epidemiological aspects of influenza in the context of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; the recent advances in point-of-care molecular diagnostics and co-detection of influenza and coronaviruses, and the development of new influenza therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS: Rates of influenza have declined globally since the 2020-2021 season; waning population immunity and uncertainty in vaccine strains could pose a risk in its significant resurgence, especially where pandemic public health interventions start being lifted. As symptoms are similar for influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, accurate, rapid diagnostics are needed to guide management. In addition to neuraminidase inhibitors, newer class of antivirals including polymerase inhibitors show promise in treating influenza infections in adults, children, and high-risk individuals. SUMMARY: This review summarizes the most recent data on rapid molecular diagnostics, including point-of-care tests and co-detection of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. The implications to inform clinical and infection control practices, and detection of antiviral resistance are discussed. The latest clinical trial data on neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors, their efficacy, limitations, and resistance concerns are reviewed.