Proactive Personality and Caring Behavior of Clinical Nurses: A Moderated Mediation Model of Emotional Intelligence and Disgust Sensitivity.

The aims of the research were to investigate the mediating effect of emotional intelligence and the moderating effect of disgust sensitivity on the relationship between proactive personality and caring behavior among clinical nurses. A cross-sectional design while adhering to STROBE guidelines was used for this study. Three hundred ninety-three purposely selected nurses from three tertiary general hospitals completed an online survey. Measures included proactive personality, emotional intelligence, disgust sensitivity, and caring behavior. The findings showed that proactive personality positively predicted nurses' caring behavior, and that emotional intelligence played a mediating role in the relationship between proactive personality and caring behavior. Disgust sensitivity indirectly and negatively moderated the impact of proactive personality on nurses' caring behavior mainly in the second half of this moderated relationship. The findings underscore that the nursing managers may consider incorporating emotional intelligence topic in practical nursing skills training and improving nurses' ability to control their disgust sensitivity can improve their professional behavior, thus to provide patients with high-quality nursing services.

Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement: Breastfeeding in Emergencies.

Background: During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is critically important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for clean water, feeding implements, electricity, or external supplies. Key Information: Protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding should be an integral part of all emergency preparedness plans. Breastfeeding specialists should be part of plan development. Emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel, provide culturally sensitive environments for breastfeeding, and prioritize caregivers of infants in food/water distribution. Emergency relief personnel should be aware that dehydration and missed feedings can impact milk production, but stress alone does not. Emergency support should focus on keeping mothers and infants together and providing private and/or protected spaces for mothers to breastfeed or express milk. Emergency support should also focus on rapidly identifying mothers with breastfeeding difficulties and breastfeeding mothers and infants who are separated, so their needs can be prioritized. Breastfeeding support should be available to all women experiencing difficulties, including those needing reassurance. Nonbreastfed infants should be identified as a priority group requiring support. Relactation, wet-nursing, and donor milk should be considered for nonbreastfed infants. No donations of commercial milk formula (CMF), feeding bottles or teats, or breast pumps should be accepted in emergencies. The distribution of CMF must be highly controlled, provided only when infants cannot be breastfed and accompanied by a comprehensive package of support. Recommendations: Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding should be included in all emergency preparedness planning and in training of personnel.

ABM Position Statement: Paid Maternity Leave-Importance to Society, Breastfeeding, and Sustainable Development.

Background: Paid maternity leave benefits all of society, reducing infant mortality and providing economic gains. It is endorsed by international treaties. Paid maternity leave is important for breastfeeding, bonding, and recovery from childbirth. Not all mothers have access to adequate paid maternity leave. Key Information: Paid leave helps meet several of the 17 United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 10), including fostering economic growth. A family's expenses will rise with the arrival of an infant. Paid leave is often granted with partial pay. Many low-wage workers earn barely enough to meet their needs and are unable to take advantage of paid leave. Undocumented immigrants and self-employed persons, including those engaging in informal work, are often omitted from maternity leave programs. Recommendations: Six months of paid leave at 100% pay, or cash equivalent, should be available to mothers regardless of income, employment, or immigration status. At the very minimum, 18 weeks of fully paid leave should be granted. Partial pay for low-wage workers is insufficient. Leave and work arrangements should be flexible whenever possible. Longer flexible leave for parents of sick and preterm infants is essential. Providing adequate paid leave for partners has multiple benefits. Increasing minimum wages can help more families utilize paid leave. Cash benefits per birth can help informal workers and undocumented mothers afford to take leave. Equitable paid maternity leave must be primarily provided by governments and cannot be accomplished by employers alone.

Challenges experienced by induced lactation women in Malaysia: An exploratory qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Induction of lactation occurs when breast milk is produced in a human (woman), without going through the process of pregnancy and delivery. Efforts to produce milk by women who had never been pregnant and give birth are not easy. According to the many who have attempted it, it is far more arduous a task than initiating postpartum lactation, but it is possible and worth the effort. RESEARCH AIM: This study aimed to explore and understand the challenges for women during induced lactation in Malaysia. METHODS: This qualitative study was done in 2017 and utilized in-depth interview among women who induced lactation in five states based on five regions in Malaysia [Central Region (Selangor), Northern Region (Penang), Southern Region (Johor), East Coast Region (Kelantan), Malaysia Borneo (Sabah)]. All interviews were consented, audio-recorded then transcribed verbatim, followed by identification of main themes. RESULTS: Data saturation was achieved after interviewing a total of 23 induced lactation women. Data synthesized using thematic analysis revealed six themes describing the main challenges during the induction process were (1) health condition, (2) work commitment, (3) overexertion, (4) not eligible to take leave, (5) inability to follow the treatment plan, and (6) difficulty attaching the adopted baby to initiate breastfeeding during induced lactation process. CONCLUSIONS: The challenges faced by women during the process of induced lactation were complex and the induced lactation process requires considerable dedication and determination. The findings of this research will help other women and their spouses/partners comprehend the challenges, obstacles, and support that are needed along the induced lactation process. The Government and other stakeholders have roles in more efforts and programs to help these mothers breastfeed their adoptive child and make them feel more accomplished as women and mothers.

Decision-Making on Contraceptive Use among Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Malaysia: A Qualitative Inquiry.

BACKGROUND: Malaysia is the first country in the Western Pacific Region to receive the validation certificate for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The validation report recommends making sexual and reproductive health and rights of women living with HIV a priority. This article explores and assesses the sexual and reproductive health, rights, and access to healthcare services of Malaysia's women living with HIV (WLHIV). METHODS: A qualitative secondary analysis conducted on 73 WLHIV from all over Malaysia comprised 11 in-depth interviews and 16 focus group discussions. Data were extracted from the original interview transcripts that emerged from the following questions: (1) "What are your experiences as a woman living with HIV in relation to your sexual and reproductive health and rights?" (2) "What are your experiences in accessing contraception?" (3) "What are your day-to-day experiences as a woman living with HIV?" Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from the study findings: "lack of negotiation," "idealism in pregnancy," "coping with restrictions," and "past and future fears." The four themes are grounded in religion, a patriarchal culture, meaning and expectations of motherhood, taking risks and going against medical advice to pursue fertility desires, fear of HIV transmission, and the side effects of contraceptive use. CONCLUSION: The complexities involved in decision-making regarding contraceptive use revealed how WLHIV may have unresolved reproductive health needs inconsistent with healthcare providers' focus on HIV management and prevention. Suggestions are made for improving the sexual and reproductive health and rights of WLHIV in Malaysia, which include establishing a reproductive health counseling program.

Determinants of non-exclusive breastfeeding practice during the first 6 months after an elective caesarean birth: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Caesarean birth is associated with higher rate of non-exclusive breastfeeding (non-EBF) than vaginal birth. Non-EBF refers to providing food or fluid besides breast milk, excluding drugs and vitamins, to infants before six months of age. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with non-EBF during the first six months after an elective Caesarean birth. METHODS: This prospective cohort study recruited 171 mothers who underwent an elective caesarean birth at two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted two days after the birth to obtain information on the variables of interest. Follow-up phone calls were made at one, three and six months after birth to determine the prevalence of non-EBF. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of non-EBF was 19.9%, 40.4% and 57.9% at one, three and six months, respectively. Women who perceived that they had no breast milk, or their breast milk was inadequate were more likely to practise non-EBF at one month [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 4.83; 95% CI 1.06, 21.96], three months (AOR 4.97; 95% CI 1.67, 14.85) and six months (very often / often AOR 10.06; 95% CI 2.41, 41.99; sometimes / seldom AOR 3.27; 95% CI 1.46, 7.32). Women with at least one child were less likely to practise non-EBF at one month (age of last child ≤ 2 years old AOR 0.10; 95% CI 0.02, 0.66; 3-5 years old AOR 0.10; 95% CI 0.02, 0.53; and > 5 years AOR 0.15; 95% CI 0.02, 0.92). CONCLUSION: Perceived breast milk insufficiency was the only factor associated with non-EBF at all time points. The issue of perceived breast milk insufficiency therefore needs to be explored further and addressed by lactation consultants and other maternal and child health professionals. Strategies may include breastfeeding education prior to the surgery and provision of a helpline to provide information and emotional support to the mothers following delivery. The important roles of lactation support groups in early detection and intervention of the problem cannot be emphasised enough.

Factors Associated with Attitudes towards Rejecting Intimate Partner Violence among Young Adults in Malaysia.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health issue, which is health threatening across all age groups, including young adults, and makes them and vulnerable. The rejection of IPV and willingness to disclose IPV as part of the solution are important as they correlate to this concealed violent behavior. This study aimed to investigate determinants of attitudes towards rejecting IPV among young adults. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 405 young adults attending premarital courses who were selected using purposive sampling. A validated questionnaire (MYPAIPVQ) was used as the study instrument. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test for associations between sociodemographic characteristics and relationship status with attitudes towards IPV. Attitudes towards rejecting IPV included not accepting IPV and have the willing to disclose it. About half of the premarital young adults (50.4%) had attitudes towards rejecting IPV. In the regression analysis, age (AdjOR 1.12), female (AdjOR 2.49), self-employed (AdjOR 0.20), and drama as sources of information (AdjOR 3.66) were significantly associated with attitudes towards rejecting IPV. The findings have potentially important implications for interventions aimed at preventing violence among the young adult population as they are vulnerable to being involved in IPV in the future.

Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D may enhance immune system function and provide a protective effect against infections. Feto-maternal circulation plays an important role in supplying the developing fetus with nutrients and antibodies for its development and health during pregnancy and for its early years of life after birth. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of maternal vitamin D supplementation in preventing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. METHODS: We searched the Central and MEDLINE databases and went through all the reference lists in the related articles. We also searched for ongoing trials at http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/ and www.clinicaltrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials comparing vitamin D supplementation with a placebo or no treatment in pregnant women published in the English language up to March 2019 were included. Two reviewers extracted data independently using a predefined protocol and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, with differences agreed upon by consensus. The predefined primary outcome was the number of offspring who had RTIs. The secondary outcome was the presence of measurable serum immunoglobulin E levels. RESULTS: Three trials involving 3,224 participants (mother-child pairs) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The present analysis reported that maternal supplementation with vitamin D had no effect on RTIs among children (n=1,486 offspring; risk ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-1.11; random effects; I2 statistics, 0%). CONCLUSION: Maternal vitamin D supplementation had no effect on RTIs in children. Therefore, consideration of other prevention methods in this regard is recommended.

Working mothers' breastfeeding experience: a phenomenology qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding practice is influenced by the mother's attitude toward and knowledge of breastfeeding. Working mothers face many challenges and need support to maintain breastfeeding. This study aimed to explore working mothers' breastfeeding experiences and challenges that can influenced their practices. METHODS: The qualitative phenomenological approach involving working mothers in Kota Bharu who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study were recruited using purposive sampling. Sixteen participants aged 24 to 46 years were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews in the study. All interviews were recorded in digital audio, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Three main themes emerged from the data analysis: perception of breastfeeding, challenges in breastfeeding, and support for breastfeeding. Two subthemes for perceptions were perception towards breastfeeding and towards infant formula. Challenges had two subthemes too which were related to perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding difficulty. Where else, two subthemes for support were internal support (spouse and family) and external support (friends, employer, and healthcare staff). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining breastfeeding after return to work is challenging for working mothers and majority of them need support to continue breastfeeding practice. Support from their spouses and families' influences working mothers' decision to breastfeed. Employers play a role in providing a support system and facilities in the workplace for mothers to express and store breast milk. Both internal and external support are essential for mothers to overcome challenges in order to achieve success in breastfeeding.

Malaysia Healthcare Early Response in Combatting COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020.

The year 2020 saw the emergence of a novel coronavirus-the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- which has led to an unprecedented pandemic that has shaken the entire world. The pandemic has been a new experience for Malaysia, especially during the implementation of large-scale public health and social measures called the Movement Control Order (MCO). This paper seeks to describe the experiences of the Malaysian healthcare system thus far in combatting the pandemic. The Malaysian healthcare system comprises two main arms: public health and medicine. The public health arm focuses on early disease detection, contact tracing, quarantines, the MCO, and risk stratification strategies in the community. The medical arm focuses on the clinical management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; it encompasses laboratory services, the devising of clinical setting adjustments, and hospital management for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Malaysia experienced intense emotions at the beginning of the pandemic, with great uncertainty regarding the pandemic's outcome, as the world saw a frighteningly high COVID-19 mortality. As of writing (May 30, 2020), Malaysia has passed the peak of its second wave of infections. The experience thus far has helped in preparing the country's healthcare system to be vigilant and more prepared for future COVID-19 waves. To date, the pandemic has changed many aspects of Malaysia's life, and people are still learning to adapt to new norms in their lives.

Metoclopramide for Milk Production in Lactating Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is recognized as the optimal form of nutrition for the physical and neurological development of infants and is considered the most significant way to prevent child mortality. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of metoclopramide for enhancing milk production in lactating women. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials comparing metoclopramide with a placebo, no treatment, or other galactagogue drugs. We included breastfeeding women with term or preterm infants. RESULTS: We retrieved 164 records from our search of the electronic databases and 20 records from other sources. Eight trials involving 342 lactating women that used metoclopramide were included in this review after assessing the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis of these trials revealed that metoclopramide did not increase the milk volume of the intervention groups compared to that of the control groups. There was a significant increase in the serum concentrations of prolactin when the mothers were administered metoclopramide. No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide did not improve milk production in lactating women. Therefore, we do not recommend using metoclopramide to increase milk production in lactating women.

Predisposing Factors and Impact of Child Victimization: A Qualitative Study.

Sexual abuse of children is increasing at an alarming rate. This study aims to describe the risk factors and the effects of sexual abuse on children. This unobtrusive qualitative study was conducted on children aged 10 to 18 years old who experienced sexual abuse and followed-up at a psychiatric clinic between the years 2019 and 2021. The information from case records was transcribed. Thematic analysis was performed. Thirty case records were reviewed. The mean age of the victims was 14.6 years; 94% of the victims had experienced vaginal penetration, and 23% of the cases involved incest. The results indicated that socio-psychological predisposing factors involving family structure and dynamic dysfunction, low intrapersonal strength, social influence, and low family socioeconomic status could lead to sexual victimization. This sexual victimization can then lead to emotional turmoil, negative effects on cognitive, academic and social function, negative parental reactions toward the incident, the creation of baby-mother relationships and love-hate relationships, and a lack of goals and hope for the future. Children who experienced sexual abuse may show rape or pregnancy symptoms but may also show entirely non-specific ones. A thorough examination of their history, including biopsychosocial aspects, is necessary to appropriately care for them.

Experiences of women who underwent induced lactation: A literature review.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to review the literature published over the past five decades related to the experiences of women who have undergone induced lactation. METHODS: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using PubMed, the Library of Congress, Google Scholar, SAGE, and ScienceDirect. The following search keywords were used: adoptive breastfeeding, induced lactation, non-puerperal lactation, extraordinary breastfeeding, and milk kinship. The search was restricted to articles written in English and published from 1956 to 2019. All study designs were included except for practice protocols. RESULTS: A total of 50 articles about induced lactation were retrieved. Of these, 17 articles identified the experiences of women who underwent induced lactation. The articles included original papers (n=7), reviews (n=5), and case reports (n=5). Four articles were specifically related to Malaysia, and the others were international. These 17 articles concerning the experiences of women who induced lactation will be reviewed based on four themes related to inducing lactation: (a) understanding women's perception of satisfaction, (b) emotional aspects, (c) enabling factors, and (d) challenges. CONCLUSION: Identifying a total of only 17 articles on induced lactation published over the last 53 years suggests that the subject is understudied. This review provides emerging knowledge regarding the experiences of women who have induced lactation in terms of satisfaction, emotions, enabling factors and challenges related to inducing lactation.

Bloody Nipple Discharge Post Delivery: A Case of "Rusty Pipe Syndrome".

"Rusty pipe syndrome" is a condition that needs to be considered in a primiparous woman who presents with bilateral bloody nipple discharge in the early postpartum period. Its prevalence is low and can occur due to physiological condition that arises primarily in primiparous women with increased alveolar and ductal vascularization associated with the onset of lactation. Here, we report a case of a 29-year-old primigravida who presented with bilateral painless bloody nipple discharge after delivery. Her breast examination showed no signs of infection or structural changes, and breast ultrasound did not reveal any significant observations except for a bilateral simple breast cyst. Six days after the onset of lactation, the bloody nipple discharge ceased and lactation continued on demand.

Factors Associated with Early Breastfeeding Initiation among Women Who Underwent Cesarean Delivery at Tertiary Hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: Cesarean delivery is linked with lower rates of early breastfeeding initiation. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of early initiation of breastfeeding among women admitted for elective cesarean delivery in Kelantan, Malaysia. METHODS: A total of 171 women admitted for elective cesarean delivery at two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia, participated in this study. On day two after cesarean delivery, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the mothers to get information on feeding practice. Descriptive statistics, including simple and multiple logistic regressions, were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of mothers initiated breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth. Approximately 15.8% and 10.5% of mothers initiated breastfeeding within 24 hours and ≥24 hours, respectively. Skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their infants occurred in 77.8% of cases after cesarean delivery. Breastfeeding initiation was significantly associated with skin-to-skin contact (odds ratio [OR], 14.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.58-58.06), mothers who exclusively breastfed during hospitalization (OR, 36.37; 95% CI, 5.60-236.24), and infants who were not sleepy during attempts at breastfeeding (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.32-20.21). CONCLUSION: Based on our results, it is possible to increase the proportion of mothers initiating breastfeeding within 1 hour among women who undergo elective cesarean delivery. Therefore, it is important that health practitioners educate women beginning in the antenatal period who plan to undergo cesarean delivery by emphasizing the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding.

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Erectile Dysfunction in Hypertensive Men: A Brief Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.

Erectile dysfunction is common in adult men, particularly those with hypertension and diabetes. The present study determines the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs on erectile function in hypertensive male adults. For this purpose, CENTRAL and MEDLINE and reference lists of the articles were searched. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected that compared ARBs with conventional therapy or no treatment in men of any ethnicity who were presented with hypertension and/or diabetes. A total four trials that had 2,809 men were included. Three trials reported adequate random sequence allocation, two reported adequate blinding. Attrition bias is low in one of the included studies. All three studies are of low risk of selective reporting bias. There was an improvement in sexual activity with ARBs (valsartan) (mean difference (MD): 0.71, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.76, I2 statistic = 0%). However, the erectile functions did not increase significantly in ARBs (losartan or telmisartan) treated men as compared to control or placebo (n = 203 vs n = 232; MD: 1.36; 95% CI: -0.97 to -3.69; I2 statistic = 80%). These results suggested that ARBs significantly improved sexual activity among hypertensive men. However, the erectile function was not significantly improved in ARBs treated men as compared to the control or placebo-treated. There were limited studies available. Hence, additional studies are needed to support findings from this review. ARBs should be considered when prescribing antihypertensive drugs to men.

Validation of Infant and Young Child Feeding Questionnaire for the Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Child Care Providers: The IYCF-CCPQ.

The validation of a new questionnaire is essential to improving its credibility in the assessment and collection of evidence. This study aimed to validate a newly developed infant and young child feeding questionnaire for child care providers (IYCF-CCPQ) to measure the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infant and young child feeding among them. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 child care providers who were involved in handling children less than two years old in child care centers in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The IYCF-CCPQ was self-administered and consists of three domains: Knowledge (104 items), attitude (90 items), and practice (42 items). The dichotomous-scale items in the knowledge domain were analyzed using a two-parameter logistic model of item response theory (2-PL IRT). The Likert-type-scale items in the attitude section were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The items in the practice section were assessed descriptively. Internal consistency by marginal reliability was assessed in the knowledge domain, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the attitude domain. The marginal reliability values were 0.91 and 0.74 for the knowledge domains related to breastfeeding/formula feeding and complementary feeding, respectively, and the Cronbach's alpha values were 0.89 and 0.90 for the attitude domains related to breastfeeding/formula feeding and complementary feeding, respectively. The analysis showed good psychometric properties (discrimination, difficulty index, factor loading, and communalities) and good reliability. The IYCF-CCPQ is valid for use assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Malaysian child care providers regarding infant and young child feeding.

Postnatal breastfeeding education at one week after childbirth: What are the effects?

BACKGROUND: The first week after childbirth is a crucial period for exclusive breastfeeding initiation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the association of postnatal breastfeeding education with knowledge, attitude, and exclusive breastfeeding practice at six months after childbirth among women who delivered at two district hospitals in the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study design. A newly developed and validated questionnaire was used to determine scoring for baseline and six months after childbirth. The intervention consisted of individualized postnatal breastfeeding education delivered by researchers using flipchart one week after childbirth and breastfeeding diary in addition to usual care. The comparison group received the usual postnatal care by health clinics. Repeated measure analysis of variance and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: A total of 116 participants were included in this study (59 in intervention group and 57 in comparison group). Six months after childbirth, the adjusted mean score of knowledge and attitude of the intervention group were significantly higher than that of the comparison group (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). More participants in the intervention group (n=26, 44.1%) exclusively breastfed their infants compared with 15 (26.3%) in the comparison group (p=0.046). Postnatal breastfeeding education was significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice six months after childbirth [adjusted odds ratio 2.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 5.14; p=0.040]. CONCLUSIONS: Postnatal breastfeeding education was significantly associated with an improvement in women's knowledge, attitude and exclusive breastfeeding practice six months after childbirth.

Maternal Factors Associated with the Initiation of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers at One Week after Delivery in Two Selected Hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND: The first week following delivery usually coincides with the initiation of exclusive breastfeeding. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and the associated factors regarding the initiation of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers at one week after delivery in two selected hospitals in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2015 among post-partum mothers, who were selected through systematic sampling. A newly developed and validated questionnaire on the participants' data, knowledge and attitude items and a breastfeeding practice checklist were used. The mothers were interviewed in the post-natal ward, and their breastfeeding practices were determined through a phone call at one week following delivery. Descriptive statistics and simple and multiple logistic regressions were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 335 participants were included. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at one week post-partum was 77.9% (95% CI: 73.0%, 82.2%), with significant associated factors being previous exclusive breastfeeding experience [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.48; 95% CI: 1.37, 4.49; P-value = 0.003] and the mean total score of knowledge [AOR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11; P-value = 0.011]. CONCLUSION: Every mother should receive breastfeeding education, with special emphasis on those with no previous experience. The weak areas of knowledge identified herein should be strengthened during health education.

Timing of return to work and women's breastfeeding practices in urban Malaysia: A qualitative study.

Nearly half of the working population in Malaysia are women, and with only a short period of maternity leave, they may struggle to achieve the recommended 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the timing of return to work and beliefs and breastfeeding practices among women in urban Malaysia. A qualitative inquiry based on a phenomenological framework and multiple methods was used: face-to-face interview, participant diary and researcher field notes. Data collection took place in Penang and the Klang Valley, Malaysia, from March to September 2011. Eligible participants were purposely identified at randomly selected recruitment sites. A thematic analysis method was used to develop the typologies and categories of the findings. A total of 40 working women with a mean age of 32 years (SD 3.4) were interviewed and 15 participated in the diary writing. Most women (75%) returned to work between 2 and 3 months. Only 10% returned to work 4 months or later postpartum, and 15% had an early return to work (defined here as less than 2 months). The women fell into three groups: Passionate women with a strong determination to breastfeed, who exclusively breastfed for 6 months; Ambivalent women, who commenced breastfeeding but were unable to sustain this after returning to work; and Equivalent women, who perceived formula feeding as equally nutritious as breast milk. Although longer maternity leave was very important for Ambivalent women to maintain breastfeeding, it was not as important for the Equivalent or Passionate women. In conclusion, returning earlier was not an absolute barrier to continuing breastfeeding. Instead, a woman's beliefs and perceptions of breastfeeding were more important than the timing of her return to work in determining her ability to maintain breastfeeding or breast milk feeding.