Size matters: Altering antigen specific immune tolerance by tuning size of particles.

Precisely co-delivering antigens and immunosuppressants via nano/microcarriers to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance represents a highly promising strategy for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases. The physicochemical properties of nano/microcarriers play a pivotal role in regulating immune function, with particle size and surface charge emerging as crucial parameters. In particular, very few studies have investigated micron-scale carriers of antigens. Herein, various nanoparticles and microparticles (NPs/MPs) with diverse particle sizes (ranging from 200 nm to 5 µm) and surface charges were prepared. Antigen peptides (MOG35-55) and immunosuppressants were encapsulated in these particles to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Two emulsifiers, PVA and PEMA, were employed to confer different surface charges to the NPs/MPs. The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that NP/MP-PEMA could induce immune tolerance earlier than NP/MP-PVA and that NP/MP-PVA could induce immune tolerance more slowly and sustainably, indicating that highly negatively charged particles can induce immune tolerance more rapidly. Among the different sizes and charged particles tested, 200-nm-NP-PVA and 3-µm-MP-PEMA induced the greatest immune tolerance. In addition, the combination of NPs with MPs can further improve the induction of immune tolerance. In particular, combining 200 nm-NP-PVA with 3 µm-MP-PEMA or combining 500 nm-NP-PEMA with 3 µm-MP-PVA had optimal therapeutic efficacy. This study offers a new perspective for treating diseases by combining NPs with MPs and applying different emulsifiers to prepare NPs and MPs.

Multi-site intervention to improve emergency department care for patients who live with opioid use disorder: A quantitative evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use disorder is a major public health crisis, and evidence suggests ways of better serving patients who live with opioid use disorder in the emergency department (ED). A multi-disciplinary team developed a quality improvement project to implement this evidence. METHODS: The intervention was developed by an expert working group consisting of specialists and stakeholders. The group set goals of increasing prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone and providing next day walk-in referrals to opioid use disorder treatment clinics. From May to September 2018, three Alberta ED sites and three opioid use disorder treatment clinics worked together to trial the intervention. We used administrative data to track the number of ED visits where patients were given buprenorphine/naloxone. Monthly ED prescribing rates before and after the intervention were considered and compared with eight nonintervention sites. We considered whether patients continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions at 30, 60, and 90 days after their index ED visit to measure continuity in treatment. RESULTS: The intervention sites increased their prescribing of buprenorphine/naloxone during the intervention period and prescribed more buprenorphine/naloxone than the controls. Thirty-five of 47 patients (74.4%) discharged from the ED with buprenorphine/naloxone continued to fill opioid agonist treatment prescriptions 30 days and 60 days after their index ED visit. Thirty-four patients (72.3%) filled prescriptions at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency clinicians can effectively initiate patients on buprenorphine/naloxone when supports for this standardized evidence-based care are in place within their practice setting and timely follow-up in community is available.

Parents' and carers' experiences of transition and aftercare following a child's discharge from a paediatric intensive care unit to an in-patient ward setting: A qualitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To explore parents' experiences of transition and aftercare following their child's discharge from a paediatric intensive care unit to an in-patient ward. METHODS: A qualitative systematic review was conducted. Electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psych INFO, and ASSIA were searched for qualitative studies with no date limits imposed. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI QARI standardised critical appraisal instrument. Data were extracted into a standardised data extraction tool. Findings were pooled using a meta-aggregative approach. RESULTS: Four studies were included in the final review that included a total of 95 participants. Forty-nine findings were extracted and through an iterative process resulting in four synthesised findings being developed. These included: (1) Dynamic emotional response pre, peri and post-transfer; (2) Involvement in care absent but fundamental to functioning; (3) Changes in care delivery and environment provoking adverse emotions and (4) Transition as a physical, emotional and social balancing act. CONCLUSION: Transitioning from the paediatric intensive care unit to an in-patient ward can be a challenging time for parents, exposing them to a turbulent emotional and social status, and depleting their personal resources. Parents are aware of differences in the organisation and delivery of care between clinical areas which can compound the adversity experienced. Health professionals need to provide targeted support in order to mitigate these negative emotional, physical and social effects experienced.

Is home delivery really preferred? a mixed-methods national study in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Pakistan has a high maternal mortality ratio and a low rate of skilled birth attendants (SBAs). To address these two important issues, the Pakistan Maternal Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) programme launched the community midwives (CMW) initiative in 2007. CMWs are supposed to conduct deliveries at community level outside health facilities. The purpose of the current study is to document perceptions about CMWs and preferences for birthing place. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted covering four provinces. For the quantitative survey, households were selected through a multistage sampling technique from rural districts. In 1,450 rural households, preferences of respondents about CMW-conducted deliveries were recorded. Qualitative data were obtained through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with women, community elders, CMWs, and MNCH programme personnel in the same areas where the quantitative study was carried out. In both studies, preferences and the reasons behind particular respondent preferences were recorded. Frequencies of responses were analysed for the quantitative study. Narration and quotes from various types of participants were used to present findings from FGDs and IDIs. RESULTS: In the quantitative study, 42% of respondents expressed a preference for birthing stations, i.e. a place where CMWs conduct deliveries; 22% preferred home deliveries. Birthing stations were favoured because of the availability of space and equipment and the proximity to women's homes. These findings were largely supported by the qualitative component, although a range of views about where a CMW should conduct deliveries were expressed. CONCLUSION: Insights into where CMWs might provide delivery services were obtained through this study. Birthing stations may be an option as a preferred location for delivery care and should be considered as part of Pakistan's national CMW programme.