How many lymph nodes are enough during sentinel lymphadenectomy for primary melanoma?

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been shown to reliably identify nodal metastases and the subsequent need for further surgical and adjuvant therapy in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Although SLN identification rates have improved with the addition of radioactive colloid to the blue dye technique, it remains unclear how many lymph nodes should be removed to accurately determine the histologic status of the nodal basin. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal extent of SLN biopsy in these patients. METHODS: The records of 633 consecutive patients with melanoma (765 nodal basins) whose primary treatment included SLN biopsy with the use of a combination of blue dye and technetium Tc 99 labeled sulfur colloid were reviewed. SLN biopsy consisted of the removal of all of the blue-stained nodes and all nodes with radiotracer uptake activity of at least twice background. RESULTS: SLN biopsy was successful in 765 of 772 basins (99%). A mean of 1.9 SLNs (median, 2 SLNs) per basin were excised. At least 3 SLNs were removed in 176 basins (23%). The overall histologic status of a basin was always established by the first or second SLN harvested (ie, in no patient was the third or subsequent SLN positive when 1 of the first 2 was not). Of the 124 basins containing lymphatic metastases, the SLN that contained the maximal radiotracer uptake (hottest) and/or stained blue was pathologically positive in 118 basins (95%). In only 6 of the 124 positive basins (5%) was the sole evidence of occult nodal metastases identified in an SLN that was neither blue-stained nor the hottest. All but 1 of these SLNs had counts that were at least 66% of the hottest node in the basin. CONCLUSIONS: With a combined modality approach to SLN biopsy, removal of more than 2 SLNs did not provide information that upstaged any patient with primary melanoma. Removal of additional nonblue SLN(s) that contained radioactive counts of at least twice background but lower than two thirds of the SLNs with maximal radiotracer uptake affected patient management in less than 0.2% of all cases. These findings may be helpful in minimizing the extent of surgery and perhaps in reducing the costs and resource use associated with operating room time and pathologic examination.

The clinical utility of blood pressure load in hypertension.

The variability of blood pressure and its consequences suggests that ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) data should be analyzed not only by mean ambulatory blood pressure (MABP), but also by looking at blood pressure load (BPL, the percentage of measurements > 140/90 mm Hg while awake and > 120/80 while asleep). In one study, several hypertensive patients whose ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was < 90 mm Hg had a diastolic load near 50%. Studies have reported strong correlations between BPL and indices of target-organ changes such as left ventricular mass index (LVMI). It was necessary to lower office blood pressure to < 85 mm Hg to reduce BPL to a normal range of 15 to 20%. To further investigate the usefulness of BPL in the study of hypertension, more longitudinal studies of cardiovascular disease and blood pressure variability are needed.