Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Synodontis eupterus and Synodontis polli.

We aimed to distinguish Synodontis eupterus and Synodontis polli. We performed sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of their mitochondrial genomes and constructed a phylogenetic tree of Mochokidae fish using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods based on protein-coding gene (PCG) sequences of 14 Mochokidae species. The total length of the S. eupterus mitochondrial genome was 16,579 bp, including 13 (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one D-loop, with an AT-biased nucleotide composition (56.0%). The total length of the S. polli mitochondrial genome was 16,544 bp, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one D-loop, with an AT-biased nucleotide composition (55.0%). In both species, except for COI, PCGs use ATG as the starting codon, the vast majority use TAG or TAA as the ending codon, and a few use incomplete codons (T - or TA -) as the ending codon. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. eupterus and Synodontis clarias converged into one branch, S. polli and Synodontis petricola converged into one branch, Mochokiella paynei, Mochokus brevis, and nine species of the genus Synodontis converged into one branch, and M. paynei clustered with the genus Synodontis. This study lays a foundation for rebuilding a clearer Mochokidae fish classification system.

Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Study of Dawkinsia filamentosa and Pethia nigrofasciata Mitochondrial Genomes.

Smiliogastrinae are recognized for their high nutritional and ornamental value. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to acquire the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Dawkinsia filamentosa and Pethia nigrofasciata. The gene composition and arrangement order in these species were similar to those of typical vertebrates, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 non-coding region. The mitochondrial genomes of D. filamentosa and P. nigrofasciata measure 16,598 and 16,948 bp, respectively. Both D. filamentosa and P. nigrofasciata exhibit a significant preference for AT bases and an anti-G bias. Notably, the AT and GC skew values of the ND6 gene fluctuated markedly, suggesting that the selection and mutation pressures on this gene may differ from those affecting other genes. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the complete mitochondrial genomes of 23 Cyprinidae fishes, revealed that D. filamentosa is closely related to the sister group comprising Dawkinsia denisonii and Sahyadria chalakkudiensis. Similarly, P. nigrofasciata forms a sister group with Pethia ticto and Pethia stoliczkana.

Sequencing and Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Lentipes ikeae.

We sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Lentipes ikeae and explored the phylogenetic relationships among Sicydiinae based on mitochondrial genome sequences. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. ikeae was determined using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform, and the gene structural characteristics and base composition were analyzed. Based on the mitochondrial genome sequences of 28 Sicydiinae species published in GenBank and mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs), Acanthogobius flavimanus (Gobionellinae) was selected as an outgroup to construct phylogenetic trees of Sicydiinae using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The mitochondrial genome of L. ikeae (GenBank number: OP764680) has a total length of 16,498 bp and encodes 13 PCGs, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a D-loop (control) region. Gene rearrangement is not observed. The mitochondrial genome of L. ikeae exhibits an AT preference, with AT skew > 0 and GC skew < 0 across the entire genome. The phylogenetic relationships of Sicydiinae based on 13 mitochondrial PCG sequences are Sicydium + (Stiphodon + (Sicyopus + Lentipes)) + Sicyopterus, indicating that Sicydium, Sicyopterus, Lentipes, and Stiphodon are all monophyletic groups.

Dysregulated SYVN1 promotes CAV1 protein ubiquitination and accentuates ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of death and severe disability, and there remains a substantial need for the development of therapeutic agents for neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke (IS) to protect the brain against damage before and during recanalization. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), an integrated protein that is located at the caveolar membrane, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects during IS. Nevertheless, the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we explored the upstream modifiers of CAV1 in IS. METHODS: E3 ubiquitin ligases of CAV1 that are differentially expressed in IS were screened using multiple databases. The transcription factor responsible for the dysregulation of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin (SYVN1) in IS was predicted and verified. Genetic manipulations by lentiviral vectors were applied to investigate the effects of double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (RAD21), SYVN1, and CAV1 in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model and mouse HT22 hippocampal neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). RESULTS: SYVN1 was highly expressed in mice with MCAO, and knockdown of SYVN1 alleviated IS injury in mice, as evidenced by limited infarction volume, the lower water content in the brain, and repressed apoptosis and inflammatory response. RAD21 inhibited the transcription of SYVN1, thereby reducing the ubiquitination modification of CAV1. Overexpression of RAD21 elicited a neuroprotective role as well in mice with MCAO and HT22 induced with OGD, which was overturned by SYVN1. CONCLUSION: Transcriptional repression of SYVN1 by RAD21 alleviates IS in mice by reducing ubiquitination modification of CAV1.

Geography, ecology, and history synergistically shape across-range genetic variation in a calanoid copepod endemic to the north-eastern Oriental.

The center-periphery hypothesis (CPH) predicts that peripheral populations will have lower genetic variation than those at the center of a species' distribution. However, ecological margins do not always coincide with geographical edges when topographies are diverse. Historical climate changes can also strongly affect genetic variation. Here, we examined genetic variation in Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus, a calanoid copepod endemic to the north-eastern Oriental. This species was predicted to exhibit a complex pattern of genetic variation across its range due to the diverse topographies and stable climate history of the north-eastern Oriental. To test this, we used geographic distance to the center of the distribution, current ecological suitability, and climate during the last glacial maximum as geographical, ecological, and historical factors, respectively, in our analyses. We measured genetic diversity and population differentiation using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. This showed that P. tunguidus had 3 refugia during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Such a pattern of multiple refugia complicates the determination of the center and periphery of spatial genetic diversity. Both regression models and redundancy analyses failed to support the CPH. Instead, they showed that geographical, ecological, and historical factors together shaped population genetic structure in this species. Ecological factors explained significantly more genetic variation than did geographical and historical factors-however, all three factors interacted significantly to affect the pattern of genetic variation. The results extend our understanding of the CPH and the extent to which it can explain genetic variation across populations.

Mitogenome of a monotypic genus, Oliotius Kottelat, 2013 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): Genomic characterization and phylogenetic position.

We examined the evolutionary status of the genus Oliotius Kottelat, 2013, clarified the mitogenome structure of Smiliogastrinae, and analyzed its phylogenetic information to provide a reference for the taxonomy, evolutionary genetics, and germplasm identification of Smiliogastrinae. Using next-generation sequencing, the complete mitogenome sequence of the monotypic species Oliotius oligolepis was obtained, annotated, and characterized. The mitogenomic sequences of Smiliogastrinae fish were compared and analyzed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The mitogenome of O. oligolepis was 16,636 base pairs long and contained 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, and 1 D-loop. The Smiliogastrinae species exhibited gene arrangement consistency, with slight differences in their genome lengths and compositions. Among the 13 protein-coding genes, ND3 showed the highest polymorphism rate and largest genetic distance. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the target species O. oligolepis is closely related to Barbodes binotatus. The genus Oliotius is monotypic, and the genus Barbodes is not supported as a monophyletic group. This molecular information provides a foundation for further research on the phylogeny of the genera Oliotius and Barbodes and provides insight into the phylogenetic features of fishes belonging to Smiliogastrinae.

Genetic population structure and demographic history of the endemic fish Paralichthys olivaceus of the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

The Northwest Pacific marginal waters comprising the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan have unique geomorphic features. The Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, which is endemic to the Northwest Pacific, has high nutritional, economic, and ecological value. To allow the examination of the demographic history and population structure of the most common P. olivaceus species range over the five marginal seas (East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea, Northwest Pacific Ocean, and the Sea of Japan), the mitochondrial DNA control region of 91 individuals from six populations in China was sequenced. These sequences were combined with 233 sequences from four populations distributed in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean for analysis. Higher levels of nucleotide diversity (0.032 ± 0.016) and haplotype diversity (0.996 ± 0.001) were observed. The peripheral Fuqing population in the East China Sea had the relatively lowest genetic diversity and highest differentiation. Furthermore, when the results of the isolation by distance test, spatial analysis of molecular variation and geographic barrier analysis are also considered, there is a clear need to prioritize resource conservation and enhancement measures in this area. The phylogenetic trees, structure assignment test, and haplotypes network revealed no significant differences in the genealogical structure among ten populations. Mismatch distribution analysis, Bayesian skyline plots, and neutrality tests suggested that P. olivaceus experienced population expansion during the Pleistocene. Ocean currents and climate change play important roles in shaping the geographical distribution and genetic population structure of P. olivaceus.

Normobaric Hyperoxia Combined With Endovascular Treatment for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and efficacy of normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) combined with endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: In this single-center, proof-of-concept, assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study, patients with AIS in the acute anterior circulation with large vessel occlusion who had an indication for EVT were randomly assigned to the EVT group or the NBO + EVT group. The NBO + EVT group was given 100% oxygen through a face mask initiated before vascular recanalization (10L/min for 4 hours), while the EVT group was given room air. The primary endpoint was infarct volume measured by MRI within 24-48 hours after randomization. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients were screened, and 86 patients were randomized into a ratio of 1:1 (EVT group, n = 43; NBO + EVT group, n = 43). The median infarction volume of the NBO + EVT group at 24-48 hours after randomization was significantly smaller than that of the EVT group (median 20.1 vs 37.7 mL, p < 0.01). The median mRS score at 90 days was 2 for the NBO + EVT group when compared with 3 for the EVT group (adjusted value 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-4.2; p = 0.038). Compared with the EVT group, the NBO + EVT group had a lower incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhagic (7% vs 12%), mortality (9% vs 16%), and adverse events (33% vs 42%); however, such a difference was not statistically significant. DISCUSSION: NBO in combination with EVT seems to be a safe and feasible treatment strategy that could significantly reduce infarct volume, improve short-term neurobehavioral test score, and enhance clinical outcomes at 90 days when compared with EVT alone in patients with AIS. These observations need to be further confirmed by a large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03620370. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This pilot study provides Class I evidence that NBO combined with standard EVT decreases infarction volume in patients with acute anterior circulation stroke.

Comparative analysis of the mitogenomes of two Corydoras (Siluriformes, Loricarioidei) with nine known Corydoras, and a phylogenetic analysis of Loricarioidei.

Corydoras is a speciose catfish genus from South America with widely investigated phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. The complete mitogenomes of C.aeneus and C.paleatus were sequenced, assembled, and annotated using next-generation sequencing. The genome arrangements, gene contents, genome structures, base compositions, evolutionary features, codon usage, and tRNA structures of the two mitogenomes were compared and analyzed with nine published mitogenomes of Corydoras. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using concatenated nucleotide sequences with 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNAs with 44 mitogenomes of Siluriformes. These results provide information on the mitogenomes of eleven Corydoras species and evolutionary relationships within the suborder Loricarioidei, which may be applicable for further phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on Siluriformes and Loricarioidei.

Mitogenome of Knodus borki (Cypriniformes: Characidae): genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis.

BACKGROUND: The taxonomic status of Knodu in the family Characidae is not yet clear. This study aimed to address this by sequencing and annotating Knodu borki Zarske, 2008. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: K. borki Zarske, 2008 was sequenced using a Hiseq platform and the complete mitogenome was assembled in SPAdes v3.15.2 and SOAPdenovo2 v.2.01. The mitogenome of K. borki from Guangzhou, the first sequenced species of the genus Knodu, is 16,837 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal (r) RNAs, 22 transfer (t) RNAs, and one D-loop. Among these 37 genes, 28 are encoded by the heavy strand, while nine are encoded by the light strand. Twenty-one of the tRNAs can form typical cloverleaf secondary structures, except tRNA-Ser1, which lacks dihydrouridine arms. All PCGs have the same start codon (ATG), with the exception of COI (GTG). Four PCGs (ND1, ATP8, ND4L, and ND5) have TAA as the stop codon, ND6 has TAG as the stop codon, COI has AGG as the stop codon, and the remaining seven genes have incomplete stop codons of TA-/T-(ND2, COII, COIII, ND3, ND4, and Cyt b as T-, ATP6 as TA-). Phylogenetic analysis showed that K. borki belongs to the family Characidae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that K. borki belongs to the family Characidae, due to consistency with the morphological identification. This study provides molecular information for further research on the phylogeny of the genus Knodus and for analyses of the taxonomic status of Characidae.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Ovalona pulchella (Branchiopoda, Cladocera) as the first representative in the family Chydoridae: Gene rearrangements and phylogenetic analysis of Cladocera.

Chydoridae are phytophilic-benthic microcrustaceans that make up a significant proportion of species diversity and play an important role in the littoral zone of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Here, we provide the complete mitochondrial genome of Ovalona pulchella (King, 1853), determined by next-generation sequencing. The entire mitochondrial genome is 15,362 bp in length; this is the first sequenced mitochondrial genome in the family Chydoridae. The base composition and codon usage were typical of Cladocera species. The mitochondrial gene arrangement (37 genes) was not consistent with that of other Branchiopoda. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses supported each suborder and family of Branchiopoda as monophyletic groups. The relationships among the families were as follows: [(Leptestheriidae + Limnadiidae) + (Sididae + (Bosminidae + (Chydoridae + Daphniidae)))] + Triopsidae. The newly sequenced O. pulchella was most closely related to the family Daphniidae. The complete mitochondrial genome of O. pulchella also provides valuable molecular information for further analysis of the phylogeny of the Chydoridae and the taxonomic status of the Branchiopoda.

Complete mitogenome of Treron sphenurus (Aves, Columbiformes): the first representative from the genus Treron, genomic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of Columbidae.

The wedge-tailed green pigeon (Treron sphenurus) has a protective value in the evolution of the family Columbidae. In this study, the complete mitogenome of T. sphenurus from Baise City, China, which represents the first sequenced species of the genus Treron in Tribe Treronini, is reported. This was accomplished using PCR-based methods and a primer-walking sequencing strategy with genus-specific primers. The mitogenome was found to be 18,919 bp in length comprising 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region. In terms of structure and composition, many similarities were found between the T. sphenurus and Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (New Zealand pigeon) mitogenomes. This was further supported by phylogenetic analysis showing that T. sphenurus has a close evolutionary relationship with H. novaeseelandiae. The complete mitogenome of T. sphenurus reported here is expected to provide valuable molecular information for further studies on the phylogeny of the genus Treron and for analyses of the taxonomic status of the family Columbidae.

DNA barcoding of Scomberomorus (Scombridae, Actinopterygii) reveals cryptic diversity and misidentifications.

The genus Scomberomorus is economically important; however, the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships in this genus are not clearly resolved, making it difficult to effectively protect and exploit fish resources. To clarify the taxonomic status of Scomberomorus species, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequences of 150 samples were analyzed. The average genetic distance among 14 species was approximately 11 times greater than the distances within species, in accordance with the '10× rule' of species identification. Five of the 14 species did not form monophyletic clades based on a Bayesian inference gene tree. The application of four DNA-based species delimitation methods (automatic barcode gap discovery, barcode index numbers, Poisson tree process, and the K/θ method) yielded several key results. (1) Cryptic species were detected within Scomberomoruscommerson. (2) A Scomberomorusqueenslandicus sample from Australia was misidentified as S.commerson in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). (3) Specimens originally identified as Scomberomorusguttatus was differentiated into four OTUs or species, two in the Yellow, South China, and Java seas, and two in geographically distant areas, one each in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. (4) Six specimens from South Africa originally identified as S.plurilineatus most likely do not belong to the species. (5) Specimens identified as S.maculatus and S.regalis were conspecific; however, introgression cannot be ruled out. Our findings revealed cryptic diversity and difficulties in morphological identification of species in the genus Scomberomorus. This study provides scientifically based support for the conservation of germplasm resources of the genus Scomberomorus.

A new set of highly efficient primers for COI amplification in rotifers.

Rotifers are a small-sized but key group of freshwater zooplankters with high species richness, linking primary producers to higher consumers in aquatic food webs. DNA barcoding has been widely used in exploring its biodiversity, cryptic speciation and phylogeny. However, the inefficiency of universal primers to amplify COI of rotifers hinders our understanding of their species richness and genetic diversity. Here, we develop a new pair of primers, 30 F and 885 R, to amplify the COI gene of rotifers. We used 22 species to test their PCR success rate and found that the new pair of primers was more efficient (86%) than two pairs of universal primers, namely, dgLCO and dgHCO (32%), and Folmer primers (59%). The new primers will allow the barcoding of groups that were so far difficult to sequence and will contribute to clarify species diversity and phylogeny of rotifers.

Mitochondrial Genome Structures and Phylogenetic Analyses of Two Tropical Characidae Fishes.

The Characidae family contains the largest number of tropical fish species. Morphological similarities make species identification difficult within this family. Here, the complete mitogenomes of two Characidae fish were determined and comparatively analyzed with those of nine other Characidae fish species. The two newly sequenced complete mitogenomes are circular DNA molecules with sizes of 16,701 bp (Hyphessobrycon amandae; MT484069) and 16,710 bp (Hemigrammus erythrozonus; MT484070); both have a highly conserved structure typical of Characidae, with the start codon ATN (ATG/ATT) and stop codon TAR (TAA/TAG) or an incomplete T--/TA-. Most protein-coding genes of the 11 Characidae mitogenomes showed significant codon usage bias, and the protein-coding gene cox1 was found to be a comparatively slow-evolving gene. Phylogenetic analyses via the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods confirmed that H. amandae and H. erythrozonus belong to the family Characidae. In all Characidae species studied, one genus was well supported; whereas other two genera showed marked differentiation. These findings provide a phylogenetic basis for improved classification of the family Characidae. Determining the mitogenomes of H. erythrozonus and H. amandae improves our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of fish species.

Long-term outcome of endovascular therapy for acute basilar artery occlusion.

The long-term functional outcome of acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) patients who received modern endovascular therapy (EVT) is unclear. We sought to assess the long-term functional outcome of BAO patients treated with EVT and determine the prognostic factors associated with favorable outcome. We enrolled consecutive BAO patients who received EVT between December 2012 and December 2018 in this observational study. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were presented. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the prognostic factors associated with long-term outcome. Among the 177 BAO patients included in this study, 80 patients (45.2%) obtained favorable outcome and 97 patients (54.8%) had unfavorable outcome at long-term follow-up with a median observation time of 12 months (interquartile range, 3-19). A total of 67 patients (37.9%) died. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), posterior circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (pc-ASPECTS), time from stroke onset to recanalization, and recanalization condition were identified as independent predictors for long-term outcome. Over 40% of BAO patients who were treated with modern EVT achieved favorable outcome at long-term follow-up. NIHSS, pc-ASPECTS, time from stroke onset to recanalization, and recanalization condition were identified as independent prognostic factors of long-term outcome.

Genetic diversity of wild wintering red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) by microsatellite markers and mitochondrial Cyt B gene sequence in the Yancheng reserve.

The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is one of the most endangered cranes in the world, and its wild population is still declining. To characterize the genetic resources of East Asian migratory populations, we studied the genetic variation in wild red-crowned cranes at the Yancheng reserve. Based on a partial Cyt b gene sequence, 32 wild red-crowned crane samples were screened from 100 feathers with unknown sample information. Twelve haplotypes were detected using 32 wild red-crowned crane samples. Six pairs of published microsatellite primers were selected for genotyping. A total of 47 alleles were obtained, with an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. All microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic; the average polymorphic information content and expected heterozygosity were 0.721 ± 0.080 and 0.768 ± 0.071, respectively. These results show that the East Asian migratory population of wild red-crowned cranes exhibits high polymorphism. These data are useful for informing reintroduction efforts. The study results provide a basis for understanding the population genetic properties of an endangered crane.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c Predicts Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Acute Ischemic Stroke Post-Mechanical Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage, including symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, is a serious post-mechanical thrombectomy complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to determine whether glycosylated hemoglobin A1c parameters could predict intracerebral hemorrhage in this patient population. METHODS: We enrolled patients with acute occlusion of the internal carotid artery or proximal middle cerebral artery and who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy. According to the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level (%) assessed during the hospital stay, the patients were divided into two groups: > 6.5% and ≤ 6.5%. Intracerebral hemorrhage was evaluated and classified based on cranial computed tomography scans obtained within 24-48 h or when neurological conditions worsened. We assessed the outcome at the end of 90 days using the modified Rankin Scale scores. RESULTS: Among 202 patients, 86 (42.6%) suffered intracerebral hemorrhage, while 25 (12.4%) had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage; 35.6% of the patients had a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale scores 0-2). Multivariable analysis demonstrated an association of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c > 6.5% with intracerebral hemorrhage. Furthermore, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c > 6.5% was independently associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (OR, 2.136; 95% CI, 1.279-3.567; P = 0.004). In addition, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c > 6.5% was significantly associated with increased mortality (OR, 1.511; 95% CI, 1.042-2.191; P = 0.029) and negatively associated with favorable outcome (OR, 0.480; 95% CI, 0.296-0.781; P = 0.003) at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c is an independent predictor of intracerebral hemorrhage (specifically, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage) in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

Mitochondrial genomes of four American characins and phylogenetic relationships within the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes).

Mitochondrial genome sequencing has become widely used in numerous fields, including systematics, phylogeny, and evolutionary genomics. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships among members of the family Characidae, we sequenced the mitogenomes of four species within this family, namely, Aphyocharax rathbuni, Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, and Prionobrama filigera. The mitogenomes were found to be 16,678-16,841 bp and encode 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNA genes). Gene arrangements in the studied species are consistent with those in the inferred ancestral fish. Most protein-coding genes in these mitogenomes have typical ATN start codons and TAR or an incomplete stop codon T-. Phylogenetic relationships based on Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods indicated that A. rathbuni, H. herbertaxelrodi, H. megalopterus, and P. filigera belong to the Characidae family. Of the 15 Characidae species studied, three pairs were of the same genus, but the results for only one pair were well supported. This phylogenetic classification is inconsistent with those described in previous morphological and taxonomic studies on this family. Thus, systematic classification of the Characidae requires further examination. Our findings yield new mitogenomic data that will provide a basis for future phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.

Local anesthesia vs general anesthesia during endovascular therapy for acute posterior circulation stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal anesthetic approach during endovascular therapy (EVT) in acute stroke patients remains an area of uncertainty. We investigated the impact of different anesthetic approaches on the outcome of posterior circulation stroke (PCS) patients undergoing EVT. METHODS: For this observational study, we enrolled consecutive PCS patients who underwent EVT from December 2012 to December 2018, and compared functional outcomes at 90 days as well as long-term follow-up in patients treated under local anesthesia (LA) versus general anesthesia (GA). Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matched analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Among the 183 patients included in this study, 71 patients (38.8%) received LA and 112 patients (61.2%) received GA. Median modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days was 4 (IQR, 2-6) in both groups (P = .956). No significant differences in the rates of functional independence and mortality at 90 days as well as long-term follow-up post intervention were observed between the two groups, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed comparable long-term survival probabilities. Safety outcomes (including procedure-related complications and serious adverse events) did not differ between these patients. The anesthetic approach was neither associated with functional independence nor associated with mortality. Propensity score matched analysis indicated similar results. CONCLUSIONS: For PCS patients undergoing EVT, LA compared with GA does not seem to result in different functional outcomes and complications rates.