Influenza and COVID-19 co-infection and vaccine effectiveness against severe cases: a mathematical modeling study.

Background: Influenza A virus have a distinctive ability to exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection proven by in vitro studies. Furthermore, clinical evidence suggests that co-infection with COVID-19 and influenza not only increases mortality but also prolongs the hospitalization of patients. COVID-19 is in a small-scale recurrent epidemic, increasing the likelihood of co-epidemic with seasonal influenza. The impact of co-infection with influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 on the population remains unstudied. Method: Here, we developed an age-specific compartmental model to simulate the co-circulation of COVID-19 and influenza and estimate the number of co-infected patients under different scenarios of prevalent virus type and vaccine coverage. To decrease the risk of the population developing severity, we investigated the minimum coverage required for the COVID-19 vaccine in conjunction with the influenza vaccine, particularly during co-epidemic seasons. Result: Compared to the single epidemic, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a lower trend and a delayed peak when co-epidemic with influenza. Number of co-infection cases is higher when SARS-CoV-2 co-epidemic with Influenza A virus than that with Influenza B virus. The number of co-infected cases increases as SARS-CoV-2 becomes more transmissible. As the proportion of individuals vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccines increases, the peak number of co-infected severe illnesses and the number of severe illness cases decreases and the peak time is delayed, especially for those >60 years old. Conclusion: To minimize the number of severe illnesses arising from co-infection of influenza and COVID-19, in conjunction vaccinations in the population are important, especially priority for the elderly.

Temporary impact on medical system and effectiveness of mitigation strategies after COVID-19 policy adjustment in China: a modeling study.

Background: As China amends its "zero COVID" strategy, a sudden increase in the number of infections may overwhelm medical resources and its impact has not been quantified. Specific mitigation strategies are needed to minimize disruption to the healthcare system and to prepare for the next possible epidemic in advance. Method: We develop a stochastic compartmental model to project the burden on the medical system (that is, the number of fever clinic visits and admission beds) of China after adjustment to COVID-19 policy, which considers the epidemiological characteristics of the Omicron variant, age composition of the population, and vaccine effectiveness against infection and severe COVD-19. We also estimate the effect of four-dose vaccinations (heterologous and homologous), antipyretic drug supply, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), and triage treatment on mitigating the domestic infection peak. Result: As to the impact on the medical system, this epidemic is projected to result in 398.02 million fever clinic visits and 16.58 million hospitalizations, and the disruption period on the healthcare system is 18 and 30 days, respectively. Antipyretic drug supply and booster vaccination could reduce the burden on emergency visits and hospitalization, respectively, while neither of them could not reduce to the current capacity. The synergy of several different strategies suggests that increasing the heterologous booster vaccination rate for older adult to over 90% is a key measure to alleviate the bed burden for respiratory diseases on the basis of expanded healthcare resource allocation. Conclusion: The Omicron epidemic followed the adjustment to COVID-19 policy overloading many local health systems across the country at the end of 2022. The combined effect of vaccination, antipyretic drug supply, triage treatment, and PHSMs could prevent overwhelming medical resources.

Differentiate Clinical Characteristics Between Viral Pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Nomograms for Predicting Mycoplasma pneumoniae : A Retrospective Study in Primary Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the difference in clinical characteristics between viral pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae , providing cues on their differential diagnosis for primary hospitals with the insufficient pathogen detection capacity. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections, and pathogenic microbes test results were analyzed. Clinical characteristics, routine blood parameters and hospitalization duration and fee were compared between M. pneumoniae and viral pneumonia. We used in the multivariable logistic regression to predict the probability of children with M. pneumoniae and graphically represented by a dynamic nomogram. The discrimination and clinical utility of the model were confirmed by receiver operating characteristic and decision curve analysis curves. RESULT: A total of 375 children with community-acquired pneumonia were included. Mycoplasma infection accounted for the largest proportion (22.13%). The incidence of both hypothermia and vomiting was lower in M. pneumoniae compared to viral pneumonia (hypothermia: 10.50% vs. 0.00%; vomiting: 7.90% vs. 0.00%). The prevalence of hyperthermia was higher in M. pneumoniae (hyperthermia: 89.5% vs. 100%). Procalcitonin, peripheral blood white blood cell count and lymphocyte levels were higher in the viral pneumonia group, and eosinophil levels were conversely lower. As for the duration of illness, the mean length of stay was 5.20 ± 2.12 (viral pneumonia) and 6.27 ± 2.48 days ( M. pneumoniae ). Children with M. pneumoniae had higher overall hospital costs and required more medical treatment. The above were all statistically significant with a P < 0.05. The scoring system was established based on the above results. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed good model-discrimination ability with 0.844 of the area under the curve in the training set and 0.778 in the test set. Decision curve analysis curves demonstrated the discriminative superiority of this model. The web-based dynamic nomogram calculator is accessible at https://zhxylxy0160128.shinyapps.io/Nomogram/ . CONCLUSION: Nomograms have satisfactory discrimination, and clinical utility may benefit in predicting the probability of developing M. pneumoniae in children. Children with M. pneumoniae have a higher burden than those with viral pneumonia and may require more intensive in-hospital monitoring.

Intangible Cultural Heritage Management and Protection Based on Spatial Information Technology under the Background of Internet of Things.

Intangible Cultural Heritage does not rely on material forms but is displayed through human inheritance, different tools, and flexible forms, which make the traditional management and protection methods unable to meet the needs of its development. Therefore, this paper puts forward the research on the management and protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage based on spatial information technology under the background of Internet of things and selects sports intangible cultural heritage as an example, combined with GIS technology and virtual reality technology. The analysis of the experimental results shows that the types of Chinese sports intangible cultural heritage are mainly martial arts, lack of water and ice and snow activities. The spatial distribution is uneven, with regional and ethnic differences, and six core density circles are formed in the form of clusters. Ecological environment, declaration system, and project classification are the main influencing factors of the spatial distribution of China's sports intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, in the management and protection of sports intangible cultural heritage, we should not only consider the impact of its ecological environment, but also give it modern function and inheritance form in combination with the needs of modern society while maintaining its connotation and spirit, so as to promote its protection, development, and inheritance.

Online Algorithm Design of English Translation of Film and Television Works under the Background of Media Cultural Information.

As a carrier and medium of culture, film and television have richer cultural connotations and a mission of cross-cultural communication. The translation and dissemination of film and television works not only play an important role in enhancing understanding and communication between different countries, but also contribute to the social life and values of ordinary people. Influence is growing. In order to improve the media communication function of film and television works, this paper attempts to explain and discuss how subtitle translation uses these two translation strategies through the analysis of Chinese and foreign film and television dramas. Through the analysis of the specific translation process of film and television works, the author draws the conclusion that in order to achieve the specific translation purpose, the subtitle translation should be based on the author's intention, translation purpose, text type, and reader factors. This paper adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and selects suitable examples to explain or illustrate the phenomenon of film and television translation in the description and analysis process. The system designed in the paper is designed with the dissemination and evaluation of film and television works as parameters. The example in this study is that the author himself recorded it according to the Chinese and English subtitles on the screen when watching. Without personal modification, the selected films are officially official institutions, published or broadcast translations. This research focuses on the dialectical analysis and thinking of the collected corpus, so that the conclusions are more convincing than just giving some perceptual examples.

Simultaneous determination of molar degree of substitution and its distribution fraction, degree of acetylation in hydroxypropyl chitosan by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Under the assistance of 13C NMR and 1H-13C HSQC, we develop a novel 1H NMR assay for the substitution sites and degrees in hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) by optimizing sample preparation and measurement method. We find that the chemical shift of HOD peak increases linearly with the increase of DCl concentration but declines with the rise of measurement temperature. According to the regression line, the HOD peak could be moved to a desired position of non-interference with other peaks by changing DCl concentration. Other DCl-responsive peaks are found and elucidated. Accordingly, the substitution fraction (NH2-substitution and OH-substitution) and the degree of acetylation are well discriminated and determined. The total molar degree of substitution (MS) obtained is basically consistent with those of elemental analysis and the existing NMR methods. This structural analysis is extendable to other amino-containing saccharides. The 1H NMR method could be used widely in acid-soluble polysaccharides and their derivatives.

The variable loop 3 in the envelope glycoprotein is critical for the atypical coreceptor usage of an HIV-1 strain.

The majority of HIV-1 strains enter CD4+ T cells using the CCR5 and/or CXCR4 co-receptor. However, we recently identified a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that efficiently used an alternative coreceptor GPR15, rather than commonly used CXCR4 and CCR5, to establish clinical infection. To understand which regions in the env gene were critical for the atypical coreceptor usage, we generated a set of V3 mutants and determined their infectivity in GHOST cells that expressed different coreceptors. When the variable loop 3 (V3) in YU2 was replaced with the ZP6248 V3 (YU2.6248V3), the chimera YU2.6248V3 infected GPR15+ cells but not CCR5+ cells. To determine which amino acids in V3 was responsible for this phenotype change, each of the eight amino acids that differed from the subtype B consensus V3 was substituted with alanine. The G306A and S322A mutations significantly reduced the replication capacity of YU2.6248V3 in GPR15+ cells, while all other alanine substitutions at positions 307, 314, 315, 316, 317 and 318 completely abrogated the infectivity of YU2.6248V3 in GPR15+ cells. The E314A mutation, as the E314G mutation reported before, also rendered the YU2.6248V3 infectious in CCR5+ cells, while none of other alanine mutants could infect CCR5+ cells. These results demonstrated that amino acids in ZP6248 V3 might form a unique conformation that was critical for the interaction with GPR15 while the amino acids at position 314 in the V3 crown of ZP6248 played a key role in interaction with both CCR5 and GPR15. The unique phenotypes of ZP6248 can serve as a model to understand how HIV-1 explores the diverse coreceptor reservoir through novel genetic variants to establish clinical infection.

Antitumor effect of adenoviral vector prime protein boost immunity targeting the MUC1 VNTRs.

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed in several adenocarcinomas. However, clinical trials with MUC1 showed that MUC1 is a relatively poor immunogen in humans. In view of the low immunogenicity of this protein vaccine, we designed a method based on an immunoadjuvant and immunization strategy to enhance the cellular immune response to this protein vaccine. DDA/MPL has been evaluated as an adjuvant to induce strong immunity for the tuberculosis vaccine. However, its adjuvant role combined with the vaccine targeting MUC1 in malignant carcinomas has not previously been reported. Our previous study showed that adenovirus prime protein boost vaccination could significantly enhance the cellular immunity and antitumor efficacy. In our study, we used MUC1 VNTRs as the target of cancer vaccine and DDA/MPL as the adjuvant to enhancing the cellular immunity of recombinant MUC1 protein vaccine, and an AD-9M adenoviral vector prime-recombinant protein and DDA/MPL boost (designated MUC-1 VPP vaccine) strategy was studied to enhance the antitumor efficacy. The results demonstrated that antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells were increased by 2-fold, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced effectively when the protein vaccine was combined with the DDA/MPL adjuvant. Moreover, the vaccination induced nearly 60% inhibition of the growth of B16 melanoma in mice and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The inhibition was correlated with the specific immune responses induced by the MUC1 VPP vaccine. The data suggested that DDA/MPL-adjuvant MUC-1 VPP vaccine may be developed into effective tumor vaccines for melanomas and possibly for other tumors expressing MUC1 protein.