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Most reported thermal emitters to date employing photonic nanostructures to achieve narrow bandwidth feature the rainbow effect due to the steep dispersion of the involved high-Q resonances. In this work, we propose to realize thermal emissions with high temporal coherence but free from rainbow effect, by harnessing a novel flat band design within a large range of wavevectors. This feature is achieved by introducing geometric perturbations into a square lattice of high-index disks to double the period along one direction. As a result of the first Brillouin zone halving, the guided modes will be folded to the Γ point and interact with originally existing guided-mode resonances to form a flat band of dispersion with overall high Q. Despite the use of evaporated amorphous materials, we experimentally demonstrate a thermal emission with the linewidth of 23 nm at 5.144 µm within a wide range of output angles (from -17.5° to 17.5°).
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Accuracy and assumed similarity are the most central topics in the research area of interpersonal perception. These two interpersonal perceptual tendencies have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on adults' psychological functioning independently. However, how and why they influence adolescent psychological adjustment is less well-understood. The present research aimed to examine the mediating role of peer relationships in the association between these two interpersonal perceptual tendencies and psychological adjustment in adolescents. In the first study, a sample of adolescents in their first year of college (N = 93, 63% girls, Mage = 17.45 years, SD = 0.52) were recruited from a university located in Eastern China. They completed the likableness ratings of Anderson's 200 adjectives. The top 10 personality traits with the lowest and highest likableness values were selected to measure adolescents' personality profiles. In the second study, a round-robin design in a real-life setting, a sample of Chinese adolescents in grades six to nine were recruited from two middle schools (N = 337, Ndyads = 918, 47% girls, Mage = 13.76, SD = 1.15). They were requested to rate themselves and their peers within the same group on various factors. Results revealed that adolescents could form an accurate perception of their peers' personalities and concurrently assume that their peers' personalities are similar to their own. More importantly, accurate interpersonal perception and a biased tendency towards assumed similarity could, directly and indirectly, benefit adolescent psychological adjustment through peer relationships.
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BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an important complication of reperfusion therapy, and has a lack of effective prevention and treatment methods. Oleuropein (OP) is a natural strong antioxidant with many protective effects on cardiovascular diseases, but its protective effect on MIRI has not yet been studied in depth. METHODS: Tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was used to establish an in vitro oxidative stress model. Cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Flow cytometry and fluorescence assays were performed for evaluating the ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Immunofluorescence analysis detected the NRF2 nuclear translocation and autophagy indicators. Further, Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to evaluate the expression levels of proteins and mRNAs. Molecular docking, CETSA, and molecular interaction analysis explored the binding between OP and TLR4. The protective effects of OP in vivo were determined using a preclinical MIRI rat model. RESULTS: OP protected against tBHP-treated injury, reduced ROS levels and reversed the damaged MMP. Mechanistically, OP activated NRF2-related antioxidant pathways, inhibited autophagy and attenuated the TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway in tBHP-treated H9C2 cells with a high binding affinity to TLR4 (KD = 37.5 µM). The TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 showed a similar effect as OP. In vivo, OP could alleviate cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and it ameliorated adverse cardiac remodeling. Consistent with in vitro studies, OP inhibited TLR4/MAPK and autophagy pathway and activated NRF2-dependent antioxidant pathways in vivo. CONCLUSION: This study shows that OP binds to TLR4 to regulate oxidative stress and autophagy for protecting damaged cardiomyocytes, supporting that OP can be a potential therapeutic agent for MIRI.
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Background: Sleep disorders such as insomnia can lead to a range of health problems. The high risk of side effects and drug abuse of traditional pharmacotherapy calls for a safer non-pharmacotherapy. Aims: To examine the use and efficacy of weighted blankets in improving sleep and related disorders in different populations and explore the possible mechanisms. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and CNKI databases. Eligible studies included an intervention with weighted blankets and outcomes covering sleep and/or related disorders (behavioral disturbance, negative emotions and daytime symptoms). Studies using other deep pressure, compression, or exercise-related interventions were excluded. Conclusions: Most of the included studies showed that weighted blankets could effectively improve sleep quality and alleviate negative emotions and daytime symptoms in patients with sleep disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other related disorders, with a possible mechanism of deep pressure touch. Recommendations: Weighted blankets might be a promising tool for sleep interventions among individuals with sleep disorders in clinical settings. More high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to further validate the safety and efficacy of weighted blankets and explore precise mechanisms.
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Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.
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Mpox , Vacunas , Animales , Humanos , Monkeypox virus/genética , Antivirales/farmacología , MacacaRESUMEN
Thermal emissions with high coherence, although not as high as those of lasers, still play a crucial role in many practical applications. In this work, by exploiting the geometric perturbation-induced optical lattice tripling and the associated Brillion zone folding effect, we propose and investigate thermal emissions in the mid-infrared with simultaneous high temporal and spatial coherence. In contrast with the case of period-doubling perturbation in our previous work, the steeper part of the guided mode dispersion band will be folded to the high-symmetry Γ point in the ternary grating. In this case, a specific emission wavelength corresponds to only a very small range of wavevectors. Consequently, apart from the high temporal coherence characterized by an experimental bandwidth around 30 nm, the achieved thermal emissions also feature ultrahigh spatial coherence. Calculations show that at the thermal emission wavelengths in the mid-infrared, the spatial coherence length can easily reach up to mm scale.
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BACKGROUND: Research has estimated the associations of lifestyle at one-time point with the risk of dementia and hippocampal volume, but the impact of lifestyle transition on dementia and hippocampal volume remains unclear. This study aims to examine the associations of lifestyle transition with the risk of dementia and hippocampal volume. METHODS: Based on data from the UK Biobank, a weighted lifestyle score was constructed by incorporating six lifestyle factors. Within each baseline lifestyle group (i.e., healthy, intermediate, and unhealthy), lifestyle transition was classified into decline, maintenance, and improvement. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the association of lifestyle transition and incident dementia (N = 16,305). A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the association between lifestyle transition and hippocampal volume (N = 5849). RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 8.6 years, 120 (0.7 %) dementia events were documented. Among participants with healthy baseline lifestyles, the improvement group had a lower risk of incident dementia (HR: 0.18, 95 % CI: 0.04-0.81) and a larger hippocampal volume (ß = 111.69, P = 0.026) than the decline group. Similar results were observed among participants with intermediate baseline lifestyles regarding dementia risk but not hippocampal volume. No benefits were observed in the improvement group among those with unhealthy baseline lifestyles. LIMITATIONS: A lower incidence of dementia than other cohort study and this may have resulted in an underestimation of the risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier transitions to healthier lifestyle were associated with reduced risk of incident dementia and decreased hippocampal atrophy.
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Demencia , Estilo de Vida , Humanos , Estudios de Cohortes , Demencia/epidemiología , Demencia/prevención & control , Demencia/patología , Atrofia/patología , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipocampo/patología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Background: Necroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death wherein the necrotic morphology is characterized by swelling of the cells, rupture of the plasma membrane, and dysfunction of the organelle, has been always observed in cardiovascular diseases. Sugarcane leaf polysaccharide (SLP) are primary components present in sugarcane leaves that exert cardiovascular protective effects. However, the positive effect of SLP and underlying mechanisms in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) remain unexplored. Aim: In this study, the protective effects of SLP on MI/R injury were investigated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Methods: The protective effects of SLP on MI/R injury were assessed using tertiary butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP)-stimulated-H9c2 cells in the in vitro assay and using Sprague Dawley rats in the in vivo assay. Results: In vitro, SLP significantly reversed TBHP-induced H9c2 cell death by inhibiting necroptosis and oxidative stress. SLP exerted antioxidant activity through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. SLP suppressed necroptosis by decreasing phosphorylation of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL in TBHP-stimulated H9c2 cells. In vivo, SLP attenuated MI/R injury by decreasing the myocardial infarct area; increasing myeloperoxidase and superoxide dismutase levels; and reducing malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels.
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BACKGROUND: Activated sludge (AS) systems in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) harbor enormous viruses that regulate microbial metabolism and nutrient cycling, significantly influencing the stability of AS systems. However, our knowledge about the diversity of viral taxonomic groups and functional traits in global AS systems is still limited. To address this gap, we investigated the global diversity and biogeography of DNA viral communities in AS systems using 85,114 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) recovered from 144 AS samples collected across 54 WWTPs from 13 different countries. RESULTS: AS viral communities and their functional traits exhibited distance-decay relationship (DDR) at the global scale and latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) from equator to mid-latitude. Furthermore, it was observed that AS viral community and functional gene structures were largely driven by the geographic factors and wastewater types, of which the geographic factors were more important. Carrying and disseminating auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) associated with the degradation of polysaccharides, sulfate reduction, denitrification, and organic phosphoester hydrolysis, as well as the lysis of crucial functional microbes that govern biogeochemical cycles were two major ways by which viruses could regulate AS functions. It was worth noting that our study revealed a high abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in viral genomes, suggesting that viruses were key reservoirs of ARGs in AS systems. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated the highly diverse taxonomic groups and functional traits of viruses in AS systems. Viral lysis of host microbes and virus-mediated HGT can regulate the biogeochemical and nutrient cycles, thus affecting the performance of AS systems. These findings provide important insights into the viral diversity, function, and ecology in AS systems on a global scale. Video Abstract.
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Aguas del Alcantarillado , Virus , Aguas Residuales , Virus/genética , Ecología , Virus ADN/genética , ADNRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia that increases the risk of progressive cognitive decline. Early prediction of MCI could be beneficial for identifying vulnerable individuals in the community and planning primary and secondary prevention to reduce the incidence of MCI. DESIGN: A narrative review and cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We review the MCI prediction based on the assessment of sociodemographic factors. We included participants from 3 surveys: 8915 from wave 2011/2012 of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), 9765 from the 2011 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), and 1823 from the 2014 Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study (RuLAS). METHODS: We searched in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection between January 1, 2019, and December 30, 2022. To construct the composite risk score, a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used. The performance of the score was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Furthermore, the composite risk score was validated in 2 longitudinal cohorts, CLHLS and RuLAS. RESULTS: We concluded on 20 articles from 892 available. The results suggested that the previous models suffered from several defects, including overreliance on cross-sectional data, low predictive utility, inconvenient measurement, and inapplicability to developing countries. Our empirical work suggested that the area under the curve for a 5-year MCI prediction was 0.861 in CHARLS, 0.797 in CLHLS, and 0.823 in RuLAS. We designed a publicly available online tool for this composite risk score. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Attention to these sociodemographic factors related to the incidence of MCI can be beneficially incorporated into the current work, which will set the stage for better early prediction of MCI before its incidence and for reducing the burden of the disease.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Demencia , Humanos , Demencia/psicología , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Longitudinales , Factores Sociodemográficos , Estudios Transversales , Disfunción Cognitiva/psicologíaRESUMEN
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer diagnoses. Dihydrotanshinone (DHT) is a compound extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has favorable anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. However, the role of DHT in NSCLC has not been fully studied. The anti-cancer drugs used for treating lung cancer often lead to apoptosis; however, the drug resistance of apoptosis restricts the effect of these drugs. Oncosis is a passive form of cell death that is different from apoptosis. It is characterized by cell swelling, and Porimin is a specific marker for oncosis. In this study, the role of DHT in mediating oncosis in A549 cells was investigated. In vitro, the MTS assay was used to detect cell activity after DHT treatment. Microscopy and electron microscopy were used to observe cell morphology changes. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression. Flow cytometry was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, calcium ion (Ca2+) level, and cell mortality. The intracellular Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level was detected by an LDH detection kit after DHT treatment. The ATP level was detected using an ATP detection kit. In vivo, Lewis lung cancer (LLC) xenograft mice were used to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of DHT. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to detect the pathology of lung cancer tumors. The detection of Porimin in the tumor tissues of the mice after DHT administration was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results of this study showed that DHT treatment changed the cell morphology; destroyed the mitochondrial structure; increased the expression of Porimin; increased the levels of LDH, ROS, and Ca2+; decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level; and played an anti-tumor role in vitro by mediating oncosis in A549 cells. The in vivo studies showed that DHT could effectively inhibit tumor growth. The results of protein detection and IHC detection in the tumor tissues showed that the expression of Porimin was increased and that oncosis occurred in the tumor tissues of mice. DHT triggered Porimin-dependent oncosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in NSCLC. The in vivo studies showed that DHT could inhibit tumor growth in LLC xenograft mice by triggering oncosis. This study indicates the potential for DHT to treat NSCLC.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Since May 2022, mutant strains of mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus (MPXV) have been rapidly spreading among individuals who have not traveled to endemic areas in multiple locations, including Europe and the United States. Both intracellular and extracellular forms of mpox virus have multiple outer membrane proteins that can stimulate immune response. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of MPXV structural proteins such as A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R as a combination vaccine, and the protective effect against the 2022 mpox mutant strain was also evaluated in BALB/c mice. After mixed 15 µg QS-21 adjuvant, all four virus structural proteins were administered subcutaneously to mice. Antibody titers in mouse sera rose sharply after the initial boost, along with an increased capacity of immune cells to produce IFN-γ alongside an elevated level of cellular immunity mediated by Th1 cells. The vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited the replication of MPXV in mice and reduced the pathological damage of organs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a multiple recombinant vaccine for MPXV variant strains.
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Mpox , Vacuna contra Viruela , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Mpox/prevención & control , Monkeypox virus , Proteínas Recombinantes , VacunaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Adults without diabetes are not completely healthy; they are probably heterogeneous with several potential health problems. The management of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is crucial among patients with diabetes; but whether similar management strategy is needed for adults without diabetes is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the associations of visit-to-visit HbA1c variability with incident dementia and hippocampal volume among middle-aged and older adults without diabetes, providing potential insights into this question. METHODS: We conducted a prospective analysis for incident dementia in 10,792 participants (mean age 58.9 years, 47.8 % men) from the UK Biobank. A subgroup of 3793 participants (mean age 57.8 years, 48.6 % men) was included in the analysis for hippocampal volume. We defined HbA1c variability as the difference in HbA1c divided by the mean HbA1c over the 2 sequential visits ([latter - former]/mean). Dementia was identified using hospital inpatient records with ICD-9 codes. T1-structural brain magnetic resonance imaging was conducted to derive hippocampal volume (normalized for head size). The nonlinear and linear associations were examined using restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, Cox regression models, and multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up (since the second round) of 8.4 years, 90 (0.8 %) participants developed dementia. The RCS models suggested no significant nonlinear associations of HbA1c variability with incident dementia and hippocampal volume, respectively (All P > 0.05). Above an optimal cutoff of HbA1c variability at 0.08, high HbA1c variability (increment in HbA1c) was associated with an increased risk of dementia (Hazard Ratio, 1.88; 95 % Confidence Interval, 1.13 to 3.14, P = 0.015), and lower hippocampal volume (coefficient, -96.84 mm3, P = 0.037), respectively, in models with adjustment of covariates including age, sex, etc. Similar results were found for a different cut-off of 0. A series of sensitivity analyses verified the robustness of the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Among middle-aged and older adults without diabetes, increasing visit-to-visit HbA1c variability was associated with an increased dementia risk and lower hippocampal volume. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring and controlling HbA1c fluctuation in apparently healthy adults without diabetes.
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Demencia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Masculino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipocampo/patología , Demencia/complicaciones , Atrofia/patología , Factores de Riesgo , GlucemiaRESUMEN
Photocatalytic water cracking technology provides a broad prospect for solving the current energy crisis using solar energy and water resources. In this paper, a two-dimensional ZrS2/InSe heterojunction for accelerating the process of hydrogen production from water decomposition was constructed, and its electronic structure and photocatalytic property were studied using first-principles calculation. The results show that the lattice mismatch rate of the heterojunction from monolayer ZrS2 and monolayer InSe is 2.48%, and its binding energy is -1.696 eV, indicating that the structure of the heterojunction is stable. The ZrS2/InSe heterojunction is an indirect bandgap with a bandgap value of 1.41 eV and a typical type-II band arrangement. Importantly, the ZrS2/InSe heterostructure has a Z-scheme structure, which is beneficial to the separation of photogenerated electron hole pairs. Moreover, the ZrS2/InSe heterojunction has a strong absorption ability for visible light (up to 3.84 × 105 cm-1), which is helpful for improving its photocatalytic efficiency. The two-dimensional ZrS2/InSe heterojunction is a very promising photocatalyst, as concluded from the above studies.
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We elucidate that guided modes supported by a regular photonic crystal slab structure composed of a square lattice of air holes in a silicon slab will transition into quasi-guided (leaky) modes when the radius of every second column of air holes is changed slightly. This intentional geometric perturbation will lead to a doubling of the period in one direction and the corresponding shrinkage of the first Brillouin zone. Because of the translational symmetry in the k-space, leaky waves inheriting the spatial dispersion of the original guided modes, which do not interact with external radiation, will appear with the dispersion curves above the light cone. Our results show that ultrahigh Q-factor resonances with large operating bandwidth can be achieved. Interestingly, the perturbation in only one direction of the photonic lattice will lead to an in-plane wave number-dependent resonance characteristic in both directions. Our numerical results demonstrate a local enhancement of the electric field magnitude by the order of 102, which is even more significant than those in most plasmonic structures. These quasi-guided modes with superior properties will provide a new platform for efficient light-matter interactions.
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BACKGROUND: In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Chinese government implemented the dynamic COVID-zero strategy. We hypothesized that pandemic mitigation measures might have reduced the incidence, mortality rates, and case fatality ratios (CFRs) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2020-2022. METHOD: We collected HIV incidence and mortality data from the website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China from January 2015 to December 2022. We compared the observed and predicted HIV values in 2020-2022 with those in 2015-2019 using a two-ratio Z-test. RESULTS: From January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022, a total of 480,747 HIV incident cases were reported in mainland China, of which 60,906 (per year) and 58,739 (per year) were reported in 2015-2019 (pre-COVID-19 stage) and 2020-2022 (post-COVID-19 stage), respectively. The average yearly HIV incidence decreased by 5.2450% (from 4.4143 to 4.1827 per 100,000 people, p < 0.001) in 2020-2022 compared with that in 2015-2019. However, the average yearly HIV mortality rates and CFRs increased by 14.1076 and 20.4238%, respectively (all p < 0.001), in 2020-2022 compared with those in 2015-2019. During the emergency phase in January 2020 to April 2020, the monthly incidence was significantly lower (23.7158%) than that during the corresponding period in 2015-2019, while the incidence during the routine stage in May 2020-December 2022 increased by 27.4334%, (all p < 0.001). The observed incidence and mortality rates for HIV decreased by 16.55 and 18.1052% in 2020, by 25.1274 and 20.2136% in 2021, and by 39.7921 and 31.7535% in 2022, respectively, compared with the predicted values, (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that China's dynamic COVID-zero strategy may have partly disrupted HIV transmission and further slowed down its growth. Without China's dynamic COVID-zero strategy, HIV incidence and deaths in the country would have likely remained high in 2020-2022. There is an urgent need to expand and improve HIV prevention, care, and treatment, as well as surveillance in the future.
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COVID-19 , Infecciones por VIH , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Incidencia , VIH , China/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The relationship between skeletal muscle and cognitive disorders has drawn increasing attention. This study aims to examine the associations of sarcopenia with cognitive function and dementia risk score. Data on 1978 participants (aged 65 years and older) from the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with four follow-up waves to 2018, were used. Cognitive function was assessed by four dimensions, with a lower score indicating lower cognitive function. Dementia risk was assessed by a risk score using the Rotterdam Study Basic Dementia Risk Model (BDRM), with a higher score indicating a greater risk. Sarcopenia was defined when low muscle mass plus low muscle strength or low physical performance were met. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the associations of sarcopenia. In the fully adjusted models, sarcopenia was significantly associated with lower cognitive function (standardized, ß = -0.15; 95% CIs: -0.26, -0.04) and a higher BDRM score (standardized, ß = 0.42; 95% CIs: 0.29, 0.55). Our findings may provide a new avenue for alleviating the burden of cognitive disorders by preventing sarcopenia.
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The rise of global temperature causes the degradation of the substantial reserves of carbon (C) stored in tundra soils, in which microbial processes play critical roles. Viruses are known to influence the soil C cycle by encoding auxiliary metabolic genes and infecting key microorganisms, but their regulation of microbial communities under climate warming remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the responses of viral communities for about 5 years of experimental warming at two depths (15 to 25 cm and 45 to 55 cm) in the Alaskan permafrost region. Our results showed that the viral community and functional gene composition and abundances (including viral functional genes related to replication, structure, infection, and lysis) were significantly influenced by environmental conditions such as total nitrogen (N), total C, and soil thawing duration. Although long-term warming did not impact the viral community composition at the two depths, some glycoside hydrolases encoded by viruses were more abundant at both depths of the warmed plots. With the continuous reduction of total C, viruses may alleviate methane release by altering infection strategies on methanogens. Importantly, viruses can adopt lysogenic and lytic lifestyles to manipulate microbial communities at different soil depths, respectively, which could be one of the major factors causing the differences in microbial responses to warming. This study provides a new ecological perspective on how viruses regulate the responses of microbes to warming at community and functional scales. IMPORTANCE Permafrost thawing causes microbial release of greenhouse gases, exacerbating climate warming. Some previous studies examined the responses of the microbial communities and functions to warming in permafrost region, but the roles of viruses in mediating the responses of microbial communities to warming are poorly understood. This study revealed that warming induced changes in some viral functional classes and in the virus/microbe ratios for specific lineages, which might influence the entire microbial community. Furthermore, differences in viral communities and functions, along with soil depths, are important factors influencing microbial responses to warming. Collectively, our study revealed the regulation of microbial communities by viruses and demonstrated the importance of viruses in the microbial ecology research.
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Microbiota , Virus , Suelo/química , Biodiversidad , Temperatura , Tundra , Microbiota/fisiología , Cambio Climático , Virus/metabolismo , Microbiología del Suelo , Carbono/metabolismoRESUMEN
Viruses or phages were considered affecting microbial community composition, metabolic process, and biogeochemical cycles. However, phage communities and their potential associations with microbial community are not well understood in the activated sludge (AS) of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we explored the interactions between phages and microbial community by using propylene oxide (PO) saponification WWTPs as an example. Bacterial, eukaryal and archaeal communities were investigated and 34 phage contigs (>10 kb) were recovered from PO saponification WWTPs. At least 3 complete phage genomes were assembled. In all 34 phages, 21 of them have been predicted to their host. The association network analysis showed that abundant phages were associated with abundant microorganisms. This result conformed to Kill-the-Winner model. Notably, 45 auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were identified from phage genomes (including small contig fragments). They influenced bacterial metabolism through facilitating phages replication and avoiding host death. Collectively, our results suggested that phage community affect microbial community and metabolic pathways by killing their hosts and AMGs transfer in AS of PO saponification WWTPs.
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Bacteriófagos , Purificación del Agua , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacterias/genética , Archaea , Aguas del Alcantarillado/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Insufficient pollination leads to low and unstable production of oil tree peony. Supplementary managed honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in agricultural ecosystems is a common practice for addressing the problem. At this study site (N 34°38'30â³ and E 112°39'43â³, with an altitude of 125.5 m), we set up four pollination areas (low-density bee pollination group (LDBP), high-density bee pollination group (HDBP), blank control group (CK1) and field control group (CK2)) to examine the pollination effectiveness of different densities of honeybee supplementation on oil tree peony (Paeonia ostii). Our work demonstrated that bee-pollination increased fruit size and growth rate. On average, bee-pollinated (LDBP) plants produced 63.16% more number of seeds per plant, showed also 53.47% more weight of seeds per plant than those in CK2. Also, seeds of LDBP contained, on average, 26.15% more oil content than CK2. Kernel percent and seed oil fatty acid content, however, were unaffected (F = 1.759, p = 0.074). Compared with LDBP, weight of seeds per plant and oil content with HDBP decreased by 21.89% and 2.63%, respectively. Following the same trend, compared with LDBP, HDBP slowed fruit growth and reduced fruit size. Our results showed that insufficient pollination limits fruit set in oil tree peony, while supplementary reasonable bee density in the field for pollination is an important strategy to maximize fruit yield.