Genome-wide characterization of DNA methyltransferase family genes implies GhDMT6 improving tolerance of salt and drought on cotton.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mode of genomic DNA modification and plays a vital role in maintaining epigenetic content and regulating gene expression. Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase (C5-MTase) are the key enzymes in the process of DNA methylation. However, there is no systematic analysis of the C5-MTase in cotton so far, and the function of DNMT2 genes has not been studied. METHODS: In this study, the whole genome of cotton C5-MTase coding genes was identified and analyzed using a bioinformatics method based on information from the cotton genome, and the function of GhDMT6 was further validated by VIGS experiments and subcellular localization analysis. RESULTS: 33 C5-MTases were identified from three cotton genomes, and were divided into four subfamilies by systematic evolutionary analysis. After the protein domain alignment of C5-MTases in cotton, 6 highly conserved motifs were found in the C-terminus of 33 proteins involved in methylation modification, which indicated that C5-MTases had a basic catalytic methylation function. These proteins were divided into four classes based on the N-terminal difference, of which DNMT2 lacks the N-terminal regulatory domain. The expression of C5-MTases in different parts of cotton was different under different stress treatments, which indicated the functional diversity of cotton C5-MTase gene family. Among the C5-MTases, the GhDMT6 had a obvious up-regulated expression. After silencing GhDMT6 with VIGS, the phenotype of cotton seedlings under different stress treatments showed a significant difference. Compared with cotton seedlings that did not silence GhDMT6, cotton seedlings silencing GhDMT6 showed significant stress resistance. CONCLUSION: The results show that C5-MTases plays an important role in cotton stress response, which is beneficial to further explore the function of DNMT2 subfamily genes.

Changes in terpene biosynthesis and submergence tolerance in cotton.

BACKGROUND: Flooding is among the most severe abiotic stresses in plant growth and development. The mechanism of submergence tolerance of cotton in response to submergence stress is unknown. RESULTS: The transcriptome results showed that a total of 6,893 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered under submergence stress. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in various stress or stimulus responses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were regulated by submergence stress. Eight DEGs related to ethylene signaling and 3 ethylene synthesis genes were identified in the hormone signal transduction. For respiratory metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, GH_A02G0728) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC, GH_D09G1778) were significantly upregulated but 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK, GH_D05G0280), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, GH_A01G0945 and GH_D01G0967) and sucrose synthase genes (SUS, GH_A06G0873 and GH_D06G0851) were significantly downregulated in the submergence treatment. Terpene biosynthetic pathway-related genes in the secondary metabolites were regulated in submergence stress. CONCLUSIONS: Regulation of terpene biosynthesis by respiratory metabolism may play a role in enhancing the tolerance of cotton to submergence under flooding. Our findings showed that the mevalonate pathway, which occurs in the cytoplasm of the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway (ko00900), may be the main response to submergence stress.

Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses elucidate key salt-responsive biomarkers to regulate salt tolerance in cotton.

BACKGROUND: Cotton is an important industrial crop and a pioneer crop for saline-alkali land restoration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cotton response to salt is not completely understood. METHODS: Here, we used metabolome data and transcriptome data to analyze the salt tolerance regulatory network of cotton and metabolic biomarkers. RESULTS: In this study, cotton was stressed at 400 m M NaCl for 0 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h. NaCl interfered with cotton gene expression, altered metabolite contents and affected plant growth. Metabolome analysis showed that NaCl stress increased the contents of amino acids, sugars and ABA, decreased the amount of vitamin and terpenoids. K-means cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that the continuously up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as flavonoid biosynthesis and amino acid biosynthesis. CONCLUSION: The four metabolites of cysteine (Cys), ABA(Abscisic acid), turanose, and isopentenyladenine-7-N-glucoside (IP7G) were consistently up-regulated under salt stress, which may indicate that they are potential candidates for cotton under salt stress biomarkers. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed accumulation of cysteine, ABA, isopentenyladenine-7-N-glucoside and turanose were important for salt tolerance in cotton mechanism. These results will provide some metabolic insights and key metabolite biomarkers for salt stress tolerance, which may help to understanding of the metabolite response to salt stress in cotton and develop a foundation for cotton to grow better in saline soil.

Systematic analysis and expression of Gossypium 2ODD superfamily highlight the roles of GhLDOXs responding to alkali and other abiotic stress in cotton.

BACKGROUND: 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2ODD) is the second largest family of oxidases involved in various oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions in plants. Many members in the family regulate gene transcription, nucleic acid modification/repair and secondary metabolic synthesis. The 2ODD family genes also function in the formation of abundant flavonoids during anthocyanin synthesis, thereby modulating plant development and response to diverse stresses. RESULTS: Totally, 379, 336, 205, and 204 2ODD genes were identified in G. barbadense (Gb), G. hirsutum (Gh), G. arboreum (Ga), and G. raimondii (Gb), respectively. The 336 2ODDs in G. hirsutum were divided into 15 subfamilies according to their putative functions. The structural features and functions of the 2ODD members in the same subfamily were similar and evolutionarily conserved. Tandem duplications and segmental duplications served essential roles in the large-scale expansion of the cotton 2ODD family. Ka/Ks values for most of the gene pairs were less than 1, indicating that 2ODD genes undergo strong purifying selection during evolution. Gh2ODDs might act in cotton responses to different abiotic stresses. GhLDOX3 and GhLDOX7, two members of the GhLDOX subfamily from Gh2ODDs, were significantly down-regulated in transcription under alkaline stress. Moreover, the expression of GhLDOX3 in leaves was significantly higher than that in other tissues. These results will provide valuable information for further understanding the evolution mechanisms and functions of the cotton 2ODD genes in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Genome-wide identification, structure, and evolution and expression analysis of 2ODD genes in Gossypium were carried out. The 2ODDs were highly conserved during evolutionary. Most Gh2ODDs were involved in the regulation of cotton responses to multiple abiotic stresses including salt, drought, hot, cold and alkali.

Systematic identification of TPS genes in Gossypium and their characteristics in response to flooding stress.

Terpene synthases (TPS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of plant terpenoids. Studies on TPSs have not been reported in Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium arboreum. 260 TPSs were identified in Gossypium, including 71 in Gossypium hirsutum, 75 in Gossypium. barbadense, 60 in Gossypium. arboreum, and 54 in Gossypium raimondii. We systematically analyzed the TPS gene family of Gossypium from three aspects: gene structure, evolutionary process and gene function. (1) Gene structure: Based on the protein structure of two conserved domains (PF01397 and PF03936), the TPS gene family is divided into five clades: TPS -a, -b, -c, -e/f and -g. (2) Evolution: Whole genome duplication and segmental duplication are the main modes of TPS gene amplification. (3) Function: The abundance of cis-acting elements may reveal the functional diversity of TPSs in cotton. TPS gene has tissue specific expression in cotton. The hypomethylation of the exon of TPSs may help to enhance the adaptability of cotton to flooding stress. In conclusion, this study can broaden the understanding of structure-evolution-function of the TPS gene family, and provide reference for the mining and verification of new genes.

GhAAO2 was observed responding to NaHCO3 stress in cotton compared to AAO family genes.

BACKGROUND: Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important stress hormone, the changes of abscisic acid content can alter plant tolerance to stress, abscisic acid is crucial for studying plant responses to abiotic stress. The abscisic acid aldehyde oxidase (AAO) plays a vital role in the final step in the synthesis of abscisic acid, therefore, understanding the function of AAO gene family is of great significance for plants to response to abiotic stresses. RESULT: In this study, 6, 8, 4 and 4 AAO genes were identified in four cotton species. According to the structural characteristics of genes and the traits of phylogenetic tree, we divided the AAO gene family into 4 clades. Gene structure analysis showed that the AAO gene family was relatively conservative. The analysis of cis-elements showed that most AAO genes contained cis-elements related to light response and plant hormones. Tissue specificity analysis under NaHCO3 stress showed that GhAAO2 gene was differentially expressed in both roots and leaves. After GhAAO2 gene silencing, the degree of wilting of seedlings was lighter than that of the control group, indicating that GhAAO2 could respond to NaHCO3 stress. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the AAO gene family was analyzed by bioinformatics, the response of GhAAO gene to various abiotic stresses was preliminarily verified, and the function of the specifically expressed gene GhAAO2 was further verified. These findings provide valuable information for the study of potential candidate genes related to plant growth and stress.

Systematic analysis of Histidine photosphoto transfer gene family in cotton and functional characterization in response to salt and around tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorylation regulated by the two-component system (TCS) is a very important approach signal transduction in most of living organisms. Histidine phosphotransfer (HP) is one of the important members of the TCS system. Members of the HP gene family have implications in plant stresses tolerance and have been deeply studied in several crops. However, upland cotton is still lacking with complete systematic examination of the HP gene family. RESULTS: A total of 103 HP gene family members were identified. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogeny of HPs distributed them into 7 clades that contain the highly conserved amino acid residue "XHQXKGSSXS", similar to the Arabidopsis HP protein. Gene duplication relationship showed the expansion of HP gene family being subjected with whole-genome duplication (WGD) in cotton. Varying expression profiles of HPs illustrates their multiple roles under altering environments particularly the abiotic stresses. Analysis is of transcriptome data signifies the important roles played by HP genes against abiotic stresses. Moreover, protein regulatory network analysis and VIGS mediated functional approaches of two HP genes (GhHP23 and GhHP27) supports their predictor roles in salt and drought stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new bases for systematic examination of HP genes in upland cotton, which formulated the genetic makeup for their future survey and examination of their potential use in cotton production.

Genome-wide identification of GAD family genes suggests GhGAD6 functionally respond to Cd2+ stress in cotton.

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mainly regulated the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and played an important role in plant growth and stress resistance. To explore the potential function of GAD in cotton growth, the genome-wide identification, structure, and expression analysis of GAD genes were performed in this study. There were 10, 9, 5, and 5 GAD genes identified in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, respectively. GAD was divided into four clades according to the protein motif composition, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationship. The segmental duplication was the main way of the GAD gene family evolution. Most GhGADs respond to abiotic stress. Clade Ⅲ GAD was induced by Cd2+ stress, especially GhGAD6, and silencing GhGAD6 would lead to more serious Cd2+ poisoning in cotton. The oxidative damage caused by Cd2+ stress was relieved by increasing the GABA content. It was speculated that the decreased expression of GhGAD6 reduced the content of GABA in vivo and caused the accumulation of ROS. This study will further expand our understanding of the relationship between the evolution and function of the GhGAD gene family and provide new genetic resources for cotton breeding under environmental stress and phytoremediation.

Genome-wide identification, evolution and function analysis of UGTs superfamily in cotton.

Glycosyltransferases mainly catalyse the glycosylation reaction in living organisms and widely exists in plants. UGTs have been identified from G. raimondii, G. arboreum and G. hirsutum. However, Genome-wide systematic analysis of UGTs superfamily have not been studied in G. barbadense. 752 UGTs were identified from four cotton species and grouped into 18 clades, of which R was newly discovered clades. Most UGTs were clustered at both ends of the chromosome and showed a heterogeneous distribution. UGT proteins were widely distributed in cells, with the highest distribution in chloroplasts. UGTs of the same clade shared similar intron/exon structural features. During evolution, the gene family has undergone strong selection for purification. UGTs were significantly enriched in "transcriptional activity (GO:0016758)" and "metabolic processes (GO:0008152)". Genes from the same clade differed in function under various abiotic stresses. The analysis of cis-acting element and qRT-PCR may indicate that GHUGTs play important roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress. We further found that GHUGT74-2 plays an important role under submergence. The study broadens the understanding of UGTs in terms of gene characteristics, evolutionary processes, and gene function in cotton and provides a new way to systematically and globally understand the structure-function relationship of multigene families in the evolutionary process.

A high-quality assembled genome and its comparative analysis decode the adaptive molecular mechanism of the number one Chinese cotton variety CRI-12.

BACKGROUND: Gossypium hirsutum L. is the most widely cultivated cotton species, and a high-quality reference genome would be a huge boost for researching the molecular mechanism of agronomic traits in cotton. FINDINGS: Here, Pacific Biosciences and Hi-C sequencing technologies were used to assemble a new upland cotton genome of the No. 1 Chinese cotton variety CRI-12. We generated a high-quality assembled CRI-12 genome of 2.31 Gb with a contig N50 of 19.65 Mb, which was superior to previously reported genomes. Comparisons between CRI-12 and other reported genomes revealed 7,966 structural variations and 7,378 presence/absence variations. The distribution of the haplotypes among A-genome (Gossypium arboreum), D-genome (Gossypium raimondii), and AD-genome (G. hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense) suggested that many haplotypes were lost and recombined in the process of polyploidization. More than half of the haplotypes that correlated with different tolerances were located on chromosome D13, suggesting that this chromosome may be important for wide adaptation. Finally, it was demonstrated that DNA methylation may provide advantages in environmental adaptation through whole-genome bisulfite sequencing analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This research provides a new reference genome for molecular biology research on Gossypium hirsutum L. and helps decode the broad environmental adaptation mechanisms in the No. 1 Chinese cotton variety CRI-12.

Identification of SNAT Family Genes Suggests GhSNAT3D Functional Reponse to Melatonin Synthesis Under Salinity Stress in Cotton.

Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin, and plays an important role in the regulation of melatonin synthesis. The study of SNAT is of great significance to understand the function of melatonin. In this study, we analyzed the structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, expression pattern, evolutionary relationship and stress response of the members of the SNAT gene family in upland cotton through bioinformatics. A putative Serotonin n-acetyltransferase gene GhSNAT3D was identified, and preliminarily function of GhSNAT3D was verified by virus-induced gene silencing. We identified a total of 52 SNAT genes in the whole genome of G. hirsutum, and part of the GhSNATs were regulated by exogenous melatonin. The content of melatonin, antioxidant enzyme activity and Ca2+ content of GhSNAT3D gene silenced plants decreased, and the salt tolerance of GhSNAT3D gene silenced plants was reduced. Exogenous melatonin supplementation restored the salt tolerance of GhSNAT3D gene silenced plants. GhSNAT3D may interact with GhSNAT25D and ASMT to regulate melatonin synthesis. This study provided an important basis for further study on the regulation of melatonin in cotton against abiotic stress.

Molecular structures and functional exploration of NDA family genes respond tolerant to alkaline stress in Gossypium hirsutum L.

BACKGROUND: The internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDA) gene family was a member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) gene family, mainly involved in the non-phosphorylated respiratory pathways in mitochondria and played crucial roles in response to abiotic stress. METHODS: The whole genome identification, structure analysis and expression pattern of NDA gene family were conducted to analyze the NDA gene family. RESULTS: There were 51, 52, 26, and 24 NDA genes identified in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. According to the structural characteristics of genes and traits of phylogenetic tree, we divided the NDA gene family into 8 clades. Gene structure analysis showed that the NDA gene family was relatively conservative. The four Gossypium species had good collinearity, and segmental duplication played an important role in the evolution of the NDA gene family. Analysis of cis-elements showed that most GhNDA genes contained cis-elements related to light response and plant hormones (ABA, MeJA and GA). The analysis of the expression patterns of GhNDA genes under different alkaline stress showed that GhNDA genes were actively involved in the response to alkaline stress, possibly through different molecular mechanisms. By analyzing the existing RNA-Seq data after alkaline stress, it was found that an NDA family gene GhNDA32 was expressed, and then theGhNDA32 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). By observing the phenotype, we found that the wilting degree of silenced plants was much higher than that of the control plant after alkaline treatment, suggesting that GhNDA32 gene was involved in the response to alkaline stress. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, GhNDAs participated in response to alkaline stress, especially NaHCO3 stress. It was of great significance for the future research on the molecular mechanism of NDA gene family in responding to abiotic stresses.

Molecular structures and functional exploration of NDA family genes respond tolerant to alkaline stress in Gossypium hirsutum L

BACKGROUND: The internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDA) gene family was a member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) gene family, mainly involved in the non-phosphorylated respiratory pathways in mitochondria and played crucial roles in response to abiotic stress. METHODS: The whole genome identification, structure analysis and expression pattern of NDA gene family were conducted to analyze the NDA gene family. RESULTS: There were 51, 52, 26, and 24 NDA genes identified in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. According to the structural characteristics of genes and traits of phylogenetic tree, we divided the NDA gene family into 8 clades. Gene structure analysis showed that the NDA gene family was relatively conservative. The four Gossypium species had good collinearity, and segmental duplication played an important role in the evolution of the NDA gene family. Analysis of cis-elements showed that most GhNDA genes contained cis-elements related to light response and plant hormones (ABA, MeJA and GA). The analysis of the expression patterns of GhNDA genes under different alkaline stress showed that GhNDA genes were actively involved in the response to alkaline stress, possibly through different molecular mechanisms. By analyzing the existing RNA-Seq data after alkaline stress, it was found that an NDA family gene GhNDA32 was expressed, and then theGhNDA32 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). By observing the phenotype, we found that the wilting degree of silenced plants was much higher than that of the control plant after alkaline treatment, suggesting that GhNDA32 gene was involved in the response to alkaline stress. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, GhNDAs participated in response to alkaline stress, especially NaHCO3 stress. It was of great significance for the future research on the molecular mechanism of NDA gene family in responding to abiotic stresses.

Genome-wide expression analysis of phospholipase A1 (PLA1) gene family suggests phospholipase A1-32 gene responding to abiotic stresses in cotton.

Cotton is the most important crop for the production of natural fibres used in the textile industry. High salinity, drought, cold and high temperature represent serious abiotic stresses, which seriously threaten cotton production. Phospholipase AS has an irreplaceable role in lipid signal transmission, growth and development and stress events. Phospholipase A can be divided into three families: PLA1, PLA2 and pPLA. Among them, the PLA1 family is rarely studied in plants. In order to study the potential functions of the PLA1 family in cotton, the bioinformatics analysis of the PLA1 family was correlated with cotton adversity, and tissue-specific analysis was performed. Explore the structure-function relationship of PLA1 members. It is found that the expression of GbPLA1-32 gene is affected by a variety of environmental stimuli, indicating that it plays a very important role in stress and hormone response, and closely associates the cotton adversity with this family. Through further functional verification, we found that virus-induced GbPLA1-32 gene silencing (VIGS) caused Gossypium barbadense to be sensitive to salt stress. This research provides an important basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of cotton resistance to abiotic stress.

Genome-wide identification of CK gene family suggests functional expression pattern against Cd2+ stress in Gossypium hirsutum L.

Choline kinase (CK) gene plays an important role in plants growth, development and resistance to stress. It mainly regulates the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. This study aims to explore the structure-function relationship, and to provide a framework for functional validation and biochemical characterization of various CK genes. Our analysis showed that 87 CK genes were identified in cotton and 7 diploid plants, of which 43 genes encode CK proteins in 4 cotton species, and 13 genes were identified in Gossypium hirsutum. Most of GhCK genes are affected by the abiotic stress conditions, indicating the importance of CK proteins for plant development and response to abiotic stress. RT-qPCR analysis showed the tissue specificity of GhCK genes in response to Cd2+ and other abiotic stresses. Under Cd2+ stress, the expression level of GhCK gene family members has undergone different changes. The expression level of GhCK5 was enhanced, indicating that Cd2+ stress caused the increase of phosphatidylcholine content, which in turn reacted on the plant cell membrane, finally reached the absorption of Cd2+ into plant cells to repair Cd2+ the purpose of contaminated soil. This study will further broaden our understanding of the association between evolution and function of the GhCK gene family.