Risk factors for asthma after infant bronchiolitis.

BACKGROUND: Five studies carried out after bronchiolitis at less than 24 months of age, with a follow-up of more than 10 years, reported that atopic dermatitis, family asthma, early-life exposure to tobacco smoke and rhinovirus aetiology were early-life risk factors for later asthma. This study evaluated the long-term outcome at 11-13 years of age of children who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis in early infancy. METHODS: We previously prospectively followed 166 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis at less than 6 months of age until 5-7 years of age. The current study included a structured questionnaire, parental interviews, clinical examinations and bronchodilation test of 138 of those children at 11-13 years of age. RESULTS: Respiratory syncytial virus caused 66% of the bronchiolitis cases, and nearly half of the patients were exposed to tobacco smoke in early life. Doctor-diagnosed asthma was present in 13% of the former bronchiolitis patients at 11-13 years of age. Maternal asthma was the only independently significant risk factor in early life (adjusted OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.07-11.74), as was allergic rhinitis at 5-7 years of age (adjusted OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.35-12.25). CONCLUSIONS: After bronchiolitis at less than 6 months of age, the risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma at 11-13 years was about twice that of the general Finnish population. Maternal asthma was the only independently significant early-life risk factor for current asthma at 11-13 years of age.

Longitudinal associations between childhood and adulthood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and adolescent substance use.

BACKGROUND: Emotional and behavioral problems are commonly associated with substance use in adolescence but it is unclear whether substance use precedes or follows mental health problems. The aim was to investigate longitudinal associations between externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and substance use in a prospective population study design. METHOD: The sample was the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (NFBC 1986; n = 6349; 3103 males). Externalizing and internalizing mental health problems were assessed at age 8 years (Rutter scales), substance use and externalizing and internalizing problems [Youth Self-Report (YSR)] at age 15-16 years, and hospital diagnoses for internalizing disorders (age 25) and criminal offences (age 20) from nationwide registers in adulthood. RESULTS: Externalizing problems at age 8 were associated with later substance use. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, parental alcohol use and psychiatric disorders, and earlier externalizing and internalizing problems, substance use predicted criminality, especially among males, with the highest odds ratio (OR) for cannabis use [adjusted OR 6.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-12.7]. Early internalizing problems were not a risk for later substance use. Female adolescent cannabis (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.3) and alcohol (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) use predicted internalizing disorders in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Externalizing problems precede adolescent substance use in both genders, whereas, among boys, substance use also precedes criminal offences. Internalizing problems may follow substance use in females. These associations were robust even when taking into account previous mental health problems.

Evidence for the wobbling mode in nuclei.

The nucleus (163)Lu has been populated through the fusion-evaporation reaction (139)La((29)Si,5n)(163)Lu with a beam energy of 152 MeV. The electromagnetic properties of several connecting transitions between two presumably triaxial, strongly deformed (TSD) bands have been studied. Evidence is presented for the assignment of the excited TSD band as a wobbling mode built on the yrast TSD band, based on comparisons to new calculations in which an aligned particle is coupled to a strongly deformed triaxial rotor. The wobbling mode is uniquely related to triaxiality in nuclei.