Jaberi-Elahi Syndrome: Exploring a Novel GTPBP2 Mutation and a Literature Review.

Jaberi-Elahi syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disease caused by pathogenic variants in GTPBP2. The core symptoms of this disease are intellectual disability, motor development delay, abnormal reflexes, skeletal abnormalities, and visual impairment. In this study, we describe a three-year-old girl with a novel homozygous variant in GTPBP2 and a phenotype overlapping with Jaberi-Elahi syndrome. This variant (NM_019096.5:c.1289T>C, p.Leu430Pro) was identified by Whole Exome Sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing although remains classified as VUS based on ACMG criteria. The proband demonstrated motor and intellectual developmental delay, muscle weakness, language disorder, facial dysmorphism, and poor growth. Hitherto, twenty-seven individuals with Jaberi-Elahi syndrome have been reported in the literature. This study, describes a review of the symptoms related to the Jaberi-Elahi syndrome. A large numbers of patients manifest motor development delay (26/28), sparse hair (26/28), and speech disorder (24/28). Moreover, a significant fraction of patients suffer from intellectual disability (23/28), hypotonia (23/28), skeletal problems (23/28), and visual impairment (18/28). In spite of previous patients, the proband in this study did not exhibit any skeletal abnormalities. In summary, we present evidence implicating a novel missense variant in Jaberi-Elahi syndrome, expanding and refining the genetic spectrum of this condition.

Novel insight into FCSK-congenital disorder of glycosylation through a CRISPR-generated cell model.

BACKGROUND: FCSK-congenital disorder of glycosylation (FCSK-CDG) is a recently discovered rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with defective fucosylation due to mutations in the fucokinase encoding gene, FCSK. Despite the essential role of fucokinase in the fucose salvage pathway and severe multisystem manifestations of FCSK-CDG patients, it is not elucidated which cells or which types of fucosylation are affected by its deficiency. METHODS: In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to construct an FCSK-CDG cell model and explore the molecular mechanisms of the disease by lectin flow cytometry and real-time PCR analyses. RESULTS: Comparison of cellular fucosylation by lectin flow cytometry in the created CRISPR/Cas9 FCSK knockout and the same unedited cell lines showed no significant change in the amount of cell surface fucosylated glycans, which is consistent with the only documented previous study on different cell types. It suggests a probable effect of this disease on secretory glycoproteins. Investigating O-fucosylation by analysis of the NOTCH3 gene expression as a potential target revealed a significant decrease in the FCSK knockout cells compared with the same unedited ones, proving the effect of fucokinase deficiency on EGF-like repeats O-fucosylation. CONCLUSION: This study expands insight into the FCSK-CDG molecular mechanism; to the best of our knowledge, it is the first research conducted to reveal a gene whose expression level alters due to this disease.

Two siblings with PEX11B-related peroxisome biogenesis disorder.

The PEX11ß gene contains four exons and encodes peroxisomal membrane protein 11ß, which is involved in peroxisome proliferation and division. Pathogenic variants in this gene result in a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance called peroxisome biogenesis disorder 14B (MIM: 614920). Here, we report two affected siblings with a novel variant (NM_003846: c.11G > A, p. Trp4Ter) in the PEX11ß gene that was identified by whole exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The proband is a 22-year-old Iranian female who was born to consanguineous parents. The homozygous variant (NM_003846: c.11G > A, p. Trp4Ter) in the PEX11ß gene was identified in the proband, who presented with cataracts, strabismus, nystagmus, intellectual disability, developmental delay, speech disorders, dry skin, and behavioral problems. Her younger affected brother, who had the same homozygous variant, suffered from similar but slightly milder symptoms. This paper reports the seventh family in the world with novel pathogenic variants in the PEX11ß gene as the cause of peroxisome biogenesis disorder 14B. Additionally, the phenotypes of the previously reported patients are reviewed. Some of the phenotypes, such as bilateral congenital cataracts and intellectual disability, were present in all patients. However, other observed symptoms in previous cases, such as abnormal gait, myopia, abnormal muscle strength, hearing loss, gastrointestinal problems, skeletal disorders, and seizures, were not observed in the patients of this study. Further studies on this disorder could be valuable in determining the precise phenotype characteristics of this disease.

The Role of Circular RNAs in Male Infertility and Reproductive Cancers: A Narrative Review.

Infertility is a global health problem affecting about 15% of all couples, of which 50% are due to male infertility. Although the etiology of infertility is known in most infertile men, idiopathic male infertility remains a challenge. Therefore, there is a need for novel diagnostic methods to detect the underlying mechanisms and develop appropriate therapies. Recent studies have focused on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in male infertility. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs), a type of ncRNAs, are found to play a key role in the development of some pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, autoimmune diseases, etc. Several studies have reported the presence of CircRNAs and their target genes in the human reproductive system. In addition, their expression in testicular tissues, sperm cells, and seminal fluid has been identified. Abnormal expression of CircRNAs has been associated with azoospermia and asthenozoospermia in infertile men. The present narrative review provides a brief description of the role of CircRNAs in spermatogenic cells, male infertility, and reproductive cancers. In addition, some CircRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for disease detection and treatment.

Novel insight into the phenotype of microcephaly 19 in the patient with missense COPB2 mutation.

COPB2 gene encodes the Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Beta-2 that plays a crucial role in the cellular vesicle transport system and it is essential for brain development during embryogenesis. Mutations in COPB2 lead to an extremely rare genetic disease named Microcephaly type 19 with autosomal recessive inheritance. This study describes a missense pathogenic homozygous variant (NM_004766.3:c.760 C > T, p.Arg254Cys) in the COPB2 gene, which was identified by Whole-Exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The proband of the present study is an eight-and-a-half-year-old Iranian female who was born to consanguineous parents. She manifests global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, strabismus, and failure to thrive symptoms. Moreover, she is unable to stand, walk, or speak. Here we report the second homozygous mutation (NM_004766.3:c.760 C > T, p.Arg254Cys) in the COPB2 gene in the second family in the world with MCPH19. The responsible variant (NM_004766.3:c.760 C > T, p.Arg254Cys) for the observed symptoms in the proband was identical to the identified variant in the previously reported Caucasian/Native American family. Sharing this extremely rare pathogenic variant in two families with different origins is an extraordinary event that could aid us to determine the phenotype of this disease more precisely. Eventually, we provide a case-based review of the clinical features and compared our findings to the previously reported family for a better understanding of the clinical presentation of Microcephaly type 19 disease.

Pyridoxamine protects human granulosa cells against advanced glycation end-products-induced steroidogenesis disturbances.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulation is associated with ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) dysfunction. Vitamin B6 derivatives positively affected reproduction. The current study was conducted to elucidate the AGEs effects on human luteinized mural GCs steroidogenesis in the presence or absence of pyridoxamine (PM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolated GCs of 50 healthy women were divided into four parts and treated with media alone (Control), PM alone, or human glycated albumin (HGA) with/without PM. Main steroidogenic enzymes and hormones were assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The AGE receptor (RAGE) protein was also determined using Western blotting. The non-toxic concentration of HGA increased the expression of RAGE, StAR, 3ß-HSD, and 17ß-HSD (P < 0.0001 for all) but decreased the expression of CYP19A1 at mRNA levels. The increased RAGE protein expression was also confirmed by western blot analysis. These effects resulted in declined estradiol (E2), slightly, and a sharp rise in progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) levels, respectively. PM, on its own, ameliorated the HGA-altered enzyme expression and, thereby, corrected the aberrant levels of E2, P4, and T. These effects are likely mediated by regulating the RAGE gene and protein expression. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that hormonal dysfunctions induced by the AGEs-RAGE axis in luteinized GCs are likely rectified by PM treatment. This effect is likely acquired by reduced expression of RAGE. A better understanding of how AGEs and PM interact in ovarian physiology and pathology may lead to more targeted therapy for treating ovarian dysfunction.

Novel insight into the ectodermal dysplasia 11A: Splicing variant of the EDARADD gene in a family with clinical variability and literature review.

Pathogenic variants in the EDARADD gene result in autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia. This article reports on the fourth family in the world with ectodermal dysplasia 11A (ECTD11A) cause from a novel splicing variant in the EDARADD gene, identified by whole exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The proband and his mother were heterozygous for the detected variant (NM_145861.4:c.161-2A>T). The proband manifests unusual symptoms including hyperkeratotic plaques, slow-growing hair, recurrent infection, and pectus excavatum. His mother presents hypohidrosis, extensive tooth decay, fragile nails, and sparse hair. Further studies on ECTD11A patients could be useful to characterizing the phenotype features more precisely.

A novel nonsense variant in the ATL3 gene is associated with disturbed pain sensitivity, numbness of distal limbs and muscle weakness.

Introduction Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) describes as a heterogeneous group of peripheral neuropathies. HSN type 1 (HSN1) is one subtype characterized by distal sensory impairment that occurs in the form of numbness, tingling, or pain. To date, only two variants in the atlastin GTPase 3 (ATL3) gene have been identified that result in hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1F (HSN1F) with autosomal dominantinheritance. Methods We sudied and examined who present with sensory disturbances and muscle weakness in their lower limb. Patients underwent Whole Exome Sequencing and Sanger sequencing was performed in families for validation of detected variant. Results Here, we identified two Iranian families carrying the novel heterozygous stop variant NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter in ATL3 that led to disturbed pain and touch sensitivity. This variant in the ATL3 gene was detected in both families (NM_015459.5: c.16C>T, p.Arg6Ter) by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Conclusion In this study, the subjects manifested weakness of distal limb muscles and numbness of the lower extremities. In addition, some unusual features, including hearing problems and inability to sit and walk presented in one of the patients. Eventually, we provide a case-based review of the clinical features associated with HSN1F. Hitherto, only 11 patients with HSN1F have been reported. We compared our findings to previously reported cases, suggesting that the clinical features are generally variable in the HSN1F patients.

EPS8 variant causes deafness, autosomal recessive 102 (DFNB102) and literature review.

Pathogenic variants in the EPS8 gene result in nonsyndromic hearing loss. This gene encodes the EPS8 protein in cochlear inner hair cells and performs critical roles in stimulating actin polymerization and bundling. Thus far, only four pathogenic variations in EPS8 have been described. In this study, we report the fifth pathogenic variant in the EPS8 gene in an Iranian patient with DFNB102. Furthermore, we review literature cases with EPS8 mutations.

The third patient of ACACA-related acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency with seizure and literature review.

Pathogenic variants in ACACA are the cause of acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency with an autosomal recessive inheritance that is identified by hypotonia, motor, and intellectual developmental delay. In this article, we describe a seven-year-old boy who is the child of consanguineous parents with a homozygous variant in ACACA (NM_198834.3:c.6641C > A, p.P2214H) that was detected by Whole-Exome Sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This is the first reported patient of acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency that results from a homozygous pathogenic variant in the ACACA gene in the Iranian family. The proband presents with motor and intellectual developmental delay, muscle weakness, language disorder, facial dysmorphism, and poor growth. The patient discussed here is similar to other patients that were previously published; however, we were able to identify seizure that has hitherto not been reported. This paper describes the third person with a novel variant in the ACACA gene in the world that accounts for acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency and implicates the clinical spectrum of the disease. Finally, we describe an individual-based review of the symptoms associated with acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency. So far, only two acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency patients have been reviewed in the literature.

Alteration in IFN-γ and CCL2 serum levels at first trimester of pregnancy contribute to development of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy is a unique challenge for the immune system. Any disturbance in the immune system in the first trimester could result in further pregnancy complications. In this regard, the current study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of a group of cytokines in the first trimester of pregnancy with the onset of preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 550 pregnant women at their 11th - 13th weeks of pregnancy and followed up to delivery. Out of all cases, 15 women complicated with preeclampsia and 15 ones diagnosed with FGR were included in the study. The serum levels of IFN-γ, CCL2, IL-10, IL-35 and IL-27 were checked in the collected sera of mentioned patients and compared to 60 women with normal pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: In the preeclampsia group, the mean level of IFN-γ was significantly higher (p < 0.001) while the CCL2 serum level was significantly lower (p < 0.003) as compared to control group. There was no significant difference between the preeclampsia group and controls regarding other cytokines. In the FGR group, the mean serum level of IFN-γ was significantly higher compared to the healthy pregnancy group (p < 0.001) but other cytokines showed no significant differences. In the FGR group, a significant positive correlation was found between IL-10 level and neonates' weight (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, an elevated level of IFN-γ and a reduced level of CCL2 at the first trimester of pregnancy could lead to complications such as PE and/or FGR.

Spastic paraplegia 51: phenotypic spectrum related to novel homozygous AP4E1 mutation.

AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also known as AP-4 deficiency syndrome, is a genetically diverse group of neurologic disorders defined by complex spastic paraplegia. Different forms of AP-4-associated HSP are classified by chromosomal locus or causative gene. Spastic paraplegia 51 (SPG51) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the adaptor protein complex 4 complex subunit 1 (AP4E1) gene. Further, previous studies described an autosomal dominant mutation in the AP4E1 gene has also been linked to persistent stuttering. Here, we describe a patient from a consanguineous marriage who manifested severe intellectual disability (ID), absent speech, microcephaly, seizure, and movement disorders. Exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous frame-shift variant (NM_007347.5:c.3214_3215del, p.Leu1072AlafsTer10) in the AP4E1 gene, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In this study, we also reviewed the phenotype of the former cases. Our findings added to the knowledge of little-studied homozygous AP4E1 mutation.

Suggesting Tissue-Specific MSMB Gene Promoter as a Novel Approach for Prostate Targeted Gene Therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men that has affected their quality of life. This study aimed to find prostate tissue-specific genes using bioinformatics methods to specifically target prostate cells in case of metastasis to other tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, after finding a specific gene (MSMB)  that is highly expressed in cancer, the optimal promoter region of this gene was isolated and inserted in an expression vector. Then, this vector was transfected into two prostate cancer cell lines (DU145 and LNCaP) and three non-prostate cell lines  (LX-2, MRC-5, and U87) using the PEI chemical method. The expression of this vector in these cells was examined using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS: We observed that the expression of MSMB promoter in DU145 cell line has a much higher activity than the CMV promoter, which is a ubiquitous promoter. The MSMB promoter didn't show any activity in cells other than that of prostate derived cell lines. CONCLUSION: MSMB  gene promoter with specific expression and high efficiency in prostate tissue compared to CMV promoter can play an essential role in gene therapy of prostate cancer.

Genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of Myofibrillar Myopathy 7 as a result of Kyphoscoliosis Peptidase deficiency: The first description of a missense mutation in KY and literature review.

KY is located on chromosome 3 and encodes a transglutaminase-like protein in the skeletal muscles, namely Kyphoscoliosis Peptidase. KY is primarily involved in the formation and stabilization of neuromuscular intersections making it essential for the development of the musculoskeletal system. Mutations in KY cause Myofibrillar Myopathy-7 (MFM-7) and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP). MFM-7 is an early onset muscle disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance marked by progressive muscle weakness and joint contractures. Herein, we describe an Iranian family with MFM-7 caused by a homozygous novel variant in KY. We identified a homozygous variant (NM_178554.6:c.1247T > A, p. Ile416Asn) in KY in two patients born to consanguineous parents and the same heterozygous mutation in their parent by Whole-Exome Sequencing. The patients manifest muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, mobility restriction, and hyporeflexia. Lastly, we reviewed the phenotype and corresponding genotype of the previously reported cases with pathogenic variants in KY.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and metformin treatment on the stereopathological characteristics of uterus and ovary.

In this study, the stereo-pathological effect of metformin and N-acetyl cysteine is evaluated on the uterus and ovary of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mice. 96 mature females (8-weekold, weight of 20-30 gr) BALB/c mice were classified into 6 groups including the control group (n= 16), letrozole-induced PCOS group (n=16), PCOS + metformin (n=16), PCOS+NAC (n=16) and a separate control group for NAC (n=16). Another PCOS group was maintained for a month to make sure that features remain till the end of the study. Testosterone level, vaginal cytology and stereological evaluations were assessed. Vaginal cytology in letrozole-receiving mice showed a diestrus phase continuity. Testosterone level, body weight, uterine weight, endometrial volume, myometrial volume, gland volume, stromal volume, epithelial volume, vessel volume, daughter and conglomerate glands, endometrial thickness, and myometrial thickness exhibited an increasing trend in the uterus of PCOS mice. While normal gland and vessel length decreased in the PCOS group. Ovarian volume, corticomedullary volume, primary follicles, secondary follicles, and ovarian cysts were increased in PCOS ovaries. While corpus luteum, primordial, graafian, and atretic follicles showed a decline in the PCOS group. NAC and metformin, however, managed to restore the condition to normal. Given the prevalence of PCOS and its impact on fertility, the use of noninvasive methods is of crucial significance. NAC can control and treat pathological parameters and help as a harmless drug in the treatment of women with PCOS.

Recurrent Infections and Immunodeficiency Caused by Severe Pancytopenia Associated with a Novel Life-Threatening Mutation in Hypoxia-Upregulated Protein 1.

HYOU1 encodes a protein from the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, expressed to protect cellular mechanisms from stress such as hypoxia, insufficient energy and excessive or insufficient substances, and to restore cell homeostasis. In this study, we report a novel pathogenic variant in HYOU1. The proband, the second patient with pathogenic variant in HYOU1, was a female born to consanguineous parents. A novel homozygous pathogenic variant in HYOU1 (NM_001130991.3: c.1456C>T; p.Arg486Cys) was identified, causing anemia, thrombocytopenia and severe panleukopenia and immunodeficiency in the second month of age, leading to consistent high-grade fever, regression of brain functions and recurrent infections; ultimately resulting in the patient expiring at three and half months of age. Both parents are heterozygous for this variant and have no issues related to this study.

Comparative study of mouse adipose- and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in diabetic model with critical limb ischemia.

The aim of this research is to compare the capabilities of Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in the treatment of diabetic male mice with CLI model. Supernatants were collected from C57BL/6 mice isolated AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs, afterward their effects on human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) migration potential were evaluated. Diabetes mellitus type 1 was induced by streptozotocin injection. Diabetic mice with CLI model were divided into three groups and injected with AT-MSCs, BM-MSCs, or PBS then the efficacy of them was assessed. Survival of MSCs was analysed by SRY-specific gene. The conditioned medium of AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs stimulated HUVECs migration and the donor cells were detected till 21 day in two groups. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs improved significantly functional recovery and ischemia damage. Neovascularization in ischemic muscle was significantly higher in mice treated with AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs and they improved muscle regeneration. In vivo and in vitro findings show that AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs transplantation could be proposed as a promising therapy to promote angiogenesis and muscle regeneration through secretion of proangiogenic factors, cytokines and growth factors in diabetic mice with CLI model wherein blood supply is insufficient and disrupted.

ZNF142 mutation causes neurodevelopmental disorder with speech impairment and seizures: Novel variants and literature review.

The ZNF142 gene on chromosome 2q35 contains ten exons and encodes a zinc finger protein 142 with 31 C2H2-type zinc fingers domain. Pathogenic variants in ZNF142 result in an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired speech and developmental delay. Here, we report two novel variants (NM_001105537: c.25C > T/c.1741C > T, p.Gln9*/p.Arg581Cys) in ZNF142 in an Iranian family identified by Whole-Exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. These variants are categorized as "pathogenic" and "variant of unknown significance" based on the standards for the interpretation of sequence variations recommended by ACMG, respectively. The proband is a five-year-old male born to consanguineous parents. The compound heterozygous variant (NM_001105537: c.25C > T/c.1741C > T, p.Gln9*/p.Arg581Cys) in ZNF142 was identified in the proband with moderate intellectual disability, global developmental delay, speech impairment, and seizures. This paper reported the sixth family in the world with novel pathogenic variants in the ZNF142 gene as the reason for neurodevelopmental Disorder with Impaired Speech and Hyperkinetic Movements (NEDISHM) and determining the phenotype spectrum of this disease. In this study, we also reviewed the phenotype of the former cases. In contrast to the Malaysian cases, proband in the present paper does not manifest any facial features similar to the patients in the initial study. Further studies on the NEDISHM patients could be valuable to determine the phenotype precisely.

Two Novel Mutations in LAMC2 Gene in Iranian Families Affected by Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa.

Background: Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an autosomal recessive skin disorder with defective adhesion of dermal- epidermal within the lamina lucida region of the basement membrane zone. The main characterization of JEB is blistering and fragile skin and mucous membrane. Laminins are noncollagenous part of basement membrane and classified as a family of extracellular matrix glycoprotein. Laminins contain three chains: Laminin α, Laminin ß and Laminin γ. LAMC2 (laminin subunit gamma 2) gene encodes γ subunit of laminin and its mutation contributes to JEB. Here, we report a disease-causing nonsense mutation and a large deletion mutation in LAMC2 gene in two families affected by JEB. Methods: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was carried out on the mother of patient in family I and the patient himself in family II to detect the underlying mutations. Then, sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the identified mutations. Results: Next generation sequencing (NGS) data analysis of the first family showed a novel, nonsense mutation in LAMC2 gene (LAMC2: NM_005562: exon14:c.C2143T: p.R715X). The heterozygous state of the mutation was confirmed by sanger sequencing in the parents and unaffected brother. In Family II, NGS data had no coverage in the large area of LAMC2 gene. Thus, to confirm the possible deletion sanger sequencing was done and blasting of sequence showed the deleted region of 9.4 kb (exon10-17) in LAMC2 gene. Conclusion: In summary, current study reported a novel disease-causing premature termination codon (PTC) mutation in LAMC2 gene and a large deletion mutation in patients affected by JEB.

Exosome as a target for cancer treatment.

Exosomes are small vesicles covered by a lipid bilayer, ranging in size from 50 nm to 90 nm, secreted by different cell types in the body under normal and pathological conditions. They are surrounded by cell-segregated membrane complexes and play a role in the pathological and physiological environments of target cells by transfer of different molecules such as microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes have been detected in many body fluids, such as in the amniotic fluid, urine, breast milk, blood, saliva, ascites, semen, and bile. They include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and miRNA, which have many functions in target cells under pathological and physiological conditions. They participate in pathological processes such as tumor growth and survival, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation conditions, and others. Biomarkers in exosomes isolated from body fluids have allowed for a more precise and consistent diagnostic method than previous approaches. Exosomes can be used in a variety of intracellular functions, and with advances in molecular techniques they can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases, including cancer. These vesicles play a significant role in various stages of cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes have an important role in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. In contrast, the use of stem cells in cancer treatment is a relatively new scientific area. We hope to address targeted use of miRNA-carrying exosomes in cancer therapy in this review paper.