A review of penile cancer.

UNLABELLED: Cancer of the penis is a rare tumour in Europe and mainly affects the elderly patient population. The aim of this paper was to analyse and study the characteristics of this tumour, in our patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on penile tumours diagnosed and treated in the Urology Department of the Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, in the last ten years. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients were diagnosed and treated. The mean age at presentation was 71.27 years. The mean time between symptoms and the first consultation was 12.54 months with a median of 6 months. The most common form of presentation was balanoposthitis (32%) and the most common site in our series was the glans. Partial penectomy was performed in 22 cases, total amputation in 8, and local excision in 3. DISCUSSION: Carcinoma of the penis is a pathology which mostly affects elderly patients; in our series, the highest incidence was observed in patients in the group aged 75-84 years. The most common histological type was epidermoid carcinoma in its various forms of presentation. We recorded a mortality of 23%. CONCLUSION: Penile carcinoma is a rare pathology which affects elderly persons and is diagnosed late.

[Laparoscopic urinary diversions]. / Derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of the invasive bladder cancer and the recurrent T1G3 is clearly established in radical cystectomy and pelvic linphadenectomy. One of the fields where the laparoscopic approach implies more doubts is the treatment of bladder cancer, because it requires experience enough in pelvic laparoscopic surgery and the urinary diversion implies great technical difficulties to the laparoscopic approach. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this article is to report our results with the urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy where the ureteral anastomosis has been performed by a laparoscopic approach. METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2007 we have performed 67 laparoscopic radical cistectomies. We conducted 28 laparoscopic urinary diversions with our technique: 7 neobladder with an average age of 54, 85 years and 21 ileal conduit with an average age of 69, 15 years. RESULTS: The averagesurgical time for enterocistoplasty with laparoscopic urethral and ureteral anastomosis is of 5 hours and 30 minutes. For the cutaneous ureteroileostomy with laparoscopic ureteral anastomosis the average surgical time has been of 4 hours and 30 minutes. We have had 1 case of urinary leakage in the laparoscopic neobladder and 3 cases in the laparoscopic ileal conduit (14%). We have not intestinal dehiscence nor ileal-ureteric stenosis. The average hospital stay for laparoscopic neobladder is for the 85% of cases of 13.6 days, and of 11.8 days for the 77.7% of ileal ureteric laparoscopies. DISCUSSION: The laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still a procedure reserved for groups with great experience in laparoscopic surgery. Nowadays, the most accepted procedure by most groups includes perform the cystectomy by a laparoscopic approach and the urinary diversion by an open approach. There is no evidence of the advantages of laparoscopic urinary diversion. It is necessary to perform comparative studies to clearly define the role of laparoscopic surgery in the urinary diversion.

Derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas / Laparoscopic urinary diversions

Introducción: El tratamiento del cáncer vesical infiltrante y el carcinoma superficial de alto grado recidivante está claramente establecido en la cistectomía radical y linfadenectomía pelviana. Uno de los campos que más dudas plantea en su abordaje por vía laparoscópica es el tratamiento radical del cáncer vesical, que exige experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica pelviana y en el que la derivación urinaria presenta grandes dificultades técnicas a su abordaje laparoscópico. Objetivos: El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es comunicar nuestros resultados con las derivaciones urinarias tras cistectomía radical laparoscópica en las que hemos llevado a cabo las anastomosis ureteroileales por vía laparoscópica. Material y Métodos: Desde enero del 2005 hasta diciembre 2007 hemos completado 67 cistectomías radicales laparoscópicas. Hemos realizado un total de 28 derivaciones urinarias laparoscópicas según nuestra técnica, siendo en 7 pacientes enterocistoplastias de sustitución con una edad media de 54,85 años y en 21 pacientes ureteroileostomía cutánea con una edad media de 69,15 años. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico medio de la enterocistoplastia con anastomosis uretral y ureteral laparoscópicas es de 5 h y 30 min. Para la ureteroileostomía cutánea con anastomosis ureteral laparoscópica el tiempo quirúrgico medio ha sido de 4hs.y 30 min. Hemos tenido 1 caso de fuga urinaria en las neovejigas laparoscópicas y 3 casos en los conductos ileales laparoscópicos (14%). No hemos tenido ningún caso de dehiscencia intestinal ni de estenosis ureteroileal. La estancia media de las neovejigas es de 13,6 días para el 85% de los casos y de 11,8 días para el 77,7% de las ureteroileostomías laparoscópicas. Discusión: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica constituye un procedimiento todavía relegado a centros con gran experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica. El procedimiento más aceptado por la mayoría de los grupos incluye realizar la cistectomía por vía laparoscópica y la derivación urinaria por vía abierta. No existen evidencias sobre las posibles ventajas de las derivaciones urinarias por vía laparoscópica. En cualquier caso, son necesarios estudios comparativos para definir claramente el papel de la cirugía laparoscópica en las derivaciones urinarias (AU)

Introduction: The treatment of the invasive bladder cancer and the recurrent T1G3 is clearly established in radical cystectomy and pelvic linphadenectomy. One of the fields where the laparoscopic approach implies more doubts is the treatment of bladder cancer, because it requires experience enough in pelvic laparoscopic surgery and the urinary diversion implies great technical difficulties to the laparoscopic approach. Objetives: The main goal of this article is to report our results with the urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomywhere the ureteral anastomosis has been performed by a laparoscopic approach. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2007 we have performed 67 laparoscopic radical cistectomies. We conducted 28laparoscopic urinary diversions with our technique: 7 neobladder with an average age of 54,85 years and 21 ileal conduit with an average age of 69,15 years. Results: The average surgical time for enterocistoplasty with laparoscopic urethral and ureteral anastomosis is of 5 hours and30 minutes. For the cutaneous ureteroileostomy with laparoscopic ureteral anastomosis the average surgical time has been of 4hours and 30 minutes. We have had 1 case of urinary leakage in the laparoscopic neobladder and 3 cases in the laparoscopic ileal conduit (14%). We have not intestinal dehiscence nor ileal-ureteric stenosis. The average hospital stay for laparoscopic neobladder is for the 85% of cases of 13,6 days , and of 11,8 days for the 77,7% of ileal ureteric laparoscopies. Discussion: The laparoscopic radical cystectomy is still a procedure reserved for groups with great experience in laparoscopic surgery. Nowadays, the most accepted procedure by most groups includes perform the cystectomy by a laparoscopic approach and the urinary diversion by an open approach. There is no evidence of the advantages of laparoscopic urinary diversion. Itis necessary to perform comparative studies to clearly define the role of laparoscopic surgery in the urinary diversion (AU)

[Effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer]. / Efectividad y tolerabilidad del acido zoledrónico en el tratamiento del cancer de próstata metastásico.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases at the hormone-sensitive (HS) and hormone-independent (HI) stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide, observational, prospective, open and multi-centre trial was devised, with a total of 218 male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at the HS stage (36%) or HI stage (64%) who were administered zoledronic acid (4 mg/IV/month for 6 months) in addition to their specific oncological treatment. Effectiveness was assessed by the following means: 1) Assessment of the improvement in pain and mobility; 2) Incidence and time to onset of skeletal-related events (SREs) and 3) Analysis of bone markers. Tolerability was assessed by means of registering the number and type of adverse effects. A satisfaction survey was carried out amongst the patients after the end of the trial. RESULTS: Out of the 218 patients, 170 (78%) were evaluable for effectiveness. A decrease in pain ratings at rest and during movement was observed in all patients, whether in the HS or HI groups (p < 0.0001). Improved mobility was observed likewise (p = 0.005), as was quality of life. The global incidence of skeletal events was 11.2%, with a time to onset of SREs of 10.7 months. There were no significant differences observed between HS vs. HI patients. Osteolysis markers (N-telopeptide) decreased significantly with the treatment across both the HS and HI groups. For safety reasons. 212 patients were evaluable (97.2%). The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16% (34/212) and was found to be significantly higher in HS patients (22.4%) compared with HI patients (11.9%). Overall, the tolerability of zoledronic acid was good, with no significant morbidity in either group (HS and HI). 66% of the patients reported feeling satisfied or very satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: Zoledronic acid proved effective in the relief of pain, improving mobility and quality of life as well as reducing or delaying the occurrence of skeletal-related events in prostate cancer patients presenting metastatic bone disease, regardless of the phase, whether HS or HI, they found themselves in. Tolerability and patient satisfaction were rates as good.

Efectividad y tolerabilidad del ácido zoledrónico en el tratamiento del cancer de próstata metastásico / Effectiveness and tolerability oz zoledronic acid in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad y tolerabilidad del ácido zoledrónico en pacientes con cáncer de próstata y metástasis óseas en fase hormono sensible (HS) y hormono independiente (HI). Material y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de ámbito nacional, observacional, prospectivo, abierto, y multicéntrico, Se incluyeron un total de 218 varones diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata en fase HS (36%) o HI (64%) que recibieron, además del tratamiento oncológico específico, ácido zoledrónico (4 mg/IV/mes durante 6 meses). Se evaluó la efectividad mediante: 1) Evaluación de la mejoría del dolor y movilidad; 2) Incidencia y tiempo de aparición de eventos esqueléticos (TEE); y 3) Análisis de marcadores óseos. La tolerabilidad se estudió registrando el número y tipo de efectos adversos. Se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción al paciente tras finalizar el tratamiento. Resultados: De los 218 pacientes, 170 (78%) fueron evaluables para efectividad. En todos ellos, ya fueran del grupo HS o HI, se observó una disminución de la puntuación del dolor en reposo y en movimiento (p<0,0001), una mejora en la movilidad (p=0,005), y en la calidad de vida. La incidencia global de eventos esqueléticos fue del 11,2%, con un TEE de 10,7 meses. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los pacientes HS respecto a los HI. Los marcadores de osteolisis (N-telopéptido) descendieron significativamente con el tratamiento, tanto en los HS como HI. Para seguridad fueron evaluables 212 pacientes (97,2%). La incidencia de las reacciones adversas fue del 16% (34/212), siendo significativamente mayor en los pacientes HS (22,4%) con respecto a los HI (11,9%). Globalmente la tolerabilidad al ácido zoledrónico fue buena, sin morbilidad significativa entre ambos grupos (HS y HI).Un 66% de los pacientes contestaron sentirse satisfechos o muy satisfechos. Conclusiones: El ácido zoledrónico se mostró eficaz para aliviar el dolor, mejorar la movilidad y aumentar la calidad de vida y reducir o retrasarlos eventos esqueléticos en los pacientes con cáncer de próstata con enfermedad ósea metastásica sintomática, independientemente de la fase, HSo HI en que se encuentren. La tolerabilidad y la satisfacción de los pacientes fue buena (AU)

Objetives: To assess the effectiveness and tolerability of zoledronic acid in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases at the hormone-sensitive (HS) and hormone-independent (HI) stages. Materials and Methods: A nationwide, observational, prospective, open and multi-centre trial was devised, with a total of 218 male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at the HS stage (36%) or HI stage (64%) who were administered zoledronic acid (4 mg/IV/month for 6 months) in addition to their specific oncological treatment. Effectiveness was assessed by the following means: 1) Assessment of the improvement in pain and mobility; 2) Incidence and time to onset of skeletal-related events (SREs) and 3) Analysis of bone markers. Tolerability was assessed by means of registering the number and type of adverse effects. A satisfaction survey was carried out amongst the patients after the end of the trial. Results: Out of the 218 patients, 170 (78%) were evaluable for effectiveness. A decrease in pain ratings at rest and during movement was observed in all patients, whether in the HS or HI groups (p<0,0001). Improved mobility was observed likewise (p=0,005), as was quality of life. The global incidence of skeletal events was 11.2%, with a time to onset of SREs of 10.7 months. There were no significant differences observed between HS vs. HI patients. Osteolysis markers (N-telopeptide) decreased significantly with the treatment across both the HS and HI groups. For safety reasons, 212 patients were evaluable (97.2%). The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16% (34/212) and was found to be significantly higher in HS patients (22.4%) compared with HI patients (11.9%). Overall, the tolerability of zoledronic acid was good, with no significant morbidity in either group (HS and HI). 66% of the patients reported feeling satisfied or very satisfied. Conclusions: Zoledronic acid proved effective in the relief of pain, improving mobility and quality of life as well as reducing or delaying the occurrence of skeletal-related events in prostate cancer patients presenting metastatic bone disease, regardless of the phase, whether HS or HI, they found themselves in. Tolerability and patient satisfaction were rates as good (AU)

[Iatrogenic injury of the lumbar ureter and iliac vessels after lumbar discectomy: urologic treatment using kidney autotransplantation]. / Lesión iatrogénica de uréter lumbar y vasos ilíacos tras discectomía lumbar: tratamiento urológico mediante autotrasplante renal.

We report a case of a patient with a secondary injury of external iliac artery and vein in the L4-L5 laminectomy and discectomy course. An immediately vein suture and ilio-iliac by-pass with Dacron was made. In the postoperative a iatrogenic lumbar ureter section was discovered and treated with renal autotransplantation. We review the options described in the literature in the management of these complex ureteral injuries.

Lesión iatrogénica de uréter lumbar y vasos ilíacos tras discectomía lumbar: tratamiento urológico mediante autotrasplante renal / Iliac vessels and lumbar ureter yatrogenic injuries after lumbar discectomy: urological management by renal autotransplantation

Presentamos el caso de una paciente con una sección de arteria iliaca externa izquierda y desgarro de vena iliaca externa izquierda en el desarrollo de una discectomía lumbar L4-L5. Tras la sutura venosa y la realización de un by-pass ilio-iliaco, en el postoperatorio inmediato, se diagnosticó una sección iatrógena de uréter lumbar resuelta mediante autotrasplante renal. Analizamos las posibles soluciones descritas en la literatura para la resolución de lesiones ureterales complejas. (AU)

[Clinical pathway for TUR of bladder neoplasms. Analysis of the first 2 years of its implementation]. / Vía clínica para la RTU de neoformaciones vesicales. Análisis de los 2 primeros años de implantación.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the first two years of application of the clinical pathway for transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumors at La Paz University Hospital. METHODS: We developed a clinical pathway of 4 hospital stays (5 days) for TUR of the bladder that included the following: matrix-verification, treatments prescribed, verification of changes, patient information sheet and patient satisfaction questionnaire. The information for the evaluation of the results were obtained from the pathway records and data on the activities of the Urology services. To assess the results for efficiency in the use of resources, the mean duration of hospital stay of patients in the pathway were compared with that of a control group comprised of 50 randomly selected patients submitted to TUR of the bladder in 1997. RESULTS: From June 1998 to May 2000, 481 of the 494 (97.4%) treated patients entered the clinical pathway. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the clinical pathway for the urinary bladder is a useful instrument for developing the clinical management of this condition. It reduces the unwanted changes in patient care and hospital stay, carries a low incidence of complications and readmissions, and achieves a high degree of patient satisfaction.

[Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma: report of a new case and review of the literature]. / Leiomiosarcoma de vena cava inferior: aportación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE/METHODS: To present an additional case of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava and review the literature, with special reference to the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of this rare tumor. RESULTS: The patient was submitted to radical surgery and short course radiotherapy. Twelve months thereafter, the patient is asymptomatic and disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is a rare and aggressive tumor. Treatment is by aggressive and radical surgery.

[Development of a clinical pathway for radical prostatectomy]. / Implantación de una vía clínica para la prostatectomía radical.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical care path for retropubic radical prostatectomy of the La Paz teaching hospital and the results achieved after the first 6 months. METHODS: We have developed a clinical care path for radical prostatectomy with a hospital stay of 6 days. Thirty-one patients submitted to retropubic radical prostatectomy from June to November 1998 were included in the program. The mean length of total, preoperative and postoperative stay were analyzed and compared with those of 31 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy before the program was developed. Readmissions, adverse effects and patient satisfaction were also analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 31 patients included in the clinical care path, 22 (71%) had a stay equal to or less than the program's length of stay. The mean total, pre and postoperative stay for the group of patients included in the clinical care path were 6.0 days (SD = 1.1), 1 day (SD = 0.0) and 4.9 days (SD = 1.1), respectively. The length of stay was significantly longer before the program was developed [mean total 10.2 days (SD = 4.9), mean preoperative 2.6 days (SD = 2.6) and mean postoperative 7.6 days (SD = 3.6)] (p < 0.001). Twenty-four patients (77.4%) completed the questionnaire on patient satisfaction, which was highly positive, the overall patient satisfaction rate being higher than the 90% standard. There were no readmissions or significant events ascribable to the program. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the clinical care path for radical prostatectomy is a useful tool to reduce the unwanted variability. Its design is based on the best possible evidence, therefore the scientific and technical quality, patient satisfaction and efficiency are enhanced. In our view, our results are attainable and feasible in any health care setting.

[Genital autoaggression. An unusual presentation]. / Autoagresión genital. Una forma de presentación poco habitual.

Self-injuries are relatively common and usually consist in incisive injuries on the penis and the scrotum. This paper presents one case of genital self-injury by injection of petrol on the back of the penis. A description is offered of the clinical form of presentation, as well as the good evolution following medical treatment. Finally, a revision of likely complications is included.