The p53 tumor suppressor gene of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica: cloning of exons 4-11 and mutations in exons 5-8 in ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal sarcomas.

Inactivating p53 mutations are found in many ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin tumors. We examined 12 UVR-induced corneal tumors of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica for mutations in exons 5-8 of p53 and compared their mutational spectrum with that of UVR-induced skin tumors of other species. First we cloned and characterized a cDNA extending from the middle of exon 4 through exon 11 of the Monodelphis p53 gene. Based on the sequence information obtained, primers were designed to amplify introns 4-9 of the gene; intron primers to amplify individually exons 5-8 were subsequently developed. 'Cold' single strand conformational polymorphism analysis followed by reamplification of DNA with altered mobility and cycle sequencing revealed single p53 mutations in four of 12 tumors (33%), including one mutation in exon 5, two identical mutations in exon 7 and one mutation in exon 8. All mutations were at dipyrimidine sites and occurred on the non-transcribed strand. Three of the four were hallmark UVR-induced C-->T alterations. Three of the mutations were found at sites corresponding to human codons 248 and 273, which are mutational hotspots in human and murine UVR-induced squamous cell carcinomas. Our findings suggest that UVR-induced corneal sarcomas in Monodelphis will be valuable in studying mechanisms of p53 mutation in UVR-induced tumors.

H-ras oncogene activation in invasive UVR-induced corneal sarcomas of the opossum Monodelphis domestica.

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces corneal sarcomas in the South American opossum Monodelphis domestica. Cell lines are readily established from these tumors. Northern blotting of mRNA from six such cell lines revealed high expression of the H-ras oncogene. H-ras cDNA from an eye tumor cell line was cloned and characterized; the germline sequence of codons 12, 13, and 61 was confirmed by examination of H-ras sequences amplified from liver DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. The Monodelphis H-ras coding sequence is 84-89% identical to that of other vertebrates at the nucleotide level, and the predicted 189-amino-acid sequence differs by 2-12 amino acids from that of other vertebrates. Analysis of 12 primary invasive corneal sarcomas induced by chronic UVR exposure revealed no evidence of H-ras gene amplification or rearrangement. One tumor was heterozygous for an activating point mutation in codon 61 of the H-ras gene; the tumor was also homozygous for a point mutation at an adjacent site in codon 62. These results provide additional evidence for the functional importance and consequent evolutionary conservation of the ras oncogenes.

Photorepair of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced pyrimidine dimers in lens epithelial DNA of Monodelphis domestica.

The repair of UV radiation-induced pyrimidine dimers has been measured in lens epithelial DNA of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica using a pyrimidine dimer-specific endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus. Approximately 40% of the initially induced dimers were repaired during 90 min exposures to photoreactivating light. This capacity of the lens epithelium to photorepair pyrimidine dimers may provide a means with which to determine whether pyrimidine dimers in lens epithelial DNA are involved in UV radiation-induced pathologic changes of the lens.