STAT3 is constitutively activated in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection and can be a therapeutic target.

Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T or NK cells and is related to severe systemic inflammation. This study aims to investigate STAT3 to elucidate the mechanism underlying the CAEBV development. We determined that STAT3 was constitutively activated in EBV-positive T- or NK-cell lines. We also determined that STAT3 was activated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) containing EBV-infected clonally proliferating T or NK cells in six of seven patients with CAEBV. We conducted direct sequencing of the STAT3 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been reported to be mutated in T- or NK-cell neoplasms. No mutation was detected in the STAT3 SH2 domain in patients with CAEBV. Next, we investigated the effects of ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of both JAK1 and JAK2, which phosphorylates and activates STAT3. Ruxolitinib suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 in EBV-positive T- or NK-cell lines. Ruxolitinib also decreased the viable cell number of EBV-positive T- or NK-cell lines and PBMCs from patients with CAEBV. Furthermore, ruxolitinib suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines in the cell lines and CAEBV patient-derived cells. In conclusion, constitutively activated STAT3, which promotes survival and cytokine production, could be a therapeutic target for CAEBV.

Correction: EBV induces persistent NF-κB activation and contributes to survival of EBV-positive neoplastic T- or NK-cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174136.].

EBV induces persistent NF-κB activation and contributes to survival of EBV-positive neoplastic T- or NK-cells.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in several T- and NK-cell neoplasms such as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma nasal type, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, EBV-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma, systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma of childhood, and chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). However, how this virus contributes to lymphomagenesis in T or NK cells remains largely unknown. Here, we examined NF-κB activation in EBV-positive T or NK cell lines, SNT8, SNT15, SNT16, SNK6, and primary EBV-positive and clonally proliferating T/NK cells obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with CAEBV. Western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and immunofluorescent staining revealed persistent NF-κB activation in EBV-infected cell lines and primary cells from patients. Furthermore, we investigated the role of EBV in infected T cells. We performed an in vitro infection assay using MOLT4 cells infected with EBV. The infection directly induced NF-κB activation, promoted survival, and inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis in MOLT4 cells. The luciferase assay suggested that LMP1 mediated NF-κB activation in MOLT4 cells. IMD-0354, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB that suppresses NF-κB activation in cell lines, inhibited cell survival and induced apoptosis. These results indicate that EBV induces NF-κB-mediated survival signals in T and NK cells, and therefore, may contribute to the lymphomagenesis of these cells.

P-glycoprotein is expressed and causes resistance to chemotherapy in EBV-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-T-LPDs) are rare lymphomas with poor prognosis. Although chemotherapeutic strategies such as CHOP have been often selected, they have exhibited only limited efficacy. To clarify the mechanism of chemoresistance, we examined P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression. P-gp acts as an energy-dependent efflux pump that excretes drugs from the cytoplasm, resulting in low-intracellular drug concentrations and poor sensitivity to chemotherapy. We examined P-gp expression in EBV-positive cells by immunohistochemistry staining in three patients of EBV-T-LPDs and the expression was detected in all patients. We also examined mdr1 mRNA expression by reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) in EBV-positive tumor cells from these patients and additional three patients. The expression was detected in all examined patients. In five EBV-T-LPDs patients, P-gp function was detected by Rhodamine-123 efflux assay in these cells. The efflux was inhibited by treatment with a P-gp inhibitor, cyclosporine A (CsA). We also examined and detected P-gp expression in EBV-positive T-cell lines SNT8 and SNT16 established from EBV-T-LPDs patients, by RT-PCR and western blotting. The function was also detected by Rhodamine-123 efflux in these cell lines. Inhibition and knock down of P-gp by CsA and siRNA, respectively, enhanced etoposide- and doxorubicin-induced cell death in the EBV-positive T-cell lines. Finally, we infected the T-cell line MOLT4 with EBV, and found that mdr1 mRNA expression and Rhodamine 123 efflux were upregulated after infection. These results indicated that enhanced P-gp expression contributed to the chemoresistance of EBV-T-LPDs.

Unusual gamma heavy chain disease protein in a patient with splenic marginal-zone lymphoma.

We conducted an electrophoretic analysis of monoclonal gamma-globulin found in the serum of a patient with splenic marginal-zone lymphoma. This monoclonal protein showed electrophoretic mobility to the gamma region and reacted with anti-immunoglobulin (IgG) antiserum but not with anti-kappa or anti-lambda light chain antisera. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the monoclonal protein-rich gamma-globulin fraction extracted from the sliced gel revealed the presence of two types of abnormal IgG molecule, low- and high-molecular-weight IgG, neither of which reacted with anti-kappa or anti-lambda light chain antisera. Additionally, an abnormal high-molecular-weight gamma heavy chain was identified by reducing SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that this monoclonal protein is composed only of gamma heavy chains of normal and larger size. The presence of abnormal serum immunoglobulin composed of only gamma heavy chain has been known as a fundamental feature of gamma heavy chain disease (HCD). However, the unique composition of monoclonal gamma-globulin makes our case distinct from typical gammaHCD, which is characterized by an abnormal truncated low-molecular-weight gamma heavy chain. Thus, the unusual monoclonal protein may have been produced by a somatic mutation of IgH gene associated with splenic marginal-zone lymphoma.

Determination of the components in erythrocytes using an automated analyzer.

Determination of the biochemical components in erythrocytes should provide unique pathophysiological information. We optimized a simple alcohol binding method for the selective removal of hemoglobins from hemolysates, and enabled simultaneous determination of several components in erythrocytes using commercially available assay kits in an automated analyzer. Venous blood was collected in a vacutainer containing lithium heparin. The washed cells were hemolyzed with distilled water, frozen, and then thawed. Nine volumes of the hemolysates were mixed with one volume of Tris-HCl buffer. One volume of n-butanol was then added to nine volumes of the buffered hemolysates. After vigorous mixing, the mixture of n-butanol and hemolysates was left to stand. The butanol-bound hemoglobins were precipitated by centrifugation, and the clear supernatant below the butanol layer was applied directly to an automated analyzer. Using sera, we determined the effects of the hemoglobin removal procedures on the chemical analytes. Sufficient recovery was noted in most analytes, except for several enzyme activities and lipids. Accordingly, we determined five components present in erythrocytes: creatine, potassium, magnesium, and aspartate aminotransferase as well as superoxide dismutase activities in healthy subjects. We suggest that our simple method is applicable to the simultaneous determination of erythrocyte components in routine laboratory tests.