Ischemic priapism caused by self intracavernous injection of tadalafil.

Introduction: We present a case of ischemic priapism caused by self intracavernous injection of tadalafil. Case presentation: A 77-year-old man developed priapism due to self-injection of tadalafil into the corpus cavernosum. He presented to our hospital 2 days after the development of priapism and severe penile pain. The blood gas analysis of the corpus cavernosum revealed ischemic priapism. At first, we performed percutaneous distal shunt (T-shunt) and cavernosal irrigation, resulting in slight improvement of penile tumescence. Several hours later, penile tumescence and severe pain reappeared. Bilateral proximal (corpora-spongiosal) shunt was performed under anesthesia again. Penile tumescence was slowly and gradually relieved. His erectile function was declined. Conclusion: We experienced a case of priapism due to self intracavernous administration of tadalafil who needed a proximal shunt to relieve the severe penile pain. This case report may serve as a warning for physicians and patients not to use phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor inappropriately.

Postoperative small intestinal obstruction caused by barbed suture after robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.

Introduction: We present a case of small intestinal obstruction due to a barbed suture used for peritoneal closure during robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. Case presentation: A female patient with pelvic organ prolapse underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy uneventfully. Intestinal obstruction developed on postoperative Day 4. Conservative treatment with the ileus tube failed to improve abdominal symptoms. The laparoscopic examination on postoperative Day 14 revealed the barbed suture entangled with the small intestinal mesentery. The tail of the barbed suture was laparoscopically detached from the mesentery without damaging the small intestine. The tail of the barbed suture was trimmed; an antiadhesive material was applied to the peritoneal closure line and the trimmed tail of the barbed suture. Conclusion: We recommend the use of conventional absorbable sutures in the peritoneal cavity because of the potential risk of intestinal obstruction caused by the barbed suture.

Internet research of utilization of social media in patients with urological disease and their families in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To survey the utilization of social media (SoMe) in patients with urological disease and their families. METHODS: Among the panel members registered in NEO Marketing Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), 300 people who or whose families were visiting the urological department regularly were included. Study subjects were randomly chosen and surveyed using the questionnaire over the internet. RESULTS: This study included 203 (68%) males and 97 (32%) females. The mean age was 62 (21-85) in males and 49 (22-75) in females. One hundred and ten subjects (37%) had no account for any SoMe. The account holders of YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok were 119 (40%), 117 (39%), 101 (34%), 90 (30%), and 33 (11%), respectively. The proportions of account holders were different depending on gender, age, and platforms. Frequent viewers on YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok were 100 (84%), 89 (76%), 63 (62%), 66 (73%), and 24 (73%), respectively. Of 190 who had accounts for any SoMes, 64 (34%) found any information about urological diseases of themselves or their families. Among the all subjects, 162 (54%) thought that they would like to view the medical contents on SoMes submitted by medical societies. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with urological disease and their families in Japan occasionally utilize SoMe to obtain information on their diseases and prefer professional medical information on SoMe. The gender and age of SoMe users and the optimal platform should be considered when posting medical information on SoMe.

Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α contributes to decidualization by forming a histone-modifying complex with C/EBPß and p300.

We previously reported that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPß) is the pioneer factor inducing transcription enhancer mark H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in the promoter and enhancer regions of genes encoding insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and prolactin (PRL) and that this contributes to decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α; PPARGC1A) is a transcriptional coactivator known to regulate H3K27ac. However, although PGC-1α is expressed in ESCs, the potential role of PGC-1α in mediating decidualization is unclear. Here, we investigated the involvement of PGC-1α in the regulation of decidualization. We incubated ESCs with cAMP to induce decidualization and knocked down PPARGC1A to inhibit cAMP-induced expression of IGFBP-1 and PRL. We found cAMP increased the recruitment of PGC-1α and p300 to C/EBPß-binding sites in the promoter and enhancer regions of IGFBP-1 and PRL, corresponding with increases in H3K27ac. Moreover, PGC-1α knockdown inhibited these increases, suggesting PGC-1α forms a histone-modifying complex with C/EBPß and p300 at these regions. To further investigate the regulation of PGC-1α, we focused on C/EBPß upstream of PGC-1α. We found cAMP increased C/EBPß recruitment to the novel enhancer regions of PPARGC1A. Deletion of these enhancers decreased PGC-1α expression, indicating that C/EBPß upregulates PGC-1α expression by binding to novel enhancer regions. In conclusion, PGC-1α is upregulated by C/EBPß recruitment to novel enhancers and contributes to decidualization by forming a histone-modifying complex with C/EBPß and p300, thereby inducing epigenomic changes in the promoters and enhancers of IGFBP-1 and PRL.

The essential glucose transporter GLUT1 is epigenetically upregulated by C/EBPß and WT1 during decidualization of the endometrium.

Human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) differentiate into decidual cells by the action of progesterone, which is essential for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. We previously reported that glucose uptake by human ESCs increases during decidualization and that glucose is indispensable for decidualization. Although glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is upregulated during decidualization, it remains unclear whether it is involved in glucose uptake. Here, we attempted to determine the role of GLUT1 during decidualization as well as the factors underlying its upregulation. ESCs were incubated with cAMP to induce decidualization. Knockdown of GLUT1 suppressed cAMP-increased glucose uptake and the expressions of specific markers of decidualization, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and prolactin (PRL). To investigate the regulation of GLUT1 expression, we focused on CCAAT enhancer-binding protein ß (C/EBPß) and Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) as the upstream transcription factors regulating GLUT1 expression. Knockdown of either C/EBPß or WT1 suppressed cAMP-increased GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake. cAMP treatment also increased the recruitment of C/EBPß and WT1 to the GLUT1 promoter region. Interestingly, cAMP increased the H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) and p300 recruitment in the GLUT1 promoter region. Knockdown of C/EBPß or WT1 inhibited these events, indicating that both C/EBPß and WT1 contribute to the increase of H3K27ac by recruiting p300 to the GLUT1 promoter region during decidualization. These findings indicate that GLUT1 is involved in glucose uptake in ESCs during decidualization, thus facilitating the establishment of pregnancy.

Relationship between follicular size and developmental capacity of oocytes under controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive technologies.

PURPOSE: We investigate the relationships between oocyte developmental capacity and follicular size of its origin in Japanese women: those undergoing conventional IVF (cIVF) and ICSI, respectively. METHODS: A total of 3377 follicles were punctured separately and were classified into three groups (large, medium, and small) by their diameters. A total of 1482 retrieved oocytes were individually cultured and received cIVF or ICSI. The oocytes receiving ICSI were denuded and the number of mature (MII) oocytes was counted. RESULTS: The oocyte retrieval rates and the proportion of MII oocytes were significantly lower in small follicles than in large follicles. Under cIVF, the fertilization rate was significantly lower in oocytes from small follicles than large follicles. Under ICSI, the fertilization rate for MII oocytes was not significantly related to follicular size. Follicular size was not significantly related to the development potential to blastocyst and pregnancy rate for either the cIVF oocytes or the ICSI oocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Although the fertilization rate by cIVF is low in oocytes from small follicles due to the lower proportion of mature oocytes, their development potential is comparable to that of oocytes from larger follicles if they could be fertilized. Under ICSI using mature oocytes, their development potential is not related to follicular size.

Long-term melatonin treatment attenuates body weight gain with aging in female mice.

Women usually experience body weight gain with aging, which can put them at risk for many chronic diseases. Previous studies indicated that melatonin treatment attenuates body weight gain and abdominal fat deposition in several male animals. However, it is unclear whether melatonin affects female animals in the same way. This study investigated whether long-term melatonin treatment can attenuate body weight gain with aging and, if it does, what the mechanism is. Ten-week-old female ICR mice were given melatonin-containing water (100 µg/mL) or only water until 43 weeks. Melatonin treatment significantly attenuated body weight gain at 23 weeks (control; 57.2 ± 2.0 g vs melatonin; 44.4 ± 3.1 g), 33 weeks (control; 65.4 ± 2.6 g vs melatonin; 52.2 ± 4.2 g) and 43 weeks (control; 66.1 ± 3.2 g vs melatonin; 54.4 ± 2.5 g) without decreasing the amount of food intake. Micro-CT analyses showed that melatonin significantly decreased the deposition of visceral and s.c. fat. These results suggested that melatonin attenuates body weight gain by inhibiting abdominal fat deposition. Metabolome analysis of the liver revealed that melatonin treatment induced a drastic change in the metabolome with the downregulation of 149 metabolites, including the metabolites of glucose and amino acids. Citrate, which serves as a source of de novo lipogenesis, was one of the downregulated metabolites. These results show that long-term melatonin treatment induces drastic changes in metabolism and attenuates body weight gain and fat deposition with aging in female mice.

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Histone Modifications in Granulosa Cells During Ovulation in Female Mice.

The ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge induces rapid changes of gene expression and cellular functions in granulosa cells (GCs) undergoing luteinization. However, it remains unclear how the changes in genome-wide gene expression are regulated. H3K4me3 histone modifications are involved in the rapid alteration of gene expression. In this study, we investigated genome-wide changes of transcriptome and H3K4me3 status in mouse GCs undergoing luteinization. GCs were obtained from mice treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) before, 4 hours, and 12 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin injection. RNA-sequencing identified a number of upregulated and downregulated genes, which could be classified into 8 patterns according to the time-course changes of gene expression. Many genes were transiently upregulated or downregulated at 4 hours after hCG stimulation. Gene Ontology terms associated with these genes included steroidogenesis, ovulation, cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) expansion, angiogenesis, immune system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, inflammatory response, metabolism, and autophagy. The cellular functions of DNA repair and cell growth were newly identified as being activated during ovulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed a genome-wide and rapid change in H3K4me3 during ovulation. Integration of transcriptome and H3K4me3 data identified many H3K4me3-associated genes that are involved in steroidogenesis, ovulation, COC expansion, angiogenesis, inflammatory response, immune system, ROS metabolism, lipid and glucose metabolism, autophagy, and regulation of cell size. The present results suggest that genome-wide changes in H3K4me3 after the LH surge are associated with rapid changes in gene expression in GCs, which enables GCs to acquire a lot of cellular functions within a short time that are required for ovulation and luteinization.

Transcription factor C/EBPß induces genome-wide H3K27ac and upregulates gene expression during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells.

We previously reported that H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) increases throughout the genome during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). However, its mechanisms have not been clarified. We also reported that C/EBPß acts as a pioneer factor initiating chromatin remodeling by increasing H3K27ac of IGFBP-1 and PRL promoters. Therefore, C/EBPß may be involved in the genome-wide increase of H3K27ac during decidualization. In this study, we investigated whether C/EBPß causes genome-wide H3K27ac modifications and regulates gene expressions during decidualization. cAMP was used to induce decidualization. Three types of cells (control cells, cAMP-treated cells, and cAMP-treated + C/EBPß-knockdowned cells by siRNA) were generated. Of 4190 genes that were upregulated by cAMP, C/EBPß knockdown inhibited these upregulation in 2239 genes (53.4%), indicating that they are under the regulation of C/EBPß. cAMP increased H3K27ac in 1272 of the 2239 genes. C/EBPß knockdown abolished the increase of H3K27ac in almost all genes (1263 genes, 99.3%), suggesting that C/EBPß can upregulate gene expression by increasing H3K27ac. To investigate how C/EBPß regulates H3K27ac throughout the genome, we tested the hypothesis that C/EBPß binds to its binding regions and recruits cofactors with histone acetyltransferase activities. To do this, we collated our ChIP-sequence data with public ChIP-sequence database of transcription factors, and found that p300 is the most likely cofactor that binds to the H3K27ac-increased-regions with C/EBPß. ChIP-qPCR of several genes confirmed that C/EBPß binds to the target regions, recruits p300, and increases H3K27ac. Our genome-wide analysis revealed that C/EBPß induces H3K27ac throughout the genome and upregulates gene expressions during decidualization by recruiting p300 to the promoters.

An Integrated Genomic Approach Identifies HOXC8 as an Upstream Regulator in Ovarian Endometrioma.

PURPOSE: To identify the upstream regulators (URs) involved in the onset and pathogenesis of ovarian endometrioma. METHODS: Recently, a method called Significance-based Modules Integrating the Transcriptome and Epigenome (SMITE) that uses transcriptome data in combination with publicly available data for identifying URs of cellular processes has been developed. Here, we used SMITE with transcriptome data from ovarian endometrioma stromal cells (ovESCs) and eutopic endometrium stromal cells (euESCs) in combination with publicly available gene regulatory network data. To confirm the URs identified by SMITE, we developed a Boolean network simulation to see if correcting aberrant expressions of the identified genes could restore the entire gene expression profile of ovESCs to a profile similar to that of euESCs. We then established euESCs overexpressing the identified gene and characterized them by cell function assays and transcriptome analysis. RESULTS: SMITE identified 12 potential URs in ovarian endometrioma that were confirmed by the Boolean simulation. One of the URs, HOXC8, was confirmed to be overexpressed in ovESCs. HOXC8 overexpression significantly enhanced cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and fibrotic activities, and altered expression statuses of the genes involved in transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß signaling. HOXC8 overexpression also increased the expression levels of phosphorylated SMAD2/SMAD3. The increased adhesion and fibrosis activities by HOXC8 were significantly inhibited by E-616452, a selective inhibitor of TGF-ß receptor type I kinases. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Integrated genomic approaches identified HOXC8 as an UR in ovarian endometrioma. The pathological features of ovarian endometrioma including cell proliferation, adhesion, and fibrosis were induced by HOXC8 and its subsequent activation of TGF-ß signaling.

Wilms tumor 1 regulates lipid accumulation in human endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.

We previously reported that the transcription factor Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) regulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and prolactin (PRL) during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). However, other roles of WT1 in decidualization remain to be fully clarified. Here, we investigated how WT1 regulates the physiological functions of human ESCs during decidualization. We incubated ESCs isolated from proliferative-phase endometrium with cAMP to induce decidualization, knocked down WT1 with siRNA, and generated three types of treatments (nontreated cells, cAMP-treated cells, and cAMP-treated + WT1-knockdown cells). To identify WT1-regulated genes, we used gene microarrays and compared the transcriptome data obtained among these three treatments. We observed that WT1 up-regulates 121 genes during decidualization, including several genes involved in lipid transport. The WT1 knockdown inhibited lipid accumulation (LA) in the cAMP-induced ESCs. To examine the mechanisms by which WT1 regulates LA, we focused on very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which is involved in lipoprotein uptake. We found that cAMP up-regulates VLDLR and that the WT1 knockdown inhibits it. Results of ChIP assays revealed that cAMP increases the recruitment of WT1 to the promoter region of the VLDLR gene, indicating that WT1 regulates VLDLR expression. Moreover, VLDLR knockdown inhibited cAMP-induced LA, and VLDLR overexpression reverted the suppression of LA caused by the WT1 knockdown. Taken together, our results indicate that WT1 enhances lipid storage by up-regulating VLDLR expression in human ESCs during decidualization.

Glucose regulates the histone acetylation of gene promoters in decidualizing stromal cells.

Decidualization stimuli activate the insulin signaling pathway and increase the glucose uptake in human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). The inductions of prolactin (PRL) and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP1), specific markers of decidualization, were inhibited by incubating ESCs under low glucose concentrations. These results suggested that decidualization stimuli activate the insulin signaling pathway, which contributes to decidualization through the increase of glucose uptake. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which glucose regulates decidualization. ESCs were incubated with cAMP to induce decidualization. We examined whether low glucose affects the expression levels of transcription factors that induce decidualization. Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) expression was significantly suppressed under low glucose conditions. Knockdown of FOXO1 by siRNA inhibited the expression levels of PRL and IGFBP1 during decidualization. Taken together, our results showed that low glucose inhibits decidualization by decreasing FOXO1 expression. We also examined the levels of histone H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac), which is related to active transcription, of the promoter regions of FOXO1, PRL and IGFBP1 by ChIP assay. The H3K27ac levels of these promoter regions were increased by decidualization under normal glucose conditions, but not under low glucose conditions. Thus, our results show that glucose is indispensable for decidualization by activating the histone modification status of the promoters of PRL, IGFBP1 and FOXO1.

Aberrant DNA methylation suppresses expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in ovarian endometrioma.

BACKGROUND: In ovarian endometriomas (OE), the expression statuses of various steroid hormone receptors are altered compared with their expression statuses in eutopic endometrium (EE). For example, in OE, the expressions of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), which encodes ERα, and progesterone receptor (PGR) are downregulated, while the expression of ESR2, which encodes ERß, is upregulated. The causes of these changes are unclear. DNA methylation of a specific region of a gene can result in tissue-specific gene expression. Such regions are called tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs). We previously reported that the tissue-specific expression of ESR1 is regulated by DNA methylation of a T-DMR in normal tissues. In the present study, we examined whether aberrant DNA methylation of the T-DMR is associated with the altered expressions of ESR1, ESR2 and PGR in OE. RESULTS: Gene expression levels of ESR1, ESR2 and PGR were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression levels of ESR1 and PGR were significantly lower and the expression level of ESR2 was significantly higher in OE than in EE. DNA methylation statuses were examined with an Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip and sodium bisulfite sequencing. DNA methylation at the T-DMRs of ESR1 were significantly higher in OE than in EE, but no significant differences were observed in the DNA methylation statuses of ESR2 and PGR. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant DNA methylation of the T-DMR was associated with the impaired expression of ESR1, but not the altered expressions of ESR2 and PGR, in OE.

Effect of nutritional condition on photosymbiotic consortium of cultured Globigerinoides sacculifer (Rhizaria, Foraminifera).

Several foraminifers found in warm and low-nutrient ocean surface water have photosynthetic algae as endosymbionts (photosymbiosis). To understand the trophic interactions, we studied Globigerinoides sacculifer, a spinose planktic foraminifer that has a dinoflagellate endosymbiont. We controlled two nutritional factors, feeding and inorganic nutrients in the seawater. The growth of the host and the symbionts and the photophysiological parameters were monitored under four experimental conditions. The results demonstrated that the holobionts primarily relied on phagotrophy for growth. The foraminifers grew considerably, and the chlorophyll a content per foraminifer, which is an indicator of the symbiont population, increased in the fed groups, but not in the unfed groups. The nutrient-rich seawater used for some of the cultures made no difference in either the growth or photophysiology of the holobionts. These observations indicated that the symbionts mainly utilized metabolites from the hosts for photosynthesis rather than inorganic nutrients in the seawater. Additionally, we observed that the symbionts in the starved hosts maintained their photosynthetic capability for at least 12 days, and that the hosts maintained at least some symbionts until gametogenesis was achieved. This suggests that the hosts have to retain the symbionts as an energy source for reproduction. The symbionts may also play an indispensable role in the metabolic activities of the hosts including waste transport or essential compound synthesis. Overall, our results revealed a novel mode of photosymbiosis in planktic foraminifers which contrasts with that found in benthic photosymbiotic foraminifers and corals.