Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Educación a Distancia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudiantes/psicología , UniversidadesRESUMEN
The Republic of Kazakhstan has one of the world's highest suicide rates. A detailed study of the risk factors for suicide in that country is therefore important. We investigated country-wide statistics related to labor, financial, and economic factors and whether any of these factors contribute to the risk of suicide in Kazakhstan. Using the 20 year period from 2000 to 2019, we examined the annual suicide rates overall (all citizens) and for males and females in Kazakhstan, annual unemployment rates, annual rates of increase in the country's consumer price index, annual total exports, and annual total imports. We then calculated the correlations between the suicide rates and these four items. We also performed a multiple regression analysis of the relationship between the suicide rate and those four items. The results of these analyses indicated that the unemployment rate was the correlation coefficient most highly correlated with the suicide rate; unemployment was significantly related to suicide and should be targeted as a risk factor in suicide prevention interventions in Kazakhstan. With this in mind, organizations, government agencies, and professionals in relevant fields need to devise and implement suicide prevention measures.
Asunto(s)
Factores Económicos , Suicidio , Femenino , Humanos , Kazajstán/epidemiología , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , DesempleoAsunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores , COVID-19/psicología , Comorbilidad , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Each year in Japan from 1990 to 1997, approx. 21,000-24,000 individuals committed suicide. In 1998, the number of suicides increased to >30,000, and a trend of high suicide numbers then persisted for >10â¯years. Although Japan's annual number of suicides has recently been decreasing, it remains among the highest worldwide. Herein, we assessed the annual suicide data (numbers and rates) related to three economic and life indicators: (1) the difference between actual income and consumer spending of one average month per year in one household, (2) the annual difference between exports and imports, and (3) the annual total debt determined by statistical analyses for both sexes/males/females during the 40-year period from 1979 to 2018 in Japan. Our findings indicated that [1] total debt may be associated with both the number of suicides and the suicide rate for both sexes, for males, and for females, and [2] the difference between actual income and consumer spending may be associated with both the number of suicides and the suicide rate only in females. These findings revealed factors that are clearly suicide-related, and it is necessary to design suicide prevention strategies based on the factors. Relevant public and private entities should become aware of the involvement of both debt and the difference between income and spending in suicide trends as they plan suicide prevention measures. Further analyses of suicide data should be performed in a wide range of fields including legal medicine, toward a greater understanding of suicide risk factors.
Asunto(s)
Suicidio , Femenino , Medicina Legal , Humanos , Japón , MasculinoRESUMEN
In Japan over the past few years, approximately 13,000 individuals were arrested for drug offenses each year. It is useful to know the trends in drug offenses, in order to devise the most effective countermeasures and addiction treatment programs. Herein, we have revealed the trends in drug offenses in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. This report was researched the number of individuals arrested for drug offenses in Tokyo during the 3-year study period 2016-2018. The drugs are classified into the six categories: stimulants, narcotics, psychoactive drugs, opium, cannabis, and designated substances. We also calculated the percentages of individuals arrested for various drug offenses based on these six categories. Approximately 86% of the arrests for drug offenses in Tokyo during the 3-year period were for stimulants or cannabis. A higher percentage of individuals were arrested for stimulants, but the percentage of individuals arrested for cannabis increased each year. Given the percentage of individuals arrested for designated substances or narcotics, preventive measures for drug offenses involving stimulants and cannabis should be promptly implemented. Further campaigns to prevent drug offenses and public lectures are also needed. Public education must be provided to prevent drug offenses involving designated substances and narcotics.
Asunto(s)
Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Crimen/tendencias , Drogas Ilícitas , Cannabis , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Crimen/prevención & control , Drogas de Diseño , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/clasificación , Narcóticos , Opio , Psicotrópicos , Tokio/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
None.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Administración de la Seguridad/organización & administración , Universidades/organización & administración , COVID-19/transmisión , Política de Salud , Humanos , Japón , Kazajstán , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
More than 400 nuclear explosion tests were conducted at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) and significant radioactive substances were released. The long-term consequences of the activities at the SNTS and the appearance of any hereditary effects remain insufficiently studied about 25 years after the test site was closed. The population living in villages near the SNTS are considered to have been heavily exposed to external and internal radiation. This study aims to perform an assessment and comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of the inhabitants living near the SNTS, and their first-(F1) and second-(F2) generation children. Residents of the East Kazakhstan region living in the area covered by the former SNTS were included in the study. To evaluate the hereditary effects of nuclear testing, comprehensive chromosome analyses were performed in lymphocytes using conventional Giemsa and fluorescent in situ hybridization methods in 115 F1 and F2 descendants in the villages of Dolon and Sarzhal, which were heavily contaminated. The parents of the subjects had permanently lived in the villages. A higher number of stable-type chromosome aberrations such as translocations was found in these residents than in 80 residents of the control area, Kokpecty, which indicates the possibility that radiation had biological effects on the exposed subjects.
Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas/efectos de la radiación , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversos , Vivienda , Exposición a la Radiación/efectos adversos , Adulto , Cromosomas Humanos/genética , Cromosomas Humanos/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Humanos , Kazajstán , Masculino , Metafase/efectos de la radiación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Guerra NuclearRESUMEN
We sought to identify the features of endothelial function in rectal cancer patients who were exposed to chronic ionizing radiation from a nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. We examined 146 individuals, 76 of whom were rectal cancer patients. The existence of a complex of disturbances of the endothelium and hemostasis systems in patients vs non-patients was revealed. Endothelial dysfunction was expressed as an increase of nitric oxide (NO) production along with decreases in vasodilatation function, and increased levels of von Willebrand factor in blood, along with an increase in the number of circulating endotheliocytes. Significant correlations between indicators of endothelial function and vascular-platelet hemostasis were observed. These changes and their interrelations were expressed more strongly in the patients who lived in the contaminated area around the nuclear test site. Such patients could have an increased risk of thrombosis and other complications after the treatment of a malignant neoplasm.
Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/patología , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de la radiación , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/patología , Exposición a la Radiación/efectos adversos , Neoplasias del Recto/patología , Anciano , Plaquetas/efectos de la radiación , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/sangre , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/etiología , Neoplasias del Recto/sangre , Neoplasias del Recto/etiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics of endothelial factors and the hemostatic system conditions with malignant neoplasms patients, which were exposed to ionizing radiation. Total number of examined people is 223, 153 of them are patients with gastrointestinal tract oncopathology. The article presents the results of the analysis of numerical indicators of endothelial condition and platelet hemostasis of patients, who had cancer. They lived in the regions of Kazakhstan, subjected to contamination of radionuclides as a result of nuclear weapons tests, which took place in this region from 1949 to 1989. These results then were compared to cancer patients and healthy individuals with no radiation risk. The study revealed the presence of higher levels of endothelial dysfunction and following trigger of the hemostatic system in patients with malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the defined high degree of endothelial dysfunction include endothelium- dependent vasodilation, content desquamated endothelial cells in peripheral blood and von Willebrand factor. These indicators have a clear correlation with the degree of disorder of studied parameters of the hemostasis, which can cause the development of thrombotic complications.
Asunto(s)
Endotelio Vascular/patología , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/patología , Radiación Ionizante , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/radioterapia , Hemostasis/efectos de la radiación , Humanos , Kazajstán , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Factor de von Willebrand/metabolismoRESUMEN
A study was conducted to compare the storage conditions and transportation period for blood samples collected from residents living in areas near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). Experiments were performed to simulate storage and shipping environments. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blood was stored in 15-ml tubes (condition A: current transport method) in the absence or in 50-ml flasks (condition B: previous transport method) in the presence of RPMI-1640 and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Samples were kept refrigerated at 4 degrees C and cell viability was assessed after 3, 8, 12 and 14 days of storage. RPMI-1640, 20% FBS and further PHA were added to blood samples under condition A in 50-ml flasks for culture. Whole-blood samples under condition B were directly incubated without further sub-culturing process, neither media nor PHA were added, to adopt a similar protocol to that employed in the previous transport method. Samples in condition A and condition B were incubated for 48 hr at 37 degrees C and their mitotic index was determined. The results showed that viable lymphocytes were consistent in both storage conditions but the mitotic index was higher in condition A than in condition B. Although further confirmation studies have to be carried out, previous chromosomal studies and the present experiment have shown that PHA-stimulated blood could be stored without culture medium for up to 8 days under condition A. The present results will be useful for cytogenetic analysis of blood samples that have been transported long distances wherever a radiation accident has occurred.
Asunto(s)
Recolección de Muestras de Sangre/métodos , Cromosomas , Análisis Citogenético/métodos , Armas Nucleares , Animales , Bovinos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Supervivencia Celular , Cromosomas/química , Cromosomas/efectos de la radiación , Humanos , Fitohemaglutininas/metabolismo , Contaminantes Radiactivos/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site area is considered to have been highly contaminated with radioactive fallout during 40 years of continuous nuclear testing. Individuals living near the nuclear test site are considered to have been exposed to both internal and external radiation. In order to assess the effects of prolonged radiation, a chromosome analysis was performed in lymphocytes from 123 people living in three villages, Dolon, Sarjar and Kaynar, and 46 control people in Kokpekty. A micronucleus assay was also conducted in 233 people in six different contaminated villages and one control village. Frequencies of dicentric and ring chromosomes were higher in residents of the contaminated area (1.55-2.56 per 1,000 cells) than those of the non-contaminated area (0.78 per 1,000 cells). Frequencies of dicentric chromosomes with fragments were also higher in the exposed group (0.44-0.96 per 1,000 cells). Among residents of the four villages, the incidence of multiple complex chromosome aberrations (MCA) was 0.03-0.34%. Incidences of micronucleus were also higher in the exposed group (9.36-12.3 per 1,000 lymphocytes) than the non-exposed group (7.25 per 1,000 lymphocytes). The higher incidence of unstable-type aberrations such as dicentric, ring chromosomes and micronuclei found in residents of contaminated areas seems to be mainly caused by internal exposure and other factors.
Asunto(s)
Aberraciones Cromosómicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Linfocitos/ultraestructura , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/estadística & datos numéricos , Guerra Nuclear/estadística & datos numéricos , Traumatismos por Radiación/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Adulto , Humanos , Incidencia , Kazajstán/epidemiología , Linfocitos/efectos de la radiación , Traumatismos por Radiación/genética , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Chromosomal studies in peripheral lymphocytes from 63 residents near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, at ages of 52-63 years old, were performed in 2001-2002. A higher rate of chromosome aberrations was observed in the two contaminated villages, Dolon and Sarjal, compared with the control village, Kokpekti. Moreover, a relationship of frequency of cells with radiation induced chromosome aberrations and the previously estimated exposure dose was observed. Furthermore, apparent nuclear abnormalities (ANA) of thyroid follicular cells were studied in 30 out of 63 residents, who were examined for chromosome aberrations. A higher rate of ANA was also found in the residents in the exposed villages compared with those in the control village. These results suggest radiation effects both on the chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes and on the follicular cells in the thyroid.
Asunto(s)
Núcleo Celular/patología , Núcleo Celular/efectos de la radiación , Aberraciones Cromosómicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Linfocitos/patología , Traumatismos por Radiación/epidemiología , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de la radiación , Adolescente , Adulto , Biopsia con Aguja/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Kazajstán/epidemiología , Linfocitos/efectos de la radiación , Masculino , Pruebas de Micronúcleos/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Guerra Nuclear/estadística & datos numéricos , Traumatismos por Radiación/genética , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
From 1949 to 1989, 488 nuclear explosions were carried out in Semipalatinsk, and the cancer risk is increased in this region. Measuring somatic-cell mutation frequencies may be a useful tool for evaluating cancer risk within radiation-exposed populations. Here, we report the first evidence of increased T-cell receptor (TCR) mutations in peripheral blood from radiation-exposed residents of Semipalatinsk. The TCR mutation frequency in the highly exposed residents (Dolon and Sarzhal) was significantly higher than in the control group (Kokpekti). There was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the weakly exposed group (Kaynar and Semipalatinsk-city). The TCR mutation assay appeared to be a useful biological dosimeter even after a period of 40 years since radiation exposure. This may be the result of specific conditions, such as the presence of internal exposure.
Asunto(s)
Guerra Nuclear/estadística & datos numéricos , Traumatismos por Radiación/epidemiología , Traumatismos por Radiación/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Incidencia , Kazajstán/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
It was determined by experts that in the region adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site thyroid nodular prevalence was significantly associated with radiation dose from nuclear weapons testing. The medical rehabilitation of patients is of special practical and scientific importance in this region. Some patients have contraindications for surgery and radioiodine or refuse them for various reasons. Percutaneous intranodular injection therapy by "Paoscle" (PIITP) was used for treatment of patients with benign thyroid nodular diseases. The study group included a total of 107 patients (mainly "pretoxic" and "compensated" nodules). Seventy-four patients received PIITP on an out-patient basis. Seventy-two of them were women and 2 men, mean age, 52.9 +/- 1.3 years; range 26 to 77 years. Thyroid ultrasound examination, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, thyroid function tests and cytopathology were performed in all patients to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The nodule volume reduction rate for patients with thyroid adenomas was 56 % on average and 60.2 % in the case of colloid nodules. The reduction rate of thyroid adenomas with necrotic and cystic degeneration was higher and reached 72 %. The suggested method is indicated for cases of benign nodular thyroid diseases (cysts, adenomas, adenomas with necrotic and cystic degeneration, colloid nodules, polynodular goiter). We did not reveal any complications or thyroid test abnormalities after the treatment. A tendency to normalization of the blood serum thyroglobulin level and antibodies to thyroglobulin was documented. Analysis of the treatment results revealed that this approach is effective, inexpensive, safe, well tolerated and can be used on an outpatient basis.