[Risk management system to reduce COVID-19 infection in health personnelSistema de gestão de riscos para reduzir o contágio de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde]. / Sistema de gestión de riesgos para reducir el contagio de COVID-19 en el personal de salud.

Objective: To assess the occupational factors associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 in health personnel who were exposed to different magnitudes of risk and who followed the United Nations crisis management policy for COVID-19. Methods: Cross-sectional survey conducted between April and May 2021. The low-risk group (LRG) were considered to be those who had minimal contact with patients; the medium-risk group (MRG) had contact with non-COVID-19 patients and did not perform instrumental airway intervention; and the high-risk group (HRG) were those who cared for COVID-19 patients and performed instrumental intervention with aerosol generation. Diagnosed COVID-19 disease and the presence of positive IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 measured with Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 were considered as outcomes. Results: Outcome recorded in 43.8% of the LRG, versus 46.7% in the MRG (odds ratio [OR]: 1.125; 95% confidence interval [CI 95% ]: 0.896-1.414; p = 0.311), and 48.6% in the HRG (OR: 1,214; CI 95%: 0.964-1.530; p= 0.10). Conclusion: Belonging to the high-risk group and the medium-risk group, based on the degree of exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients in the work area, was not associated with a higher occurrence of disease or seroconversion.

Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores ocupacionais associados à ocorrência de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde expostos a diferentes níveis de risco utilizando a política de gestão de crises elaborada pelas Nações Unidas para a COVID-19. Métodos: Pesquisa transversal realizada entre abril e maio de 2021. O grupo de risco baixo (GRB) consistia em profissionais que tinham contato mínimo com os pacientes; o grupo de risco médio (GRM) incluía profissionais que tinham contato com pacientes sem COVID-19 e não realizavam intervenções instrumentais nas vias aéreas; e grupo de risco alto (GRA), profissionais que cuidavam de pacientes com COVID-19 e realizavam intervenções instrumentais com geração de aerossóis. Para estabelecer o desfecho, considerou-se a história de COVID-19 do profissional de saúde e a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2 por Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: A doença foi diagnosticada em 43,8% dos profissionais no GRB, 46,7% no GRM (razão de chances ajustada: 1,125; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311) e 48,6% no GRA (razão de chances: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusões: Pertencer ao GRM e ao GRA em função do nível de exposição a pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 no ambiente de trabalho não foi associado a um aumento da ocorrência da doença ou da soroconversão.

Sistema de gestión de riesgos para reducir el contagio de COVID-19 en el personal de salud

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores laborales asociados con la ocurrencia de COVID-19 en el personal de salud expuesto a distinta magnitud de riesgo con el uso de la política de gestión de crisis de las Naciones Unidas para COVID-19. Métodos. Encuesta transversal realizada entre abril y mayo del 2021. Se consideraron como grupo de riesgo bajo (GRB) quienes tenían contacto mínimo con pacientes; de riesgo medio (GRM) a quienes tenían contacto con pacientes no-COVID-19 y no realizaban intervención instrumental de vías respiratorias; y de riesgo alto (GRA) a quienes atendían pacientes COVID-19 y realizaban intervención instrumental con generación de aerosoles. Se consideró como desenlace el antecedente de enfermedad diagnosticada de COVID-19 y la presencia de anticuerpos IgG positivos contra el SARS-CoV-2 medida con Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. Desenlace en 43,8% en el GRB; 46,7% en el GRM (razón de momios [RM]: 1,125; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311); y 48,6% en el GRA (RM: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusión. Pertenecer al GRM y al GRA por el grado de exposición a pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 en el área de trabajo no se asoció con mayor ocurrencia de enfermedad o de seroconversión.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To document trends in inequity in homicide rates in Mexico for the period 2000–2021, at the state and national levels. Methods. An observational, longitudinal ecological study was conducted in which standardized homicide mortality rates were estimated, by municipality and sex. Municipalities were classified in five groups, accor- ding to the Social Lag Index. The absolute inequality gap was obtained, as well as differences between groups with very high and very low social lag, for each year of the study period. Results. In the 32 states, an increase was observed in the rate of death by homicide, with higher rates among men but a greater relative increase among women (+127.86% vs. +110.03%). The absolute gap between municipalities with very high and very low social lag narrowed in the period, due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with low social lag and a modest reduction in municipalities with very high social lag. Conclusions. In Mexico, between 2000 and 2021, the absolute gap in deaths by homicide between municipa- lities with very high and very low social lag declined due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with lower social lag. It is necessary to strengthen policies and actions aimed at addressing the social determinants of interpersonal violence.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar os fatores ocupacionais associados à ocorrência de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde expostos a diferentes níveis de risco utilizando a política de gestão de crises elaborada pelas Nações Unidas para a COVID-19. Métodos. Pesquisa transversal realizada entre abril e maio de 2021. O grupo de risco baixo (GRB) consistia em profissionais que tinham contato mínimo com os pacientes; o grupo de risco médio (GRM) incluía profis- sionais que tinham contato com pacientes sem COVID-19 e não realizavam intervenções instrumentais nas vias aéreas; e grupo de risco alto (GRA), profissionais que cuidavam de pacientes com COVID-19 e realiza- vam intervenções instrumentais com geração de aerossóis. Para estabelecer o desfecho, considerou-se a história de COVID-19 do profissional de saúde e a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2 por Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. A doença foi diagnosticada em 43,8% dos profissionais no GRB, 46,7% no GRM (razão de chan- ces ajustada: 1,125; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311) e 48,6% no GRA (razão de chances: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusões. Pertencer ao GRM e ao GRA em função do nível de exposição a pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 no ambiente de trabalho não foi associado a um aumento da ocorrência da doença ou da soroconversão.

Risk Assessment of Dyslipidemias, Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia, and Hypertension Utilizing Self-Reported Body Silhouettes.

Objective: Self-reported body silhouette is an anthropometric instrument that has been utilized as a screening tool for underweight, overweight, obesity, and other abnormal anthropometric variables. Herein, we analyzed the risk associated with the self-reported body silhouette in the scope of dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. Methods: Adult participants of the Health Workers Cohort Study enrolled between March 2004 and April 2006 were included. Then, risk analysis was performed considering dyslipidemias as serum triglycerides, high total cholesterol, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension. Results: A total of 2,297 males and 5,003 females were analyzed. The median ages of the studied population was 39 (30-49) and 41 (31-50) years for males and females, respectively. Overall, there is a stepwise increase in the risk of presenting dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension as the self-reported body silhouette number increases, this tendency was observed in both males and females. Conclusion: Self-reported body silhouette is a useful risk assessment tool for dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertension in Mexican adults. Applications of questioners containing this silhouette might be considered a valuable public health instrument due to their low cost, relative simplicity, and absence of specialized equipment, training, or respondent knowledge.

Risk symptoms for progression in Covid-19. Telemedicine cohort study.

Not available.

Sistema de gestión de riesgos para reducir el contagio de COVID-19 en el personal de salud / Risk management system to reduce COVID-19 infection in health personnel / Sistema de gestão de riscos para reduzir o contágio de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los factores laborales asociados con la ocurrencia de COVID-19 en el personal de salud expuesto a distinta magnitud de riesgo con el uso de la política de gestión de crisis de las Naciones Unidas para COVID-19. Métodos. Encuesta transversal realizada entre abril y mayo del 2021. Se consideraron como grupo de riesgo bajo (GRB) quienes tenían contacto mínimo con pacientes; de riesgo medio (GRM) a quienes tenían contacto con pacientes no-COVID-19 y no realizaban intervención instrumental de vías respiratorias; y de riesgo alto (GRA) a quienes atendían pacientes COVID-19 y realizaban intervención instrumental con generación de aerosoles. Se consideró como desenlace el antecedente de enfermedad diagnosticada de COVID-19 y la presencia de anticuerpos IgG positivos contra el SARS-CoV-2 medida con Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. Desenlace en 43,8% en el GRB; 46,7% en el GRM (razón de momios [RM]: 1,125; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311); y 48,6% en el GRA (RM: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusión. Pertenecer al GRM y al GRA por el grado de exposición a pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 en el área de trabajo no se asoció con mayor ocurrencia de enfermedad o de seroconversión.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the occupational factors associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 in health personnel who were exposed to different magnitudes of risk and who followed the United Nations crisis management policy for COVID-19. Methods. Cross-sectional survey conducted between April and May 2021. The low-risk group (LRG) were considered to be those who had minimal contact with patients; the medium-risk group (MRG) had contact with non-COVID-19 patients and did not perform instrumental airway intervention; and the high-risk group (HRG) were those who cared for COVID-19 patients and performed instrumental intervention with aerosol generation. Diagnosed COVID-19 disease and the presence of positive IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 measured with Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 were considered as outcomes. Results. Outcome recorded in 43.8% of the LRG, versus 46.7% in the MRG (odds ratio [OR]: 1.125; 95% confidence interval [CI 95% ]: 0.896-1.414; p = 0.311), and 48.6% in the HRG (OR: 1,214; CI 95%: 0.964-1.530; p= 0.10). Conclusion. Belonging to the high-risk group and the medium-risk group, based on the degree of exposure to confirmed COVID-19 patients in the work area, was not associated with a higher occurrence of disease or seroconversion.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar os fatores ocupacionais associados à ocorrência de COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde expostos a diferentes níveis de risco utilizando a política de gestão de crises elaborada pelas Nações Unidas para a COVID-19. Métodos. Pesquisa transversal realizada entre abril e maio de 2021. O grupo de risco baixo (GRB) consistia em profissionais que tinham contato mínimo com os pacientes; o grupo de risco médio (GRM) incluía profissionais que tinham contato com pacientes sem COVID-19 e não realizavam intervenções instrumentais nas vias aéreas; e grupo de risco alto (GRA), profissionais que cuidavam de pacientes com COVID-19 e realizavam intervenções instrumentais com geração de aerossóis. Para estabelecer o desfecho, considerou-se a história de COVID-19 do profissional de saúde e a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2 por Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Resultados. A doença foi diagnosticada em 43,8% dos profissionais no GRB, 46,7% no GRM (razão de chances ajustada: 1,125; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,896-1,414; p = 0,311) e 48,6% no GRA (razão de chances: 1,214; IC95%: 0,964-1,530; p = 0,10). Conclusões. Pertencer ao GRM e ao GRA em função do nível de exposição a pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 no ambiente de trabalho não foi associado a um aumento da ocorrência da doença ou da soroconversão.

DIA-Person Integration Model to increase the quality of teaching, research and medical care. A person-oriented strategy.

Current model of medicine has made for medical care, teaching and research to be driven apart, with an impact on the patient: during the process of care, the doctor fails to apply the scientific method, he only treats the ailment without accompanying the patient. The medical researcher looks for answers to questions far removed from patient ailments and, in the best-case scenario, conducts research on patient specimens. In addition, the student-teacher dyad is characterized by the transmission of knowledge and leaves aside understanding of the patient. Patients, doctors, researchers and students are oblivious to decision-making and, without questioning, they merely follow processes. One way to address the problem is to return to the DIA-person Integration Model: "concern and doing for the person, accompanied by the integration of teaching, research and medical care", which would allow the transfer of knowledge, skills and benefits from one activity to others. The model consists of contrasting the patient condition with knowledge, carrying out research during and parallel to the medical care-teaching process, as well as applying the architecture of research model "clinical judgment structured description", as a reference and reflection process that integrates the activities of teaching-research and person-oriented medical care.

El modelo actual de la medicina ha distanciado la atención médica, la docencia y la investigación, con impacto en el paciente: durante la atención, el médico omite aplicar el método científico, solo atiende la dolencia sin acompañar al paciente; el investigador médico busca respuestas a preguntas alejadas de las dolencias del paciente y, en el mejor de los casos, realiza investigación en especímenes provenientes de este; la díada estudiante-profesor se caracteriza por la transmisión de conocimiento y deja de lado la comprensión del paciente. Pacientes, médicos, investigadores y estudiantes son ajenos a la toma de decisiones y sin cuestionamientos solo siguen procesos. Una manera de abordar el problema es regresar al Modelo de Integración DIA-persona: "la preocupación y el hacer por la persona, acompañados por la integración de docencia, investigación y atención médica", lo que permitiría el traslado del conocimiento, destrezas y beneficios de una actividad a otra. El modelo consiste en contrastar la condición del paciente con el conocimiento, realizar investigación durante y en paralelo al proceso de atención-docencia médica, así como aplicar el modelo arquitectónico de la investigación "descripción estructurada del juicio clínico", como proceso de referencia y reflexión que integra las actividades de docencia-investigación y atención médica orientadas a la persona.

Modelo de Integración DIA-Persona para incrementar la calidad de la docencia, investigación y atención médica. Estrategia orientada a la persona / DIA-Person Integration Model to increase the quality of teaching, research and medical care. A person-oriented strategy

Resumen El modelo actual de la medicina ha distanciado la atención médica, la docencia y la investigación, con impacto en el paciente: durante la atención, el médico omite aplicar el método científico, solo atiende la dolencia sin acompañar al paciente; el investigador médico busca respuestas a preguntas alejadas de las dolencias del paciente y, en el mejor de los casos, realiza investigación en especímenes provenientes de este; la díada estudiante-profesor se caracteriza por la transmisión de conocimiento y deja de lado la comprensión del paciente. Pacientes, médicos, investigadores y estudiantes son ajenos a la toma de decisiones y sin cuestionamientos solo siguen procesos. Una manera de abordar el problema es regresar al Modelo de Integración DIA-persona: "la preocupación y el hacer por la persona, acompañados por la integración de docencia, investigación y atención médica", lo que permitiría el traslado del conocimiento, destrezas y beneficios de una actividad a otra. El modelo consiste en contrastar la condición del paciente con el conocimiento, realizar investigación durante y en paralelo al proceso de atención-docencia médica, así como aplicar el modelo arquitectónico de la investigación "descripción estructurada del juicio clínico", como proceso de referencia y reflexión que integra las actividades de docencia-investigación y atención médica orientadas a la persona.

Abstract Current model of medicine has made for medical care, teaching and research to be driven apart, with an impact on the patient: during the process of care, the doctor fails to apply the scientific method, he only treats the ailment without accompanying the patient. The medical researcher looks for answers to questions far removed from patient ailments and, in thebest-case scenario, conducts research on patient specimens. In addition, the student-teacher dyad is characterized by thetransmission of knowledge and leaves aside understanding of the patient. Patients, doctors, researchers and students are oblivious to decision-making and, without questioning, they merely follow processes. One way to address the problem is to return to the DIA-person Integration Model "concern and doing for the person, accompanied by the integration of teaching, research and medical care", which would allow the transfer of knowledge, skills and benefits from one activity to others. The model consists of contrasting the patient condition with knowledge, carrying out research during and parallel to the medical care-teaching process, as well as applying the architecture of research model "clinical judgment structured description", as a reference and reflection process that integrates the activities of teaching-research and person-oriented medical care.

Effect of a ready-to-use supplementary food on the recovery of preschool children with malnutrition.

INTRODUCTION: In developing countries, protein-energy malnutrition causes 60% of deaths in children < 5 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) on moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in preschool children. METHOD: Clinical trial that included 155 children with MAM (weight/height Z-score > -3 and ≤ -2). Each child received RUSF in the form of biscuits, four per day (250 kcal), for 12 months. The tutor received education on nutrition, health and hygiene. Recovery (weight/height Z-score > -2) at four, six, and 12 months was assessed using intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. Changes in chronic malnutrition were also analyzed. RESULTS: In the first semester, adequate RUSF consumption was observed in 61% of the children, and in 42% in the second semester. In the ITT analysis, 78% were identified to have recovered, with 38% reaching normal nutritional values; in the PP analysis, > 90% recovered and > 40% reached normal values. Recovery from chronic malnutrition was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of RUSF and an educational program reduced MAM.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En países en desarrollo, la desnutrición proteico-energética causa 60 % de las muertes en los niños menores de cinco años. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de un suplemento alimenticio listo para consumir (SALC) en la desnutrición aguda moderada (DAM) en niños preescolares. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico que incluyó 155 niños con DAM (puntuación Z de peso/talla [pZ] mayor de −3 y menor o igual a −2). Cada niño recibió SALC en forma de galletas, cuatro por día (250 kcal), durante 12 meses. El tutor recibió educación sobre nutrición, salud e higiene. La recuperación (pZ peso/talla mayor de −2) a los cuatro, seis y 12 meses se evaluó con un análisis por intención a tratar (AIT) y por protocolo (APP). También se analizaron cambios en la desnutrición crónica. RESULTADOS: En el primer semestre se observó consumo adecuado del SALC en 61 % de los niños y en 42 % en el segundo semestre. Con el AIT se identificó que 78 % se recuperó y 38 % alcanzó valores normales de nutrición; con el APP, > 90 % se recuperó y > 40 % alcanzó valores normales. Se observó recuperación de la desnutrición crónica. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de SALC y un programa educativo redujeron la DAM.

Back to the clinic. Methods II. The Architecture of Clinical Research. Subject interaction, maneuvers and disease throughout time.

Medicine is characterized by the application of the scientific method through clinical judgment, by correct interpretation and use of the clinical course and/or natural history of the disease; its best description is observed in the architecture of clinical research. Through a temporal sequence, this model explains the phenomenon of causality with three sections: baseline status, maneuver, and outcome. The baseline status assesses who the patient is, where does he come from, his general conditions, the diagnosis, stage and aggressiveness of the pathology, complications, previous therapies, socioeconomic-cultural level, habits, therapeutic indications or contraindications, and the expected evolution is anticipated. In the maneuver, risk or prognostic factors, specific or symptomatic treatment, and general measures can be evaluated. In the outcome, early and late evolution are monitored. The model also allows the causes of follow-up loss to be determined. Anticipating patient evolution by recognizing his condition, disease, and expected effect of medical decisions allows acting in advance, since waiting for the manifestations of the evolutionary process of disease results in detriment to the patient.

La medicina se caracteriza por la aplicación del método científico a través del juicio clínico, por la correcta interpretación y el uso del curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; su descripción más lograda la observamos en la arquitectura de la investigación clínica. A través de una secuencia temporal, este modelo explica el fenómeno de causalidad con tres apartados: estado basal, maniobra y desenlace. En el estado basal se evalúa quién es el paciente, de donde proviene, sus condiciones generales, el diagnóstico, el estadio y la agresividad de la patología, las complicaciones, terapias previas, nivel socioeconómi­co-cultural, hábitos, indicaciones o contraindicaciones terapéuticas y se prevé la evolución esperada. De la maniobra se pueden evaluar los factores de riesgo o pronóstico, tratamiento específico, sintomático y medidas generales. En el desenlace se vigila la evolución temprana y tardía. El modelo también permite determinar las causas de pérdida de seguimiento. Anticipar la evo­lución del paciente al reconocer su condición, enfermedad y efecto esperado de la decisiones médicas permite actuar antici­padamente, ya que esperar las manifestaciones del proceso evolutivo de la enfermedad resulta en detrimento del paciente.

Sensitivity and specificity of increased pulse pressure as a diagnostic test for K/DOQI stage III-b CKD.

BACKGROUND: Increased pulse pressure (IPP) is associated with an estimated glomerular filtration ≤ 60/mL/min/1.73 m2; thus, it can be useful as a diagnostic test to identify people with K/DOQI stage III-b chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of IPP as a diagnostic test for K/DOQI stage III-b CKD. METHOD: Diagnostic test study that included adult patients without comorbidities, registered in the Health Workers Cohort. The CKD-EPI formula was used to calculate glomerular filtration. Pulse pressure was determined by subtracting diastolic from systolic blood pressure. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and prevalence were calculated using standard formulas. A ROC curve was generated to determine the area under the curve. RESULTS: A total of 6,215 patients were included. An IPP ≥ 50 mmHg was observed to have a sensitivity of 74 %, specificity of 70 %, positive predictive value of 1 %, negative predictive value of 100 % and a prevalence of 1 %. The inflection point in the ROC curve to identify K/DOQI III-b CKD was 0.71. CONCLUSION: An IPP ≥ 50 mmHg is useful as a diagnostic test to identify people with K/DOQI stage III-b CKD.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La presión de pulso ampliada (PPA) se asocia a un filtrado glomerular calculado ≤ 60/mL/minuto/1.73 m2, por lo que puede ser útil como prueba diagnóstica para identificar a personas con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) estadio K/DOQI III-b. OBJETIVO: Determinar la utilidad de la PPA como prueba diagnóstica de IRC estadio K/DOQI III-b. MÉTODO: Estudio de prueba diagnóstica que incluyó a pacientes adultos sin comorbilidades, registrados en la Cohorte de Trabajadores de la Salud. Se utilizó la fórmula CKD-EPI para calcular la filtración glomerular. Se determinó la presión de pulso restando la presión arterial diastólica a la presión arterial sistólica. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y prevalencia. Se elaboró una curva ROC para determinar el área bajo la curva. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 6215 pacientes. Se observó que una PPA ≥ 50 mm Hg tuvo sensibilidad de 74 %, especificidad de 70 %, valor predictivo positivo de 1 %, valor predictivo negativo de 100 % y prevalencia de 1 %. El punto de inflexión en la curva ROC para identificar IRC K/DOQI III-b fue de 0.71. CONCLUSIÓN: La PPA ≥ 50 mm Hg es útil como prueba diagnóstica para identificar a personas con IRC estadio K/DOQI III-b.

U-shaped-aggressiveness of SARS-CoV-2: Period between initial symptoms and clinical progression to COVID-19 suspicion. A population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of different COVID-19 clinical presentations may depict distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and guide management strategies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the aggressiveness of SARS-CoV-2 using symptom progression in COVID-19 patients. DESIGN: Historic cohort study of Mexican patients. Data from January-April 2020 were provided by the Health Ministry. SETTING: Population-based. Patients registered in the Epidemiologic Surveillance System in Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects who sought medical attention for clinical suspicion of COVID-19. All patients were subjected to RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. MEASUREMENTS: We measured the Period between initial symptoms and clinical progression to COVID-19 suspicion (PISYCS) and compared it to the primary outcomes (mortality and pneumonia). RESULTS: 65,500 patients were included. Reported fatalities and pneumonia were 2176 (3.32%), and 11568 (17.66%), respectively. According to the PISYCS, patients were distributed as follows: 14.89% in <24 hours, 43.25% between 1-3 days, 31.87% between 4-7 days and 9.97% >7 days. The distribution for mortality and pneumonia was 5.2% and 22.5% in <24 hours, 2.5% and 14% between 1-3 days, 3.6% and 19.5% between 4-7 days, 4.1% and 20.6% >7 days, respectively (p<0.001). Adjusted-risk of mortality was (OR [95% CI], p-value): <24 hours = 1.75 [1.55-1.98], p<0.001; 1-3 days = 1 (reference value); 4-7 days = 1.53 [1.37-1.70], p<0.001; >7 days = 1.67 [1.44-1.94], p<0.001. For pneumonia: <24 hours = 1.49 [1.39-1.58], p<0.001; 1-3 days = 1; 4-7 days = 1.48 [1.41-1.56], p<0.001; >7 days = 1.57 [1.46-1.69], p<0.001. LIMITATIONS: Using a database fed by large numbers of people carries the risk of data inaccuracy. However, this imprecision is expected to be random and data are consistent with previous studies. CONCLUSION: The PISYCS shows a U-shaped SARS-CoV-2 aggressiveness pattern. Further studies are needed to corroborate the time-related pathophysiology behind these findings.

Prevención de desnutrición aguda moderada con un suplemento alimenticio listo para consumir en niños preescolares de comunidades rurales / Moderate acute malnutrition prevention with a ready-to-use therapeutic food in pre-school children from rural communities

Resumen Introducción: La desnutrición infantil en México alcanza prevalencias de 27.5 % en zonas rurales. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un suplemento alimenticio listo para consumir (SALC) para corregir desnutrición aguda leve y prevenir desnutrición aguda moderada en preescolares de comunidades rurales. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado por grupos: con y sin SALC (g-SALC y g-S/SALC); se incluyeron niños de dos a cinco años, con puntuaciones-Z de peso para la talla (pZ-P/T) mayor de −2 y menor de −1 y nivel socioeconómico bajo. Todos recibieron educación sobre nutrición, salud e higiene dos veces al mes; los niños del g-SALC debieron consumir diariamente una porción del suplemento. Se evaluó pZ-P/T al inicio y a los cuatro, seis y 12 meses. La comparación entre grupos se realizó con el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: Respecto a la recuperación de desnutrición aguda leve, en g-SALC se observó 68.7 versus 52.1% en el grupo control en el análisis de intención para tratar, con una razón de riesgo (HR) = 1.25; en el análisis por protocolo del primer semestre se observó una HR = 1.48 y en el segundo semestre, HR = 1.56. Un paciente progresó a desnutrición aguda moderada. Conclusiones: El g-SALC mostró resolución significativamente mayor de desnutrición aguda leve.

Abstract Introduction: Child malnutrition in Mexico reaches a prevalence as high as 27.5 % in rural areas. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) to correct mild acute malnutrition and prevent moderate acute malnutrition in preschool children from rural communities. Method: Randomized clinical trial, with assignment to two groups: group with RUSF (RUSF-g) or group without it (non-RUSF-g); children aged from two to five years, with weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ) between -2 and -1 and low socioeconomic status were included. All received education on nutrition, health and hygiene twice monthly; the RUSF-g children had to consume four biscuits of the supplement every day. WHZ was assessed at baseline and at four, six, and 12 months. The comparison between groups was carried out with Cox proportional hazards model. Results: With regard to mild acute malnutrition correction in the RUSF-g, 68.7 versus 52.1 % in the control group was observed in the intent-to-treat analysis, with a hazard ratio (HR) = 1.25; in the per-protocol analysis of first semester, a HR = 1.48 was observed, and in the second semester, HR = 1.56. One patient progressed to moderate acute malnutrition. Conclusions: The RUSF-g showed a significantly higher resolution of mild acute malnutrition.

Sensibilidad y especificidad de la presión de pulso ampliada como prueba diagnóstica de IRC estadio K/DOQI III-b / Sensitivity and specificity of increased pulse pressure as a diagnostic test for K/DOQI III-b

Resumen Introducción: La presión de pulso ampliada (PPA) se asocia a un filtrado glomerular calculado ≤ 60/mL/minuto/1.73 m2, por lo que puede ser útil como prueba diagnóstica para identificar a personas con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) estadio K/DOQI III-b. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la PPA como prueba diagnóstica de IRC estadio K/DOQI III-b. Método: Estudio de prueba diagnóstica que incluyó a pacientes adultos sin comorbilidades, registrados en la Cohorte de Trabajadores de la Salud. Se utilizó la fórmula CKD-EPI para calcular la filtración glomerular. Se determinó la presión de pulso restando la presión arterial diastólica a la presión arterial sistólica. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y prevalencia. Se elaboró una curva ROC para determinar el área bajo la curva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6215 pacientes. Se observó que una PPA ≥ 50 mm Hg tuvo sensibilidad de 74 %, especificidad de 70 %, valor predictivo positivo de 1 %, valor predictivo negativo de 100 % y prevalencia de 1 %. El punto de inflexión en la curva ROC para identificar IRC K/DOQI III-b fue de 0.71. Conclusión: La PPA ≥ 50 mm Hg es útil como prueba diagnóstica para identificar a personas con IRC estadio K/DOQI III-b.

Abstract Introduction: Increased pulse pressure (IPP) is associated an estimated glomerular filtration ≤ 60/mL/min/1.73 m2; thus, it can be useful as a diagnostic test to identify people with K/DOQI stage III-b chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: To determine the usefulness of IPP as a diagnostic test for K/DOQI stage III-b CKD. Method: Diagnostic test study that included adult patients without comorbidities, registered in the Health Workers Cohort. The CKD-EPI formula was used to calculate glomerular filtration. Pulse pressure was determined by subtracting diastolic from systolic blood pressure. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and prevalence were calculated using standard formulas. A ROC curve was generated to determine the area under the curve. Results: A total of 6,215 patients were included. An IPP ≥ 50 mmHg was observed to have a sensitivity of 74 %, specificity of 70 %, positive predictive value of 1 %, negative predictive value of 100 % and a prevalence of 1 %. The inflection point in the ROC curve to identify K/DOQI III-b CKD was 0.71. Conclusion: An IPP ≥ 50 mmHg is useful as a diagnostic test to identify people with K/DOQI stage III-b CKD.

De vuelta a la clínica. Métodos II. Arquitectura de la investigación clínica. Interacción sujeto, maniobras y enfermedad a través del tiempo / Back to the clinic. Methods II. Architecture of clinical research. Subject interaction, maneuvers and disease throughout time

Resumen La medicina se caracteriza por la aplicación del método científico a través del juicio clínico, por la correcta interpretación y el uso del curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; su descripción más lograda la observamos en la arquitectura de la investigación clínica. A través de una secuencia temporal, este modelo explica el fenómeno de causalidad con tres apartados: estado basal, maniobra y desenlace. En el estado basal se evalúa quién es el paciente, de donde proviene, sus condiciones generales, el diagnóstico, el estadio y la agresividad de la patología, las complicaciones, terapias previas, nivel socioeconómico-cultural, hábitos, indicaciones o contraindicaciones terapéuticas y se prevé la evolución esperada. De la maniobra se pueden evaluar los factores de riesgo o pronóstico, tratamiento específico, sintomático y medidas generales. En el desenlace se vigila la evolución temprana y tardía. El modelo también permite determinar las causas de pérdida de seguimiento. Anticipar la evolución del paciente al reconocer su condición, enfermedad y efecto esperado de la decisiones médicas permite actuar anticipadamente, ya que esperar las manifestaciones del proceso evolutivo de la enfermedad resulta en detrimento del paciente.

Abstract Medicine is characterized by the application of the scientific method through clinical judgment, by correct interpretation and use of the clinical course and/or natural history of the disease; its best description is observed in the architecture of clinical research. Through a temporal sequence, this model explains the phenomenon of causality with three sections: baseline status, maneuver, and outcome. The baseline status assesses who the patient is, where does he come from, his general conditions, the diagnosis, stage and aggressiveness of the pathology, complications, previous therapies, socioeconomic-cultural level, habits, therapeutic indications or contraindications and the expected evolution is anticipated. In the maneuver, risk or prognostic factors, specific or symptom treatment, and general measures could be evaluated. In the outcome, early and late evolution are monitored. The model also allows the causes of follow-up loss to be determined. Anticipating patient evolution by recognizing his condition, disease, and expected effect of medical decisions allows acting in advance, since waiting for the manifestations of the evolutionary process of disease results in detriment to the patient.

Surgical and Pharmacological Outcomes in Acromegaly: Real-Life Data From the Mexican Acromegaly Registry.

CONTEXT: Acromegaly registries constitute a valuable source of therapeutic outcome information in real-life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to analyze surgical and pharmacological outcomes in the Mexican Acromegaly Registry (MAR). DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were extracted from the MAR informatic platform. Surgical remission was defined by a postoperative postglucose (GH) of less than 1 ng/mL and an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) of less than 1.2 × upper limit of normal (ULN). Pharmacological remission was defined by a basal GH of less than 1 ng/mL and an IGF-1 of less than 1.2 × ULN. RESULTS: A total of 650 surgical outcomes were analyzed (94.6% transsphenoidal). Surgical remission was achieved in 40.15%, whereas 44.15% remained biochemically active. Persistently active disease after surgery was significantly associated with harboring an invasive macroadenoma, a basal GH of greater than 10 ng/mL, and/or an IGF-1 of greater than 2 × ULN at diagnosis on bivariate and multivariate analysis. The outcome of monotherapy with first-generation somatostatin analogs (SSAs) was evaluated in 267 patients (adjunctive in 65%), of whom 28.4% achieved remission. Persistently active disease was significantly associated with harboring an invasive macroadenoma as well as with pretreatment basal GH and IGF-1 levels of greater than 10 ng/mL and greater than 2 × ULN, respectively, on bivariate and multivariate analysis. Combined therapy with SSA and cabergoline was analyzed in 100 patients, of whom 19% achieved remission and 44% remained active; in this subset of patients, only a pretreatment IGF-1 of greater than 2 × ULN was significantly associated with persistent disease activity. CONCLUSION: Surgical and pharmacological outcomes in acromegaly are highly dependent on tumor size/invasiveness as well as on the degree of hypersomatotropinemia.

Height and weight progression patterns in Mexican children aged between 6 and 12 years and differences with Ramos-Galván growth charts 40 years later.

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents weight and height are a reflection of the health status and socioeconomic development of a population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate height and weight progression patterns of Mexican children and compare them with Dr. Ramos-Galván growth charts 40 years later. METHOD: Cross-sectional survey conducted on the population of the National Physical Activation Program "Ponte al 100", which includes boys and girls aged six to 12 years. RESULTS: 43,670 boys and 44,103 girls were assessed, stratified by gender and age. The height progression pattern between six and 12 years was 21 cm in males and 22 cm in females, whereas the weight progression pattern was 9.86 and 10.05 kg, respectively, for males and females. The proportion of six- and 12-year-old boys who were overweight was 11.2 and 9 %, while 14.7 and 15 % were obese. The proportion of six- and 12-year-old girls who were overweight was 8.2 and 9.1 %, whereas 21.7 and 13.3 %, respectively, were obese. When the obtained values were compared with those of Dr. Ramos Galván growth charts for boys and girls, the average difference was 2 cm. CONCLUSIONS: No secular height or weight increase within the last 40 years was documented.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El peso y la talla de niños y adolescentes son un reflejo del estado de salud y desarrollo socioeconómico de la población. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las progresiones de talla y peso de niños y niñas mexicanos y compararlas con las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván a 40 años de distancia. MÉTODO: Encuesta transversal realizada en población del Programa Nacional de Activación Física Ponte al 100, que incluye niños y niñas de seis a 12 años. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 43 670 niños y 44 103 niñas, que se estratificaron por sexo y edad. La progresión de talla entre los seis y 12 años fue de 21 cm en hombres y de 22 cm en mujeres; la progresión de peso fue de 9.86 y 10.05 kg, respectivamente para hombres y mujeres. La proporción de niños de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 11.2 y 9 % y con obesidad, de 14.7 y 15 %. La proporción de niñas de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 8.2 y 9.1 % y con obesidad, de 21.7 y 13.3 %, respectivamente. Al comparar los valores obtenidos con los de las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván para niños y niñas, el promedio de diferencia ue de 2 cm. CONCLUSIONES: No se documentó un incremento secular de la talla ni del peso en los últimos 40 años.

Progresión de talla y peso en niños y niñas entre 6 y 12 años y su diferencia con las tablas de Ramos Galván 40 años después / Height and weight progression patterns in Mexican children aged between 6 and 12 years and differences with Ramos-Galvan growth charts 40 years later

Resumen Introducción: El peso y la talla de niños y adolescentes son un reflejo del estado de salud y desarrollo socioeconómico de la población. Objetivo: Evaluar las progresiones de talla y peso de niños y niñas mexicanos y compararlas con las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván a 40 años de distancia. Método: Encuesta transversal realizada en población del Programa Nacional de Activación Física Ponte al 100, que incluye niños y niñas de seis a 12 años. Resultados: Se evaluaron 43 670 niños y 44 103 niñas, que se estratificaron por sexo y edad. La progresión de talla entre los seis y 12 años fue de 21 cm en hombres y de 22 cm en mujeres; la progresión de peso fue de 9.86 y 10.05 kg, respectivamente para hombres y mujeres. La proporción de niños de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 11.2 y 9 % y con obesidad, de 14.7 y 15 %. La proporción de niñas de seis y 12 años con sobrepeso fue de 8.2 y 9.1 % y con obesidad, de 21.7 y 13.3 %, respectivamente. Al comparar los valores obtenidos con los de las tablas del doctor Ramos Galván para niños y niñas, el promedio de diferencia fue de 2 cm. Conclusiones: No se documentó un incremento secular de la talla ni del peso en los últimos 40 años.

Abstract Introduction: Children and adolescents weight and height are a reflection of the health status and socioeconomic development of a population. Objective: To evaluate height and weight progression patterns of Mexican children and compare them with Dr. Ramos-Galván growth charts 40 years later. Method: Cross-sectional survey conducted on the population of the National Physical Activation Program Ponte al 100, which includes boys and girls aged 6-12 years. Results: 43,670 boys and 44,103 girls were assessed, stratified by gender and age. The height progression pattern between six and 12 years was 21 cm in males and 22 cm in females, whereas the weight progression pattern was 9.86 and 10.05 kg, respectively, for males and females. The proportion of 6- and 12-year-old boys who were overweight was 11.2 and 9%, while 14.7 and 15% were obese. The proportion of 6- and 12-year-old girls who were overweight was 8.2 and 9.1%, whereas 21.7 and 13.3%, respectively, were obese. When the obtained values were compared with those of Dr. Ramos Galván growth charts for boys and girls, the average difference was 2 cm. Conclusions: No secular height or weight increase within the last 40 years was documented.

Moderate acute malnutrition prevention with a ready-to-use supplementary food in pre-school children from rural communities.

INTRODUCTION: Child malnutrition in Mexico reaches a prevalence as high as 27.5 % in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) to correct mild acute malnutrition and prevent moderate acute malnutrition in preschool children from rural communities. METHOD: Randomized clinical trial, with assignment to two groups: group with RUSF (RUSF-g) or group without it (non-RUSF-g); children aged from two to five years, with weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ) between -2 and -1 and low socioeconomic status were included. All received education on nutrition, health and hygiene twice monthly; the RUSF-g children had to consume one portion of the supplement every day. WHZ was assessed at baseline and at four, six, and 12 months. The comparison between groups was carried out with Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: With regard to mild acute malnutrition correction in the RUSF-g, 68.7 versus 52.1 % in the control group was observed in the intent-to-treat analysis, with a hazard ratio (HR) = 1.25; in the per-protocol analysis of first semester, a HR = 1.48 was observed, and in the second semester, HR = 1.56. One patient progressed to moderate acute malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: The RUSF-g showed a significantly higher resolution of mild acute malnutrition. INTRODUCCIÓN: La desnutrición infantil en México alcanza prevalencias de 27.5 % en zonas rurales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de un suplemento alimenticio listo para consumir (SALC) para corregir desnutrición aguda leve y prevenir desnutrición aguda moderada en preescolares de comunidades rurales. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado por grupos: con y sin SALC (g-SALC y g-S/SALC); se incluyeron niños de dos a cinco años, con puntuaciones-Z de peso para la talla (pZ-P/T) mayor de −2 y menor de −1 y nivel socioeconómico bajo. Todos recibieron educación sobre nutrición, salud e higiene dos veces al mes; los niños del g-SALC debieron consumir diariamente una porción del suplemento. Se evaluó pZ-P/T al inicio y a los cuatro, seis y 12 meses. La comparación entre grupos se realizó con el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. RESULTADOS: Respecto a la recuperación de desnutrición aguda leve, en g-SALC se observó 68.7 versus 52.1 % en el grupo control en el análisis de intención para tratar, con una razón de riesgo (HR) = 1.25; en el análisis por protocolo del primer semestre se observó una HR = 1.48 y en el segundo semestre, HR = 1.56. Un paciente progresó a desnutrición aguda moderada. CONCLUSIONES: El g-SALC mostró resolución significativamente mayor de desnutrición aguda leve.

De vuelta a la clínica. Métodos I. Diseños de investigación. Mayor calidad de información, mayor certeza a la respuesta.

Research designs refer to the way information is obtained and are limited by ethical, economic and temporal viability. Research designs are standardized strategies to reduce biases, which in the architectural model of research are identified in the baseline state, the maneuver and the outcome; hence, there are no specific designs for each question. The design with the lowest probability of bias is the clinical trial, followed by cohort and case-control studies and, finally, by cross-sectional surveys. Among the main characteristics that give merit to research designs are the following: population inquiry, which refers to the situation of the population in relation to the clinical course/natural history of the disease; the maneuver, or action that is expected to modify the baseline state, which can be observational or experimental; follow-up, or documented monitoring that is given to each subject, which can be longitudinal or cross-sectional; and directionality, which can prolective or retrolective and refers to the timing of data collection for research purposes. It will always be better having a valuable question, even when answered with a design with higher risk of bias, than a question that is irrelevant or has no applicability.

Los diseños de investigación se refieren a la forma como se obtiene la información y están limitados por viabilidad ética, económica y temporal. Son estrategias estandarizadas para disminuir los sesgos que en el modelo arquitectónico de la investigación se identifican en el estado basal, maniobra y desenlace; de ahí que no hay diseños específicos para cada pregunta. El diseño con menor probabilidad de sesgos es el ensayo clínico, seguido de la cohorte, el estudio de casos y controles y, finalmente, la encuesta transversal. Entre las principales características que dan mérito a los diseños están las siguientes: la pesquisa de la población, que se refiere a la ubicación de la población en relación con el curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; la maniobra, o acción que se espera modifique la condición basal, que puede ser observacional o experimental; el seguimiento, o monitoreo documentado que se le da a cada sujeto, que puede ser longitudinal o transversal; y la direccionalidad, prolectiva o retrolectiva, que alude al tiempo de recopilación de la información con fines de investigación. Siempre será mejor tener una pregunta valiosa, incluso cuando se responda con un diseño con mayor riesgo de sesgos, que una pregunta irrelevante o sin aplicabilidad.

De vuelta a la clínica. Métodos I. Diseños de investigación. Mayor calidad de información, mayor certeza a la respuesta / Back to the clinic. Methods I. Research designs. Higher quality of information, greater certainty to the answer

Resumen Los diseños de investigación se refieren a la forma como se obtiene la información y están limitados por viabilidad ética, económica y temporal. Son estrategias estandarizadas para disminuir los sesgos que en el modelo arquitectónico de la investigación se identifican en el estado basal, maniobra y desenlace; de ahí que no hay diseños específicos para cada pregunta. El diseño con menor probabilidad de sesgos es el ensayo clínico, seguido de la cohorte, el estudio de casos y controles y, finalmente, la encuesta transversal. Entre las principales características que dan mérito a los diseños están las siguientes: la pesquisa de la población, que se refiere a la ubicación de la población en relación con el curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; la maniobra, o acción que se espera modifique la condición basal, que puede ser observacional o experimental; el seguimiento, o monitoreo documentado que se le da a cada sujeto, que puede ser longitudinal o transversal; y la direccionalidad, prolectiva o retrolectiva, que alude al tiempo de recopilación de la información con fines de investigación. Siempre será mejor tener una pregunta valiosa, incluso cuando se responda con un diseño con mayor riesgo de sesgos, que una pregunta irrelevante o sin aplicabilidad.

Abstract Research designs refer to the way information is obtained and are limited by ethical, economic and temporal viability. Research designs are standardized strategies to reduce biases, which in the architectural model of research are identified in the baseline state, the maneuver and the outcome; hence, there are no specific designs for each question. The design with the lowest probability of bias is the clinical trial, followed by cohort and case-control studies and, finally, by cross-sectional surveys. Among the main characteristics that give merit to research designs are the following: population inquiry, which refers to the situation of the population in relation to the clinical course/natural history of the disease; the maneuver, or action that is expected to modify the baseline state, which can be observational or experimental; follow-up, or documented monitoring that is given to each subject, which can be longitudinal or cross-sectional; and directionality, which can prolective or retrolective and refers to the timing of data collection for research purposes. It will always be better having a valuable question, even when answered with a design with higher risk of bias, than a question that is irrelevant or has no applicability.