Burnout and Well-Being Among Cardiology Fellowship Program Directors.

OBJECTIVES: The third annual Cardiovascular Diseases (CV) Fellowship Program Directors (PDs) Survey sought to understand burnout and well-being among CV fellowship PDs. BACKGROUND: Physician burnout is a common phenomenon. Data on burnout among cardiologists, specifically CV PDs, remain limited. METHODS: The survey contained 8 questions examining satisfaction, stress, and burnout among CV fellowship PDs. Burnout was defined based on the self-reported presence of ≥1 symptom of burnout, constant feelings of burnout, or complete burnout. RESULTS: Survey response rate was 57%. Most respondents were men (78%) and 54% represented university-based programs. Eighty percent reported satisfaction with their current job as PD, and 96% identified interactions with fellows as a driver of their satisfaction. Forty-five percent reported feeling a great deal of stress from their job. Stress was higher among women PDs, early-career PDs, and PDs of larger and university-based programs. Twenty-one percent reported some symptoms of burnout, and only 36% reported enjoyment without stress or burnout. Rates of enjoyment without stress or burnout were higher among men and late-career PDs, PDs of smaller programs, and PDs of community-based programs. Seventeen percent of PDs reported a high likelihood of resigning in the next year, of which the most common reason was the tasks of PDs were becoming overwhelming. CONCLUSIONS: Most CV fellowship PDs are satisfied with their position, but stress and burnout remain common. Women PDs, early-career PDs, and PDs of larger, university-based programs demonstrate more adverse markers of well-being. Opportunities exist to support CV fellowship PDs in their critical role.

Assessing the utility of pre-operative first pass radionuclide angiography to predict right ventricular failure post left ventricular assist device implantation.

INTRODUCTION: Right ventricular failure (RVF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that decreased right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF) as well as qualitative assessments of RV function and dilation, as assessed by first pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA), are associated with an increased risk of RVF following LVAD implantation. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 46 patients from 1/2008 to 11/2017 that underwent FPRNA and LVAD implantation. RVF was defined as requiring inotropes for greater than 14 days after LVAD implantation or requiring a right ventricular assist device. FPRNA-derived variables of RV performance and structure were compared between those that did and did not have RVF post implant. Statistical analyses were performed with Mann-Whitney U tests for ordinal and continuous variables. Fisher's exact tests and Pearson's χ2 tests were used for categorical variables. RESULTS: Eight patients developed RVF after device implantation. The average RV EF on FPRNA was 41.45% in those that did not develop RVF and 40.13% in those that did (P = 0.787). RV dilation (P = 0.896) and global RV function (P = 0.827) by FPRNA were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In patients that required FPRNA for further assessment of RV function prior to LVAD implantation, decreased RV EF, RV dilation and global RV function on FPRNA were not associated with an increased risk of RVF.

Program Directors Survey on Diversity in Cardiovascular Training Programs.

BACKGROUND: Women and minorities are under-represented in cardiovascular disease (CVD) specialties. It remains unknown how characteristics of the CVD learning environment affect diversity and how program directors (PDs) approach these critical issues. OBJECTIVES: The second annual Cardiovascular PD Survey aimed to investigate characteristics of the CVD learning environment that may affect diversity and strategies PDs use to approach these issues. METHODS: The survey contained 20 questions examining U.S.-based CVD PD perceptions of diversity in CVD and related characteristics of the CVD fellowship learning environment. RESULTS: In total, 58% of PDs completed the survey. Responding programs demonstrated geographic diversity. The majority were university-based or -affiliated. A total of 86% of PDs felt diversity in CVD as a field needs to increase, and 70% agreed that training programs could play a significant role in this. In total, 89% of PDs have attempted to increase diversity in fellowship recruitment. The specific strategies used were associated with PD sex and the presence of under-represented minority trainees in the program. PDs identified lack of qualified candidates and overall culture of cardiology as the 2 most significant barriers to augmenting diversity. A majority of programs have support systems in place for minority fellows or specific gender groups, including procedures to report issues of harassment or an unsafe learning environment. PDs identified shared best practices for recruitment and implicit bias training, among others, as important resources in their efforts to support diversity in CVD training. CONCLUSIONS: Diversity is important to CVD PDs. They are striving to increase it in their programs through recruitment and strategies directed toward the fellowship learning environment. The CVD community has opportunities to standardize strategies and provide national resources to support PDs in these critical efforts.

Diagnostic Accuracy of FDG PET/CT in Suspected LVAD Infections: A Case Series, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET/CT) in diagnosing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) infections and perform a meta-analysis of published studies to determine overall diagnostic accuracy. BACKGROUND: Device-related infections are a common complication of LVADs and are linked to worse outcomes. Diagnosis of LVAD infections remains challenging. FDG PET/CT has demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in several other infectious conditions. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective case series of FDG PET/CT scans in suspected LVAD infection between September 2015 and February 2018. A systematic review of PubMed from database inception through March 2018 was also conducted to identify additional studies. RESULTS: Nineteen FDG PET/CT scans were identified for the retrospective case series. The systematic review identified an additional 3 publications, for a total of 4 studies involving 119 scans assessing diagnostic performance. Axial (n = 36) and centrifugal (n = 83) flow LVADs were represented. Pooled sensitivity was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82% to 97%) and specificity was 83% (95% CI: 24% to 99%) for FDG PET/CT in diagnosing LVAD infections. Summary receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91 to 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: FDG PET/CT for suspected LVAD infections demonstrates good diagnostic accuracy, with overall high sensitivity but variable specificity.

Current Perspectives on Systemic Hypertension in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a prevalent but incompletely understood syndrome. Traditional models of HFpEF pathophysiology revolve around systemic HTN and other causes of increased left ventricular afterload leading to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction. However, emerging models attribute the development of HFpEF to systemic proinflammatory changes secondary to common comorbidities which include HTN. Alterations in passive ventricular stiffness, ventricular-arterial coupling, peripheral microvascular function, systolic reserve, and chronotropic response occur. As a result, HFpEF is heterogeneous in nature, making it difficult to prescribe uniform therapies to all patients. Nonetheless, treating systemic HTN remains a cornerstone of HFpEF management. Antihypertensive therapies have been linked to LVH regression and improvement in diastolic dysfunction. However, to date, no therapies have definitive mortality benefit in HFpEF. Non-pharmacologic management for HTN, including dietary modification, exercise, and treating sleep disordered breathing, may provide some morbidity benefit in the HFpEF population. Future research is need to identify effective treatments, perhaps in more specific subgroups, and focus may need to shift from reducing mortality to improving exercise capacity and symptoms. Tailoring antihypertensive therapies to specific phenotypes of HFpEF may be an important component of this strategy.

Occult peripheral artery disease is common and limits the benefit achieved in cardiac rehabilitation.

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has proven morbidity and mortality benefits in cardiovascular disease, which directly correlates with exercise performance achieved. Many patients in CR exercise at sub-optimal levels, without obvious limitations. Occult lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) may be a determinant of diminished exercise capacity and reduced benefit obtained from traditional CR. In this prospective study of 150 consecutive patients enrolled in Phase II CR, we describe the prevalence of PAD, the utility of externally validated screening questionnaires, and the observed impact on CR outcomes. Abnormal ankle-brachial indices (ABI) (< 0.9 and >1.4) were observed in 19% of those studied. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire was insensitive for detecting PAD by low ABI in this population, and the Walking Impairment Questionnaire and a modified Gardner protocol demonstrated a lack of typical symptoms with low levels of activity. Importantly, at completion of traditional CR, exercise improvement measured in metabolic equivalents (METs) was worse in those with a low ABI compared to those with a normal ABI (+1.39 vs +2.41 METs, p = 0.002). In conclusion, PAD is common in patients in Phase II CR and often clinically occult. Screening based on standard questionnaires appears insensitive in this population, suggesting a need for a broad-based screening strategy with ABI measurements. In this study, undiagnosed PAD significantly attenuated improvements in exercise performance, which potentially has bearings on future clinical events.