Apoptosis-induced histone H3 methylation is targeted by autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) apoptotic chromatin is present extracellularly, which is most likely the result of disturbed apoptosis and/or insufficient removal. Released chromatin, modified during apoptosis, activates the immune system resulting in the formation of autoantibodies. A study was undertaken to identify apoptosis-induced histone modifications that play a role in SLE. METHODS: The lupus-derived monoclonal antibody BT164, recently established by selection using apoptotic nucleosomes, was analysed by ELISA, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining using chromatin, cells, plasma and renal sections. Random peptide phage display and peptide inhibition ELISA were used to identify precisely the epitope of BT164. The reactivity of plasma samples from lupus mice and patients with SLE with the epitope of BT164 was investigated by peptide ELISA. RESULTS: The epitope of BT164 was mapped in the N-terminal tail of histone H3 (27-KSAPAT-32) and included the apoptosis-induced trimethylation of K27. siRNA-mediated silencing of histone demethylases in cultured cells resulted in hypermethylation of H3K27 and increased nuclear reactivity of BT164. This apoptosis-induced H3K27me3 is a target for autoantibodies in patients and mice with SLE and is present in plasma and in glomerular deposits. CONCLUSION: In addition to previously identified acetylation of histone H4, H2A and H2B, this study shows that trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 is induced by apoptosis and associated with autoimmunity in SLE. This finding is important for understanding the autoimmune response in SLE and for the development of translational strategies.

Lupus-derived monoclonal autoantibodies against apoptotic chromatin recognize acetylated conformational epitopes.

OBJECTIVE: Nuclear components targeted by autoantibodies are a characteristic feature of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nucleosome, a major autoantigen, is released in patients with SLE as a result of a disturbed apoptosis and/or an insufficient clearance of apoptotic debris. During apoptosis the nucleosome is modified, thereby creating more immunogenic epitopes. Subsequently, epitope spreading will lead to the formation of autoantibodies against unmodified chromatin components. However, characterization of B cell epitopes specific for apoptotic chromatin modifications is hampered by the fact that the existing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were originally selected on non-apoptotic chromatin. Here, we describe a novel approach for generating mAbs from lupus mice that are specific for apoptosis-induced chromatin modifications. METHODS: Hybridomas were generated from pre-diseased and diseased lupus mice using standard fusion methods. Selection occurred on isolated apoptotic chromatin. Antibodies were further characterized by ELISA, western blot and immunofluorescence staining with apoptotic and non-apoptotic chromatin/cells. In addition, reactivity was determined with subnucleosomal complexes and with nucleosomes treated with trypsin or DNase I. Finally, reactivity was determined with cells treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA. RESULTS: Most generated mAbs appeared to be nucleosome specific with a clear preference for apoptotic nucleosomes compared to normal nucleosomes. Although the exact elucidation of the epitopes of these mAbs specific for apoptosis-associated nucleosome modifications remains a major challenge, the epitopes contain both DNA and histones, whereby the histone tails play a role in establishing the epitopes. Most importantly, the conformational epitopes of these nucleosome-specific antibodies seem to contain acetylated residues. CONCLUSIONS: Our approach, yielding a new panel of anti-apoptotic-chromatin antibodies, should facilitate the discovery of more apoptosis-induced chromatin modifications and their identification as key autoantigens in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Comparison of three methods for isolation of urinary microvesicles to identify biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.

Urinary microvesicles, such as 40-100 nm exosomes and 100-1000 nm microparticles, contain many proteins that may serve as biomarkers of renal disease. Microvesicles have been isolated by ultracentrifugation or nanomembrane ultrafiltration from normal urine; however, little is known about the efficiency of these methods in isolating microvesicles from patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. Here we compared three techniques to isolate microvesicles from nephrotic urine: nanomembrane ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, and ultracentrifugation followed by size-exclusion chromatography (UC-SEC). Highly abundant urinary proteins were still present in sufficient quantity after ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation to blunt detection of less abundant microvesicular proteins by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. The microvesicular markers neprilysin, aquaporin-2, and podocalyxin were highly enriched following UC-SEC compared with preparations by ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation alone. Electron microscopy of the UC-SEC fractions found microvesicles of varying size, compatible with the presence of both exosomes and microparticles. Thus, UC-SEC following ultracentrifugation to further enrich and purify microparticles facilitates the search for prognostic biomarkers that might be used to predict the clinical course of nephrotic syndrome.

The tetraspanin CD37 protects against glomerular IgA deposition and renal pathology.

The tetraspanin protein CD37 is a leukocyte-specific transmembrane protein that is highly expressed on B cells. CD37-deficient (CD37(-/-)) mice exhibit a 15-fold increased level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum and elevated numbers of IgA+ plasma cells in lymphoid organs. Here, we report that CD37(-/-) mice spontaneously develop renal pathology with characteristics of human IgA nephropathy. In young naïve CD37(-/-) mice, mild IgA deposition in glomeruli was observed. However, CD37(-/-) mice developed high titers of IgA immune complexes in serum during aging, which was associated with increased glomerular IgA deposition. Severe mesangial proliferation, fibrosis, and hyalinosis were apparent in aged CD37(-/-) mice, whereas albuminuria was mild. To further evaluate the role of CD37 in glomerular disease, we induced anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis in mice. CD37(-/-) mice developed higher IgA serum levels and glomerular deposits of anti-GBM IgA compared with wild-type mice. Importantly, glomerular macrophage and neutrophil influx was significantly higher in CD37(-/-) mice during both the heterologous and autologous phase of anti-GBM nephritis. Taken together, tetraspanin CD37 controls the formation of IgA-containing immune complexes and glomerular IgA deposition, which induces influx of inflammatory myeloid cells. Therefore, CD37 may protect against the development of IgA nephropathy.