RESUMEN
While pre-drying of sewage sludge prior to hydrothermal carbonization is rarely practiced, various pre-drying methods have been performed in literature at lab-scale for convenient solid-to-liquid ratio adjustment. This has created a barrier for comparing hydrochar quality between different studies. Given pre-drying can destroy the floc structure of sewage sludge, we hypothesize that pre-drying may promote the hydrolysis step during hydrothermal carbonization process, resulting in improved hydrochar quality with low nitrogen content. In the current study, the influence of different pre-drying methods (freeze-dry, air-dry and vacuum-dry at 70 °C and 105 °C) on the subsequent hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge at 220 °C was assessed in terms of sewage sludge and hydrochar's chemical composition, fuel properties, pyrolysis and combustion behavior, as well as the characterization of the liquid phase. The results indicate that although pre-drying impacts sewage sludge's chemical composition, pyrolysis and combustion behavior, no significant differences exist in the yield, chemical composition, fuel properties, and pyrolysis and combustion behavior of the hydrochar. Therefore, the use of pre-drying would not affect the hydrothermal carbonization process of sewage sludge, and a comparison can be made on hydrochar quality between different studies with or without pre-drying.
Asunto(s)
Desecación , Pirólisis , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Desecación/métodos , Carbón Orgánico/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodosRESUMEN
The efficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR) plays a crucial role in the development of animal models and gene therapy. We demonstrate that microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) constitutes a substantial proportion of DNA repair during CRISPR-mediated gene editing. Using CasRx to downregulate a key MMEJ factor, Polymerase Q (Polq), we improve the targeted integration efficiency of linearized DNA fragments and single-strand oligonucleotides (ssODN) in mouse embryos and offspring. CasRX-assisted targeted integration (CATI) also leads to substantial improvements in HDR efficiency during the CRISPR/Cas9 editing of monkey embryos. We present a promising tool for generating monkey models and developing gene therapies for clinical trials.