Injectable, stable, and biodegradable hydrogel with platelet-rich plasma induced by l-serine and sodium alginate for effective treatment of intrauterine adhesions.

The combination of pharmacological and physical barrier therapy is a highly promising strategy for treating intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), but there lacks a suitable scaffold that integrates good injectability, proper mechanical stability and degradability, excellent biocompatibility, and non-toxic, non-rejection therapeutic agents. To address this, a novel injectable, degradable hydrogel composed of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), sodium alginate (SA), and l-serine, and loaded with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (referred to as PSL-PRP) is developed for treating IUAs. l-Serine induces rapid gelation within 1 min and enhances the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, while degradable SA provides the hydrogel with strength, toughness, and appropriate degradation capabilities. As a result, the hydrogel exhibits an excellent scaffold for sustained release of growth factors in PRP and serves as an effective physical barrier. In vivo testing using a rat model of IUAs demonstrates that in situ injection of the PSL-PRP hydrogel significantly reduces fibrosis and promotes endometrial regeneration, ultimately leading to fertility restoration. The combined advantages make the PSL-PRP hydrogel very promising in IUAs therapy and in preventing adhesions in other internal tissue wounds.

Nongestational ovarian choriocarcinoma with bilateral teratoma: A rare case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Trophoblastic neoplasms are often associated with pregnancy, and nongestational trophoblastic neoplasms are extremely rare. Nongestational ovarian choriocarcinoma (NGCO) is a highly aggressive germ cell-derived tumor frequently presenting with early hematogenous metastasis. PATIENT CONCERNS: Herein, we report a case of a 28-year-old unmarried woman with regular menstruation who experienced vaginal bleeding 1 week after her last menstrual cycle. Doppler ultrasound revealed bilateral adnexal masses and elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. The patient was initially misdiagnosed as presenting an ectopic pregnancy. DIAGNOSIS: The final pathology confirmed an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IA NGCO with bilateral mature teratoma of the ovary. This is an extraordinary instance of ovarian choriocarcinoma which emerged without any prior gestation, and the patient's lack of a history of pregnancy made the diagnosis ignored. INTERVENTIONS: After initial surgery and 1 cycle of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy, a laparoscopic fertility-preserving comprehensive staging surgery was performed. Two cycles of chemotherapy with BEP were administered as supplemental therapy postsurgery, and leuprorelin was administered to protect ovarian function. OUTCOMES: Menstruation resumed 4 months after chemotherapy completion, and tumor indicators were within the normal range. No signs of recurrence were observed at the 36-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: NGCO should be considered if a female patient exhibits irregular vaginal bleeding and masses in the adnexal area. The present case and our literature review also highlighted that fertility-sparing surgery and multidrug chemotherapy are effective methods for treating NGCO.

[Impact of Endometriosis on the Therapeutic Effect of Hysteroscopic Fallopian Tube Catheterization Combined With Laparoscopy in Infertile Patients With Proximal Tubal Obstruction].

Objective: To investigate the impact of endometriosis on the therapeutic effect of hysteroscopic fallopian tube catheterization combined with laparoscopy in infertile patients with proximal tubal obstruction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent hysteroscopic fallopian tube catheterization combined with laparoscopy for infertility caused by proximal fallopian tube obstruction between January 19, 2016 and March 20, 2020 at the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University. During the operation, hydrotubation was performed to verify whether there was proximal tubal obstruction. Then, the patients were categorized into an endometriosis group and a non-endometriosis group according to whether their proximal tubal obstruction was combined with endometriosis. The baseline data were balanced by propensity score matching and the rate of successful surgical unblocking of proximal tubal obstruction in infertile patients by hysteroscopic fallopian tube catheterization combined with laparoscopy was calculated. Treating cases lost to follow-up in both groups as non-pregnant cases according to the principle of intention-to-treat analysis, we followed up the pregnancy outcomes after surgery. The primary indicators included overall successful surgical unblocking rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and spontaneous pregnancy rate, while the secondary indicators included live birth rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and the mean time to spontaneous pregnancy after surgery. The primary indicators included overall successful surgical unblocking rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and spontaneous conception rate, while the secondary indicators included live birth rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and the mean time to spontaneous pregnancy after surgery. Results: After propensity score matching, 113 cases were included in each of the two groups, with the overall successful surgical unblocking rate being 72.6%. The successful surgical unblocking rate of patients in the endometriosis group was higher than that of the non-endometriosis group, with the difference being statistically significant (78.8% vs. 66.4%, P<0.05). A total of 38 patients were lost after follow-up matching. Postoperative follow-up was performed to date and, through intention-to-treat analysis, the spontaneous conception rate was found to be higher in the endometriosis group than that in the non-endometriosis group (44.2% vs. 30.1%, P<0.05), while the mean time to spontaneous pregnancy after surgery was shorter in the endometriosis group than that in the non-endometriosis group (46 months vs. 53 months, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate, miscarriage rate, and ectopic pregnancy rate between the endometriosis group and the non-endometriosis group ( P>0.05). Conclusion: When infertility caused by proximal tubal obstruction is combined with endometriosis, performing hysteroscopic fallopian tube catheterization combined with laparoscopy contributes to the improvement of reproduction outcomes.

A mechanically robust and stable estradiol-loaded PHEMA-based hydrogel barrier for intrauterine adhesion treatment.

Estrogen combined with physical barrier therapy may be a prospective method to repair a damaged endometrium and prevent postsurgical re-adhesion in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), but there lacks a suitable scaffold with good biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, and drug-releasing kinetics. Herein, a mechanically robust and stable barrier based on the poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogel combined with estradiol-loaded mesoporous silica is designed. The network is formed by covalent bonds and noncovalent coordination bonds, which endow the hydrogel with superior mechanical properties to most reported PHEMA-based hydrogels. Meanwhile, the covalent bonds impart excellent stability to the hydrogel, which maintains its structure and mechanical properties in a simulated uterine fluid for 30 days. The excellent mechanical properties and stability are comparable to those of a typical barrier material intrauterine device (IUD), enabling the hydrogel to be retained in the uterus and removed intact like an IUD. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that the hydrogel possesses good biocompatibility similar to pure PHEMA hydrogels. In addition, the hydrogel releases estradiol continuously and stably, and exhibits a good therapeutic effect in promoting the proliferation of endometrial cells and inhibiting the progression of fibrosis. Therefore, the combinational advantages make the present hydrogel very promising in IUA treatment.

Gonadal tumor and malignancy in 118 patients with disorders of sex development with Y chromosome.

OBJECTIVE: To provide more information about tumor prevalence and malignant transformation among patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) for further guidance in prophylactic gonadectomies and surveillance. METHODS: SPSS software (version 20.0) was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Phenotypically female DSD patients with a Y chromosome have a higher risk of gonadal malignancy. CONCLUSION: Bilateral gonadal resection is recommended as soon as diagnosis is made for phenotypically female patients with disorders of sex development with a Y chromosome.

Association of Variants in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Gene and VEGFA Serum Levels with the Risk of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at investigating the association between the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) genetic variants, the VEGFA serum level, and the primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) risk in Chinese Han women. DESIGN: An age-matched case-control study was implemented in the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University. Participants/Materials, Setting, Methods: Blood samples and clinical information were collected from 240 patients with POI and 261 healthy controls between December 2012 and December 2018 at the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University. Mutations of VEGFA gene -2578C/A, -1154G/A, 936C/T, and -634C/G were identified by PCR-RFLP. Moreover, VEGFA serum levels in the 2 groups were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The -1154G>A and 936C>T variants of the VEGFA gene were significantly associated with POI (the adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.17 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07-4.43 for the former; the adjusted OR = 2.74 and 95% CI = 1.18-6.34 for the latter), whereas no significant difference was found in the genotype distribution of -2578C>A and -634C>G variants between patients and controls (p > 0.05). Moreover, the combined -1154G>A and 936C>T genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of POI (the adjusted OR = 21.98, 95% CI = 2.78-173.78 among subjects carrying 3 or more variants), particularly when patients aged ≥35 years (the adjusted OR = 20.58, and 95% CI = 2.58-164.25). The POI group exhibited an obviously lower VEGFA serum level (45.15 ± 1.25 pg/mL) than the control group. Compared with the control, the expression of VEGFA was significantly decreased in the POI group (279.90 ± 5.71 pg/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the serum VEGFA levels are lower in the -1154AA genotype than those of AG/GG genotypes. LIMITATIONS: The main limitation is that all participants enrolled in this study were Chinese. As genotype and allelotype frequencies tend to differ between ethnic populations, extrapolation of the results to other ethnic groups should be cautiously considered. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates an association between the VEGFA -1154G/A, 936C/T variants, and susceptibility to POI in Chinese Han women. Reduced levels of VEGFA may be a potential mechanism for the de-velopment of POI.

Robert's uterus with delayed diagnosis and potential consequences: a case report.

A 24-year-old woman who wished to become pregnant presented to our hospital with an enlarged ovarian endometrioma and developmental abnormality of the uterus. Robert's uterus complicated by hematosalpinx, ovarian endometrioma, and endometriosis were finally identified 1 year after previously being diagnosed with a cyst and uterine abnormality at a local hospital. The function of the salpinx and the pelvic environment were damaged because of the delayed diagnosis and operation. Gynecologists and sonologists should be aware of and alert to this rare entity while evaluating and managing cases of uterine abnormalities and endometriosis. Prompt early diagnosis and proper management of Robert's uterus are important for avoiding future morbidity because these are major factors in protecting fertility.

Successful pregnancy and live birth in woman with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A case report.

RATIONALE: Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) can suffer from impaired fertility rates as a result of increased androgen secretion or impaired sex steroid production. CAH patients have lower pregnancy rate compared to normal women. Only a few cases with successful pregnancy have been reported in the literature. This report described a case of CAH with successful pregnancy and live birth. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 23-year-old woman visited our endocrinology department for clitoral hypertrophy and primary amenorrhea. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed as CAH. INTERVENTION: Prednisone was initially started to improve the patient's symptoms. Then she underwent clitoral resection and vaginoplasty several months later. She continuously took the prednisolone after the operation and had been undergoing regular checkups. OUTCOMES: She was pregnant spontaneously without assisted reproductive technology and had a successful live birth. Her baby had shown normal external genitalia with normal karyotype and normal development up to 6 years of age. LESSONS: Some mild CAH patients with certain types can achieved successful pregnancy without any assisted reproductive technology after treatment with steroid. The pregnancy rate among CAH women who wish to conceive may be much more optimistic than previous researches.

Laparoscopic umbilical trocar port site endometriosis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal wall endometriosis can occur secondary to gynecological and obstetric pelvic laparotomy; however, this is a rare clinical event. There are few cases of endometriosis involving the incision site of a laparoscopic surgery, especially for those of the endometrial nodule at the umbilical trocar port site where the camera is placed. CASE SUMMARY: We describe the case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of a tough swelling below the umbilicus, which presented periodical pain during menstruation. The patient had undergone laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy 4 years prior, and we theorized that the umbilical nodule was a complication of that laparoscopic surgery. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of abdominal umbilical scar endometriosis secondary to previous laparoscopic surgery. Surgical removal of the nodule followed by three cycles of leuprorelin was curative. CONCLUSION: Abdominal mass and pain in women of childbearing age with a previous history of pelvic surgery should support consideration of endometriosis at the surgical site.

[Correlation Between MTHFR Mutation and Idiopathic Premature Ovarian Failure in Chinese Han Women].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C/T polymorphisms were related to the prevalence of 46,XX premature ovarian failure (POF) in Chinese Han women. METHODS: Infertile Chinese Han women were divided into 2 groups: POF group (n=147) and control group (n=166).The expression of MTHFR gene in peripheral blood was determined by RT-PCR. The 677C/T genotype of MTHFR gene was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Genotype frequencies and allele frequencies were counted. PCR product were randomly examined for gene sequencing to verify whether the amplified fragment. Relationship between MTHFR gene polymorphism and clinical characteristics of idiopathic POF was analyzed. RESULTS: The results of gene sequencing showed that the PCR amplification fragment was the target gene fragment, and the sequencing showed that the genotype was 100% consistent with the enzymatic display genotype. The MTHFR 677C/T genotype distribution in both the POF group and the control group was consistent with the Hardy-Weinbreg balance law (P>0.05). The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes of MTHFR 677C/T were 48.3%, 40.8% and 10.9% in the POF group, and 37.3%, 47.6% and 15.1% in the control group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of genotypes between the two groups (χ2=4.04, P>0.05). The T, C allele frequencies were 31.3% and 68.7% in POF, 38.9% and 61.1% in control group, there were no significant differences in the frequencies of T, C alleles between the two groups (χ2=3.90, P=0.05). Subgroup analyzes in POF group, no significant difference were detected between CC and CT+TT genotypes in menopause age, FSH, E2, endometrial thickness and antral follicle number. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of the MTHFR 677C/T polymorphisms in Chinese Han POF population was not significantly different from controls, implying that MTHFR gene polymorphisms may not be the risk factor of idiopathic POF occurred in Chinese.

[Effects of Fukang oral liquid on the prevention of intrauterine adhesion and expressions of TGF-beta1, PAI-1 and MMP-9 in endometrium of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventing effect of Fukang oral liquid (fuk) in intrauterine adhesions and its effects on the expression of TGFbeta-1, PAI-1 and MMP-9 in endometrium of rats with intrauterine adhesions. METHODS: 50 female wistar rats were divided into high, medium, low dose of Fukang oral liquid group (Hfuk, Mfuk, Lfuk), blank control group (Bcon), and model control group (Mcon) (n = 10 in each group). The rats in Hfuk, Mfuk and Lfuk groups were treated with intragastric administration of 4 mL, 2 mL and 1 mL Fukang Oral Liquid per day, while the rats in Mcon group and Bcon group received 2 mL physiological saline intragastric administration per day. All of rats were executed on 10th day and the sample of endometrium was harvested for the study of histology and morphology and the expression of TGFbeta-1, PAI-1 and MMP-9. RESULTS: Under the light microscope, the organizational structure of the uterine cavity and uterine wall was clear in Bcon group, the uterine cavity disappeared in Mcon group, and the layers structure remained normal arrangement in three fuk treated groups. TGFbeta-1 and PAI-1 protein expressions in Hfuk, Mfuk, Lfuk groups were less than those in Mcon group (P < 0.001), but MMP-9 protein expressions were higher. (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Fukang oral liquid show preventing effect on IUA, the mechanism may be related to its effects on the expressions of TGF-beta1, PAI-1, and MMP-9 in the endometrium.

CYP1B1 C4326G polymorphism and susceptibility to cervical cancer in Chinese Han women.

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a key P450 enzyme, which could catalyze the formation of 4-hydroxy estrogen metabolites and play a role in estrogen-dependent cancers. We hypothesized that genetic variant in CYP1B1 may modify individual susceptibility to cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CYP1B1 C4326G polymorphism and cervical cancer risk in Chinese women. We extracted the peripheral blood samples in 250 patients with cervical cancer and 250 female controls. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry method and direct DNA sequencing were performed to detect the polymorphism. The frequencies of CC, CG, and GG genotypes of CYP1B1 C4326G in cases and controls were 66.0, 26.8, 7.2% and 75.2, 21.6, and 3.2%, respectively, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.034). Compared with the wild-type CC genotype, the variant GG genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer (adjusted OR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.02, 5.50). Moreover, stratification analysis by age, smoking, drinking, human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16 or 18 carrier status, and family history of cervical cancer, we found that the variant genotypes containing the G allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer among HPV 16 or 18-positive individuals (adjusted OR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.45, 5.62) and among women younger than 45 years old (adjusted OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.03, 3.37). These results suggest that CYP1B1 C4326G polymorphism may increase risk of cervical cancer in Chinese women, especially among young individuals with high-risk HPV infection.

X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) genetic polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk: a huge systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies investigating the association between X-ray repair cross-complementation group 1(XRCC1) polymorphisms and cervical cancer (CC) risk has provided inconsistent results. The aim of our study was to assess the association between the XRCC1 gene Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp, Arg280His polymorphisms and risk of CC. METHODS: Two investigators independently searched the Medline, Embase, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedicine Databases for studies published before March 2011.Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for XRCC1 polymorphisms and CC were calculated in a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model when appropriate. RESULTS: Ultimately, 9, 5 and 2 studies were found to be eligible for meta-analyses of Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp and Arg280His, respectively. Our analysis suggested that the variant genotypes of Arg194Trp were associated with a significantly increased CC risk (Trp/Trp vs Arg/Arg, OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.60-3.06; Arg/Trp vs Arg/Arg, OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.02-1.49; dominant model, OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.14-1.63; recessive model, OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.51-2.82). For Arg280His polymorphism, no obvious associations were found for all genetic models. For Arg399Gln polymorphism, also no obvious associations were found for all genetic models. In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity/country, a significantly increased risk was observed among Asian, especially among Chinese. To get more precise evidences, adjusted ORs (95%CI) by potential confounders (such as age, ethnicity or smoking, etc) were also calculated for XRCC1 Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp, however, the estimated pooled adjusted OR still did not change at all. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that Arg194Trp polymorphism may be associated with CC risk, Arg399Gln polymorphism might be a low-penetrent risk factor for CC only in Asians, and there may be no association between Arg280His polymorphism and CC risk.

Estrogen receptor-alpha gene PvuII (T/C) and XbaI (A/G) polymorphisms and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis.

Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) polymorphisms have been hypothesized to be associated with the risk of endometriosis (EMT) development by many epidemiological studies, however, the available results were conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of association between the ER-α PvuII (T/C) and XbaI (A/G) polymorphisms and risk of EMT, we performed a meta-analysis. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for ER-α polymorphisms and EMT were calculated in a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model when appropriate. This meta-analysis included 20 case-control studies with 1752 cases and 1742 controls for PvuII polymorphism and 15 case-control studies with 1349 cases and 1411 controls for XbaI polymorphism. For PvuII T/C polymorphism, no obvious associations were found for all genetic models when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis. In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity, country, HWE in controls and study sample size, a significantly increased risk was observed among Caucasians (recessive model, OR=2.56, 95% CI=1.06-6.16) and among studies without the HWE (recessive model, OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.20-2.84). For XbaI A/G polymorphism, also no obvious associations were found for all genetic models. In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity, country, HWE in controls and study sample size, still no obvious associations were found. No publication bias was found in the present study. This meta-analysis suggests that ER-α gene PvuII (T/C) and XbaI (A/G) polymorphisms may not be associated with EMT risk, while the observed increase in risk of EMT may be due to small-study bias.

P21 Ser31Arg polymorphism and cervical cancer risk: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the association between p21 genetic polymorphism Ser31Arg and cervical cancer (CC) risk report conflicting results. The aim of this study was to quantitatively summarize the evidence for p21 polymorphism and CC risk. METHODS: Two investigators independently searched the MEDLINE, Embase, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedicine databases. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for p21 polymorphism and CC were calculated in a fixed effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method) and a random effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method) when appropriate. The pooled ORs were performed for codominant model (Arg/Arg vs Ser/Ser and Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser), dominant model (Arg/Arg + Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser), and recessive model (Arg/Arg vs Arg/Ser + Ser/Ser). Subgroup analyses were performed by country, matched controls, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the controls and study sample size. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 10 case-control studies from an Asian population, which included 1415 CC cases and 1947 controls. Overall, the variant genotypes (Arg/Arg and Arg/Ser) of Ser31Arg were not associated with CC risk, when compared with the wild-type homozygote Ser/Ser (Arg/Arg vs Ser/Ser: OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.81-2.08; Arg/Ser vs Ser/Ser: OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.72-1.55). Similarly, no associations were found in the dominant and recessive models (dominant model: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.73-1.51; recessive model: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.86-1.90). Stratified analyses also detected no significant association in any subgroup, except among those studies from "other" country and those studies with controls deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. CONCLUSION: No association was found between the p21 polymorphism Arg31Ser and risk of CC among Asians. In the future, additional studies based on white and African American patients should be performed to re-evaluate the association.

[Morphology and celluar proliferation of follicles from cryopreserved human ovarian tissues].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the morphology and proliferation of primordial and primary follicles in fresh and vitrificated human ovarian tissues. METHODS: Human ovarian tissues were cryopreserved by direct cover vitrification (DCV) for 2 weeks. The morphology of the primordial and primary follicles from the frozen-thawed tissues was compared with those from the fresh tissues. Both fresh and cryopreservation tissues were cultured for 48 hours before the tissues were embedded in paraffin block for immunohistochemical staining for PCNA. RESULTS: The distribution of primordial and primary follicles in the fresh ovarian tissues was not different from that in the frozen tissues. The cryopreserved tissues had less abnormal morphology in primordial follicles than in primary follicles, but no difference was found between the cryopreserved tissues and fresh tissues. Positive staining on PCNA expression in granulsa cells and oocyte of transitional follicles and primary follicles as well as stromal cells were found in fresh, fresh cultured and cryopreserved cultured ovarian tissues. The fresh tissues had less positive staining on PCNA in the follicle than in the fresh cultured and cryopresered cultured tissues. CONCLUSION: Cryopreserved human ovarian tissues by DCV can maintain partial primordial and primary follicles. Follicles in cryopreserved ovarian tissues can initiate development in vitro culture.

[Impact of progesterone in peritoneal fluid on sperm motility in infertile patients with endometriosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of progesterone in the peritoneal fluid on human sperm motility in the infertile patients with endometriosis. METHODS: Peritoneal fluids were collected from 41 patients by laparoscopy, of which 17 were infertile patients with endometriosis, 11 were fertile patients with endometriosis and 13 were fertile controls. The concentrations of progesterone in the peritoneal fluids were measured by the immulyze-enzyme amplified luminescence system. After 4 h of incubation in vitro with the collected peritoneal fluids, sperm motility was assessed by the computer-assisted analyzer (CASA). RESULTS: The concentrations of progesterone in the peritoneal fluids in the patients (infertile patients with endometriosis, fertile patients with endometriosis and the fertile controls) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) in the proliferate phase. The sperms incubated with the peritoneal fluids from the patients with endometriosis had significant lower sperm motion parameters (A, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH) than those of the fertile controls (P < 0.05). Although the sperm motility incubated with the peritoneal fluids from the patients with endometriosis was enhanced by the exogenous progesterone, no significant correlation was established between the concentrations of progesterone in the peritoneal fluids and the sperm motility (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The peritoneal fluids of infertile patients with endometriosis inhibit the sperm motility. The inhibition is not associated with the concentrations of progesterone in the peritoneal fluids. However, the sperm motility can be enhanced by adding exogenous progesterone to the peritoneal fluids.

[Impact of NO in peritoneal fluid on sperm motility in patients with endometriosis].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of NO in the peritoneal fluids in patients with endometriosis and to evaluate the impact of NO on human sperm motility. METHODS: Peritoneal fluids were taken from 19 patients with Endometriosis, 16 infertile patients with Endometriosis, and 21 patients without Endometriosis (control group). The macrophages in the peritoneal fluids were segregated and cultivated. The concentrations of NO metabolin (nitrate and nitrite) were measured. Human sperms were incubated with the culture fluids to detect the motility of the sperms. RESULTS: The patients with Endometriosis had significant higher levels of NO in the peritoneal fluids than the controls (P < 0.05). The motility of sperms declined significantly in the culture fluids of infertile patients with Endometriosis compared with the fertile patients with Endometriosis and the controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Elevated NO in the peritoneal fluids in patients with endometriosis may play a role in the pathogeneses of Endometriosis-associated infertility.