Establishment of a new genus for Nudina xizangensis Fang, 2000 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini).

The little known species Nudina xizangensis Fang, 2000 is rediscovered from its type locality, Beibeng, Motuo County, Southeast Xizang, with genitalia of both sexes illustrated for the first time. Based on its unique genitalia structure, a new lichen moth genus, Paranudina Huang Wang gen. nov., is described with N. xizangensis as the type species. Adults and genitalia of Paranudina xizangensis (Fang, 2000) comb. nov. and Nudina artaxidia (Butler, 1881) are compared and illustrated.

Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii': an evolutionary approach to host-endosymbiont interaction.

BACKGROUND: In insects, little is known about the co-evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co-diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbiont), 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' at the population level. RESULTS: Maximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P-endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P-endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.