RESUMEN
Pyrethrins from Tanacetum cinerariifolium are natural pesticides that exhibit high knockdown and killing activities against flying insects such as disease-spreading mosquitoes. Despite the increasing demand for pyrethrins, the mechanism of pyrethrin biosynthesis remains elusive. To elucidate it, we for the first time created pyrethrin mimetic phosphonates targeting the GDSL esterase/lipase (GELP or TcGLIP) underpinning pyrethrin biosynthesis. The compounds were synthesized by reacting mono-alkyl or mono-benzyl-substituted phosphonic dichloride with pyrethrolone, the alcohol moiety of pyrethrin I and II, and then p-nitrophenol. n-Pentyl (C5) and n-octyl (C8)-substituted compounds were the most potent of the (S)p,(S)c, and (R)p,(S)c diastereomers, respectively. The (S)-pyrethrolonyl group is more effective than the (R)-pyrethrolonyl group in blocking TcGLIP, consistent with the features predicted by TcGLIP models complexed with the (S)p,(S)c-C5 and (R)p,(S)c-C8 probes. The (S)p,(S)c-C5 compound suppressed pyrethrin production in T. cinerariifolium, demonstrating potential as a chemical tool for unravelling pyrethrin biosynthesis.
Asunto(s)
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium , Insecticidas , Piretrinas , Esterasas , Lipasa , Insecticidas/química , Piretrinas/farmacología , Piretrinas/química , Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium/químicaRESUMEN
The naphthaleman family, a set of uniquely designed visual molecular structures comprising multisubstituted naphthalenes, was synthesized utilizing regiocontrolled benzannulation as a key step. The naphthaleman family possesses a common naphthalene body with a head comprising the 3,4-methylenedioxy group, symmetrical or unsymmetrical right and left arms, and two alkynyl legs. The synthesis involves six C-C bond-forming reaction sequences. (i) syn-Stereoselective gem-dichlorocyclopropanation of methyl angelate (86%). (ii) Acylation with ArMgBr (three examples, 60-91% yield). (iii) Stereocontrolled introduction of the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group (three examples, 67-92% yield). (iv) Crucial regiocontrolled benzannulation to construct a common body segment (71-73% yield). (v) Two Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings to install the right or left arms (first-stage route: four examples, 77-93% and second-stage route: four examples, 42-90% yield). (vi) Double alkynylation to insert two legs (first-stage route: four examples, 61-77% yield and second-stage route: sole example, 83% yield). The four core members were produced through both first-stage and second-stage routes, with the second-stage approach demonstrating superiority over the first-stage approach. One of the members was alternatively synthesized by switching the installation order of the right and left arms, and identical twin members were produced by high-performance liquid chromatography chiral separation. The most stable conformations of two naphthaleman family members were calculated by Spartan software.
RESUMEN
TiCl4 (or SnCl4)-promoted hetero-type benzannulation reactions using various (2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)(thiophen-2-yl)methanols proceeded smoothly to produce uniquely substituted 4-chlorobenzothiophenes (five examples). The present approach involves the first distinctive thiophene formation from thiophene cores, in contrast to traditional methods of thiophene formation from benzene cores. The stereocongested (less reactive) Cl position in the obtained 4-chlorobenzothiophenes functioned successfully as the partners of three cross-coupling reactions: (i) a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings using Pd(OAc)2/SPhos/K3PO4 catalysis (seven examples; 63-91%), (ii) a hydroxylation using KOH/Pd(dba)2/tBu-XPhos catalysis (85%), and (iii) a borylation using a B2(pin)2/Pd(dba)2/XPhos/NaOAc catalysis-provided 4-(pin)B-benzothiophene (58%).
RESUMEN
Chiral total syntheses of both enantiomers of the anti-MRSA active plymuthipyranone B and all of the both enantiomers of three unnatural and synthetic analogues were performed. These two pairs of four chiral compounds are composed of the same 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one structure. The starting synthetic step utilized a privileged asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol addition using Ti(OiPr)4/(S)-BINOL or Ti(OiPr)4/(R)-BINOL catalysis to afford the corresponding (R)- and (S)-δ-hydroxy-ß-ketoesters, respectively, with highly enantiomeric excess (>98%). Conventional lactone formation and successive EDCI-mediated C-acylation produced the desired products, (R)- and (S)-plymuthipyranones B and three (R)- and (S)- synthetic analogues, with an overall yield of 42-56% with a highly enantiomeric excess (95-99%). A bioassay of the anti-MRSA activity against ATCC 43300 and 33591 revealed that (i) the MICs of the synthetic analogues against ATCC 43300 and ATCC 33591 were between 2 and 16 and 4 and 16 µg/mL, respectively, and those of vancomycin (reference) were 1 µg/mL. (ii) The natural (S)-plymuthipyranone B exhibited significantly higher activity than the unnatural (R)-antipode against both AACCs. (iii) The natural (R)-plymuthipyranone B and (R)-undecyl synthetic analogue at the C6 position exhibited the highest activity. The present work is the first investigation of the SAR between chiral R and S forms of this chemical class.
RESUMEN
A distinctive method for synthesizing a variety of multisubstituted α-arylnaphthalenes utilizing novel regiocontrolled ipso-type [4 + 2] benzannulation is presented. Ortho- and para-substituted 1-Ar1-1-Ar2-2,2-dichlorocyclopropylmethanols (AACM) were transformed to the corresponding ipso-type α-arylnaphthalenes. (i) The reaction of ortho-AACM using TiCl4 or SnCl4 (1.0 equiv) proceeded smoothly to afford ipso-type α-arylnaphthalenes (seven examples; 49-69% yield) exclusively, without producing conventional benzannulation isomers. (ii) Para-AACM also underwent the reaction successfully to afford the desired ipso-type α-arylnaphthalenes (14 examples; 39-98% yield) without producing conventional benzannulation isomers. (iii) In contrast, meta-AACM underwent the previously reported conventional benzannulation. (iv) The present method exhibited sufficient substrate generality for application to ortho- and para-substituted AACM substrates bearing Me-, Cl-, and MeO- groups. (v) The six key structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray structure analyses. (vi) A plausible reaction mechanism for the present ipso-type reaction is proposed and supported by three careful cross-over and comparable experiments. To demonstrate the utility of the present reaction, we achieved the first total synthesis of chaihunaphthone, a uniquely (highly congested) substituted and less accessible natural lignan lactone with three contiguous trimethoxy substituents (total eight steps, overall 6.4% yield).
RESUMEN
Ubiquitous α,ß-unsaturated esters are well recognized as key structural olefin scaffolds in organic chemistry. (E)- and (Z)-steroselectivity is the most critical issue in their synthesis, however, (E)- and (Z)- stereocomplementary synthetic methods remain quite limited. The present account discloses general (E)-, (Z)-stereocomplementary syntheses of a variety of α,ß-unsaturated esters from highly accessible (E)-, (Z)-stereodefined enol tosylates derived from ß-ketoesters and α-formyl esters. Step 1 toward the stereocomplementary preparation of (E)-, (Z)-stereodefined enol tosylates is implemented by using inexpensive reagents under mild reaction conditions. Step 2 toward the highly stereoretentive synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-stereodefined α,ß-unsaturated esters involves Suzuki-Miyaura, Negishi, Sonogashira, Iron-catalyzed, Mizoroki-Heck, and Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reactions. Notably, this strategy was successfully applied for parallel drug syntheses of (E)- and (Z)-zimelidine, (E)- and (Z)-tamoxifen, and Merck's cyclopropane pharmacophore. Representative successful utilizations by other groups are also introduced.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Ésteres/química , Estructura Molecular , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
All four chiral pestalotin diastereomers were synthesized in a straightforward and divergent manner from common (R)-glycidol. Catalytic asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reactions of readily-available bis(TMSO)diene (Chan's diene) with (S)-2-benzyloxyhexanal derived from (R)-glycidol produced a syn-aldol adduct with high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity using a Ti(iOPr)4/(S)-BINOL/LiCl catalyst. Diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reactions mediated by catalytic achiral Lewis acids directly produced not only a (1'S,6S)-pyrone precursor via the syn-aldol adduct using TiCl4, but also (1'S,6R)-pyrone precursor via the antialdol adduct using ZrCl4, in a stereocomplementary manner. A Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of similarly available mono(TMSO)diene (Brassard's diene) with (S)-2-benzyloxyhexanal produced the (1'S,6S)-pyrone precursor promoted by Eu(fod)3 and the (1'S,6R)-pyrone precursor Et2AlCl. Debenzylation of the (1'S,6S)-precursor and the (1'S,6R)-precursor furnished natural (-)-pestalotin (99% ee, 7 steps) and unnatural (+)-epipestalotin (99% ee, 7 steps), respectively. Mitsunobu inversions of the obtained (-)-pestalotin and (+)-epipestalotin successfully produced the unnatural (+)-pestalotin (99% ee, 9 steps) and (-)-epipestalotin (99% ee, 9 steps), respectively, in a divergent manner. All four of the obtained chiral pestalotin diastereomers possessed high chemical and optical purities (optical rotations, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HPLC measurements).
Asunto(s)
Cloruros/química , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Propanoles/química , Pironas/síntesis química , Circonio/química , Alquenos/química , Catálisis , Reacción de Cicloadición , Ácidos de Lewis/química , Estructura Molecular , Pironas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Compuestos de Trimetilsililo/químicaRESUMEN
Chiral total syntheses of all six insecticidal natural pyrethrins (three pyrethrin I and three pyrethrin II compounds) contained in the chrysanthemum (pyrethrum) flower were performed. Three common alcohol components [(S)-cinerolone, (S)-jasmololone, and (S)-pyrethrolone] were synthesized: (i) straightforward Sonogashira-type cross-couplings using available (S)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-propynyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-ones (the prallethrin alcohol) for (S)-cinerolone (overall 52% yield, 98% ee) and (S)-pyrethrolone (overall 54% yield, 98% ee) and (ii) traditional decarboxylative-aldol condensation and lipase-catalyzed optical resolution for (S)-jasmololone (overall 16% yield, 96% ee). Two counter acid segments [(1R,3R)-chrysanthemic acid (A) and (1R,3R)-second chrysanthemic acid precursor (B)] were prepared: (i) C(1) epimerization of ethyl (±)-chrysanthemates and optical resolution using (S)-naphthylethylamine to afford A (96% ee) and (ii) concise derivatization of A to B (96% ee). All six pyrethrin esters (cinerin I/II, jasmolin I/II, and pyrethrin I/II) were successfully synthesized utilizing an accessible esterification reagent (TsCl/N-methylimidazole). To investigate the stereostructure-activity relationship, all four chiral stereoisomers of cinerin I were synthesized. Three alternative syntheses of (±)-jasmololone were investigated (methods utilizing Piancatelli rearrangement, furan transformation, and 1-nitropropene transformation). Insecticidal activity assay (KD50 and IC50) against the common mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens) revealed that (i) pyrethrin I > pyrethrin II, (ii) pyrethrin I (II) > cinerin I (II) â« jasmolin I (II), and (iii) "natural" cinerin I â« three "unnatural" cinerin I compounds (apparent chiral discrimination).
RESUMEN
2-Methylcyclopropane pyrethroid insecticides bearing chiral cyanohydrin esters or chiral ethers and two asymmetric centers on the cyclopropane ring, were synthesized. These compounds were designed using a "reverse connection approach" between the isopropyl group in Fenvalerate, and between two dimethyl groups in an Etofenprox analogue (the methyl, ethyl form), respectively. These syntheses were achieved by accessible ring opening reactions of commercially available (±)-, (R)-, and (S)-propylene oxides using 4-chlorobenzyl cyanide anion as the crucial step, giving good overall yield of the product with >98% ee. The insecticidal activity against the common mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens) was assessed for pairs of achiral diastereomeric (1R*,2S*)-, (1R*,2R*)-cyanohydrin esters, and (1R*,2S*)-, (1R*,2R*)-ethers; only the (1R*,2R*)-ether was significantly effective. For the enantiomeric (1S,2S)-ether and (1R,2R)-ether, the activity was clearly centered on the (1R,2R)-ether. The present stereostructureâactivity relationship revealed that (i) cyanohydrin esters derived from fenvalerate were unexpectedly inactive, whereas ethers derived from etofenprox were active, and (ii) apparent chiral discrimination between the (1S,2S)-ether and the (1R,2R)-ether was observed. During the present synthetic study, we performed alternative convergent syntheses of Etofenprox and novel 4-EtO-type (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-pyrethroids from the corresponding parent 4-Cl-type pyrethroids, by utilizing a recently-developed hydroxylation cross-coupling reaction.
Asunto(s)
Ciclopropanos/química , Insecticidas/química , Nitrilos/química , Piretrinas/química , Animales , Culicidae/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/síntesis química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Piretrinas/síntesis química , Piretrinas/farmacología , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Accessible chiral syntheses of 3 types of (R)-2-sulfanylcarboxylic esters and acids were performed: (R)-2-sulfanylpropanoic (thiolactic) ester (53%, 98%ee) and acid (39%, 96%ee), (R)-2-sulfanylsucciinic diester (59%, 96%ee), and (R)-2-mandelic ester (78%, 90%ee) and acid (59%, 96%ee). The present practical and robust method involves (i) clean SN 2 displacement of methanesulfonates of (S)-2-hydroxyesters by using commercially available AcSK with tris(2-[2-methoxyethoxy])ethylamine and (ii) sufficiently mild deacetylation. The optical purity was determined by the corresponding (2R,5R)-trans-thiazolidin-4-one and (2S,5R)-cis-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives based on accurate high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with high-resolution efficiency. Compared with the reported method utilizing AcSCs (generated from AcSH and CsCO3 ), the present method has several advantages, that is, the use of odorless AcCOSK reagent, reasonable reaction velocity, isolation procedure, and accurate, reliable optical purity determination. The use of accessible AcSK has advantages because of easy-to-handle odorless and hygroscopic solid that can be used in a bench-top procedure. The Ti(OiPr)4 catalyst promoted smooth trans-cyclo-condensation to afford (2R,5R)-trans-thiazolidin-4-one formation of (R)-2-sulfanylcarboxylic esters with available N-(benzylidene)methylamine under neutral conditions without any racemization, whereas (2S,5R)-cis-thiazollidin-4-ones were obtained via cis-cyclo-condensation and no catalysts. Direct high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of methyl (R)-mandelate was also performed; however, the resolution efficiency was inferior to that of the thaizolidin-4-one derivatizations.
RESUMEN
A highly substrate-general synthesis of all-carbon-substituted E- and Z-stereodefined olefins is performed. The method comprises two sets of parallel and stereocomplementary preparations of (E)- and (Z)-α,ß-unsaturated esters involving two robust and distinctive reactions: 1)â stereocomplementary enol tosylations using readily available TsCl/diamine/(LiCl) base reagents, and 2)â stereoretentive Negishi cross-coupling using the catalysts [Pd(dppe)Cl2] (for E) and [Pd(dppb)Cl2] (for Z). The present parallel approach is categorized as both typeâ I (convergent approach: 16â examples, 56-87 % yield) and typeâ II (divergent approach: 18â examples, 70-95 % yield). The obtained (E)- and (Z)-α,ß-unsaturated ester scaffolds are successfully transformed into various E- and Z-stereodefined known and novel olefins (8×2â derivatization arrays). As a demonstration, application to the parallel synthesis of both (E)- and (Z)-tamoxifens, a representative motif of all-carbon-substituted olefins, is accomplished in a total of eight steps with an overall yield of 58 % (average 93 %) and 57 % (average 93 %), respectively.
RESUMEN
Expedient asymmetric total syntheses of both (R)-podoblastin-S and (R)-lachnelluloic acid, representative of natural 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones, were performed. Compared with the reported total synthesis of (R)-podoblastin-S (14 steps, overall 5% yield), the present study was achieved in only five steps in an overall 40% yield and with 98% ee (HPLC analysis). In a similar strategy, the first asymmetric total synthesis of the relevant (R)-lachnelluloic acid was achieved in an overall 40% yield with 98% ee (HPLC analysis). The crucial step utilized readily accessible and reliable Soriente and Scettri's Ti(OiPr)4/(S)-BINOLâcatalyzed asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol addition of 1,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)diene, derived from ethyl acetoacetate with n-butanal for (R)- podoblastin-S and n-pentanal for (R)-lachnelluloic acid. With the comparison of the specific rotation values between the natural product and the synthetic specimen, the hitherto unknown absolute configuration at the C(6) position of (-)-lachnelluloic acid was unambiguously elucidated as 6R.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/síntesis química , Catálisis , Piranos/síntesis química , Pironas/síntesis química , Aldehídos/química , Productos Biológicos/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Piranos/química , Pironas/químicaRESUMEN
A versatile, robust, and stereocomplementary synthesis of fully-substituted (E)- and (Z)-stereodefined α,ß-unsaturated esters 3 from accessible α-substituted ß-ketoesters 1via (E)- and (Z)-enol phosphonates was achieved. The present method involves two accessible reaction sequences: (i) (E)- and (Z)-stereocomplementary enol phosphorylations of a wide variety of ß-ketoesters 1 (24 examples; 7199% yield, each >95: 5 ds), and (ii) (E)- and (Z)-stereoretentive SuzukiMiyaura cross-coupling (16 examples; 7191% yield, >81/19 ds) and Negishi cross-coupling (32 examples; 6596% yield, >95 : 5 ds) using (E)- and (Z)-enol phosphonates 2. 1H-NMR monitoring for a key reactive N-phosphorylammonium (imidazolium) intermediate I and an application in the synthesis of both (E)- and (Z)-tamoxifen precursors 6 are described.
Asunto(s)
Ésteres/síntesis química , Organofosfonatos/síntesis química , Ésteres/química , Organofosfonatos/química , Fosforilación , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética , Estereoisomerismo , Tamoxifeno/químicaRESUMEN
Parallel and practical methods for the preparation of both (E)- and (Z)-ß-aryl(1)-ß-aryl(2)-α,ß-unsaturated esters 1 and (E)- and (Z)-α-aryl(1)-ß-aryl(2)-α,ß-unsaturated esters 2 are described. These methods involve accessible, robust, stereocomplementary N-methylimidazole (NMI)-mediated enol tosylations (14 examples, 70-99% yield), as well as stereoretentive Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings (36 examples, 64-99% yield). The highlighted feature of the present protocol is the use of parallel and stereocomplementary approaches to obtain highly (E)- and (Z)-pure products 1 and 2 by utilizing sequential enol tosylations and cross-coupling reactions. An expeditious and parallel synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-zimelidine (3), which is a highly representative selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), was performed by utilizing the present methods.
RESUMEN
Asymmetric Ti-crossed Claisen condensation utilizing the dioxane-2,5-dione chiral template and its successful application to total synthesis of chiral alternaric acid are described.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos/síntesis química , Titanio/química , Ácidos/química , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
The NaOH-catalyzed first sequential Mukaiyama-Michael reaction/crossed-Claisen condensation is developed using two molar ketene silyl acetals and one molar alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in either a stepwise or one-pot manner.
RESUMEN
An (E)- and (Z)-stereocomplementary preparative method for alpha,beta-disubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated esters is performed via three general and robust reaction sequences: (i) Ti-Claisen condensation (formylation) of esters to give alpha-formyl esters (12 examples, 60-99%), (ii) (E)- and (Z)-stereocomplementary enol p-toluenesulfonylation (tosylation) using TsCl-N-methylimidazole (NMI)-Et(3)N and LiOH (24 examples, 82-99%), and (iii) stereoretentive Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (18 examples, 64-96%).
Asunto(s)
Ésteres/química , Ésteres/síntesis química , Estructura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
The first general method of direct and highly stereoselective Ti-mediated Mannich reaction between three types of simpleesters and E and Z mixtures of oxime ethers (aliphatic and aromatic) is accomplished.
RESUMEN
We have developed a general, robust, and cost-effective method for the (E)- or (Z)-stereocomplementary enol tosylation of beta-ketoesters using TsCl- N-methylimidazole (NMI)-Et3N or LiOH. TsCl coupled with NMI formed a highly reactive N-sulfonylammonium intermediate. Stereocongested secondary alcohols were smoothly sulfonylated using Ts(Ms)Cl-NMI-Et3N. beta-Ketoesters underwent (E)-selective tosylation using TsCl-NMI-Et3N and (Z)-selective tosylation using TsCl-NMI-LiOH (total of 23 examples; 60%-99% yield). Stereoretentive Negishi and Sonogashira couplings using enol tosylates proceeded successfully to give trisubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated esters.
RESUMEN
We performed an efficient practical and systematic optical resolution method for gem-dihalo- and monohalocyclopropanecarboxylic acids and utilizing chiral 1,1'-binaphthol monomethyl ether (R)- as the key auxiliary. Direct esterification of with (R)- gave two 1R- and 1S-diastereomeric esters with marked different R(f) values, both of which were easily separated using simple column chromatography. Monodehalogenation of separated chiral esters using t-BuMgCl and cat. Co(dppe)(2)Cl(2) gave two 1,2-trans- and 1,2-cis-diastereomers with markedly different R(f) values, both of which were similarly separated using simple column chromatography. The obtained diastereomers and were easily hydrolyzed to the desired enantiopure acids (>99%) and (>99%), respectively, with recovery of (R)-, both in good to excellent yields. Utilizing the present method, important chiral agrochemicals, carpropamid and fencyclate , were readily synthesized. Pyrethroid with three asymmetric centers was efficiently synthesized in a much better yield compared with the reported method.