Local temperature responses to actual land cover changes present significant latitudinal variability and asymmetry.

Land cover changes (LCCs) affect surface temperatures at local scale through biophysical processes. However, previous observation-based studies mainly focused on the potential effects of virtual afforestation/deforestation using the space-for-time assumption, while the actual effects of all types of realistic LCCs are underexplored. Here, we adopted the space-and-time scheme and utilized extensive high-resolution (1-km) satellite observations to perform the first such assessment. We showed that, from 2006 to 2015, the average temperature in the areas with LCCs increased by 0.08 K globally, but varied significantly across latitudes, ranging from -0.05 to 0.18 K. Cropland expansions dominated summertime cooling effects in the northern mid-latitudes, whereas forest-related LCCs caused warming effects elsewhere. These effects accounted for up to 44.6% of overall concurrent warming, suggesting that LCC influences cannot be ignored. In addition, we revealed obvious asymmetries in the actual effects, i.e., LCCs with warming effects occurred more frequently, with stronger intensities, than LCCs with cooling effects. Even for the mutual changes between two covers in the same region, warming LCCs generally had larger magnitudes than their cooling counterparts due to asymmetric changes in transition fractions and driving variables. These novel findings, derived from the assessment of actual LCCs, provide more realistic implications for land management and climate adaptation policies.

Biophysical impacts of earth greening can substantially mitigate regional land surface temperature warming.

Vegetation change can alter surface energy balance and subsequently affect the local climate. This biophysical impact has been well studied for forestation cases, but the sign and magnitude for persistent earth greening remain controversial. Based on long-term remote sensing observations, we quantify the unidirectional impact of vegetation greening on radiometric surface temperature over 2001-2018. Here, we show a global negative temperature response with large spatial and seasonal variability. Snow cover, vegetation greenness, and shortwave radiation are the major driving factors of the temperature sensitivity by regulating the relative dominance of radiative and non-radiative processes. Combined with the observed greening trend, we find a global cooling of -0.018 K/decade, which slows down 4.6 ± 3.2% of the global warming. Regionally, this cooling effect can offset 39.4 ± 13.9% and 19.0 ± 8.2% of the corresponding warming in India and China. These results highlight the necessity of considering this vegetation-related biophysical climate effect when informing local climate adaptation strategies.

A review of current methodologies for regional evapotranspiration estimation from remotely sensed data.

An overview of the commonly applied evapotranspiration (ET) models using remotely sensed data is given to provide insight into the estimation of ET on a regional scale from satellite data. Generally, these models vary greatly in inputs, main assumptions and accuracy of results, etc. Besides the generally used remotely sensed multi-spectral data from visible to thermal infrared bands, most remotely sensed ET models, from simplified equations models to the more complex physically based two-source energy balance models, must rely to a certain degree on ground-based auxiliary measurements in order to derive the turbulent heat fluxes on a regional scale. We discuss the main inputs, assumptions, theories, advantages and drawbacks of each model. Moreover, approaches to the extrapolation of instantaneous ET to the daily values are also briefly presented. In the final part, both associated problems and future trends regarding these remotely sensed ET models were analyzed to objectively show the limitations and promising aspects of the estimation of regional ET based on remotely sensed data and ground-based measurements.

[Clinical analysis of peripheral branch evulsion of trigeminal nerves on treatment of trigeminal neuralgia:report of 136 cases].

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of peripheral branch evulsion of trigeminal nerves on trigeminal neuralgia, especially on the aspect of odynolysis and recurrence. METHODS: 136 patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent peripheral branch evulsion of trigeminal nerves were retrospectively reviewed with three years follow-up period. The odynolysis and recurrence of pain were observed. RESULTS: Excellent effect was obtained in one patient underwent branch I evulsion. Excellent, good, and no effect were obtained in 57.7% (45/78), 34.6% (27/78), and 7.7% (6/78) of patients underwent branch II evulsion, respectively, with the total effective rate of 92.3%. Excellent and good effect was obtained in 91.1% (82/91) and 8.9% (9/91) of patients underwent branch III evulsion, respectively, with the total effective rate of 100%. During the 3-year follow-up period, no pain recurrence occurred in the patient underwent branch I evulsion, pain recurrence occurred in 24 out of 68 patients underwent branch II evulsion, and in 3 out 72 patients underwent branch III evulsion. Furthermore, pain of branch II occurred in 6 patients underwent branch III evulsion, and pain of branch III occurred in 2 patients underwent branch II evulsion. CONCLUSIONS: The factors of pain recurrence and odynolysis are complicated. Clinically incomplete evulsion may be the main factor. Standard criteria are necessary for identification of pain recurrence and ectopic pain. Electrothermal treatment though infraorbital foramen, buccal nerve evulsion, and ligation of broken nerve are effective to treat odynolysis and pain recurrence.