Association of Prostatic Volume and Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-three patients who were evaluated for the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia with accompanying symptoms were included in the study. Patients were also examined by cardiology department to assess and measure cardiovascular risk factors, left ventricular functions, and carotid intima-media thickness. RESULTS: Cardiovascular risk factors adjusted carotid intima-media thickness was found to be different between 3 groups, being highest in the severely symptomatic group and lowest in the mildly symptomatic group. Significant correlation of prostatic volume was shown with carotid intima-media thickness after adjusting prostatic volume for body mass index and age, and carotid intima-media thickness for cardiovascular risk factors (r = 0.75 P = .01). Linear regression analysis revealed that carotid intima-media thickness significantly associated with prostatic volume (beta coefficient: 0.628; confidence interval: 37.02-60.1; P = .001). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that prostatic tissue has significant association with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Assessment of therapeutic effect of human choriogonadotropin in a chemical cystitis model.

In this study, female rats induced with chemical cystitis were administered the hormone human choriogonadotropin (HCG), and it was aimed to reveal the usefulness of HCG in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. The materials for this study were 32 Wistar albino female rats. The study groups were formed as follows: the cystitis group (Group 1), the cystitis + HCG protection group (Group 2), the cystitis + HCG treatment group (Group 3), and the control group (Group 4), with eight rats in each group. In this study, blood and urine samples were taken from the rats, they were euthanized, and their bladders were removed for glutathione, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma measurements. It was observed that tissue damage in Group 2 was lower than that in the other two groups. Glutathione levels in Groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher than in Groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.01). Malondialdehyde levels of Groups 2 and 4 were significantly lower than the values in Groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001). When the cystitis groups were compared in terms of their interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, the lowest interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were detected in Group 3. It was found that HCG has positive effects on experimental cystitis in rats. This study revealed that HCG should be researched as a therapeutic agent and formed a step for studies to be carried out on this subject.

Association Between Overactive Bladder and Polyneuropathy in Diabetic Patients.

PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that often leads to complications. We aimed to correlate two complications of DM, polyneuropathy and hyperactive bladder syndrome, using noninvasive measures, such as screening tests. METHODS: We included 80 female and 40 male type 2 diabetic patients in this prospective study. Diabetic polyneuropathy evaluations were conducted using the Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4), and overactive bladder (OAB) evaluations were performed using the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-V8). The patients were also evaluated for retinopathy and nephropathy. The diabetic male and female patients with or without OAB were chosen and compared for microvascular complications (polyneuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy). RESULTS: There were no significant correlations between OAB and retinopathy as well as between OAB and nephropathy among diabetic patients (female patients, P>0.05; male patients, P>0.05 ). However, the patients with OAB were significantly more likely to develop polyneuropathy (female patients, P<0.05; male patients, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients, OAB and diabetic peripheral neuropathy are significantly correlated. These correlations were demonstrated using short, understandable, valid, and reliable disease-specific tests without invasive measures. Using these screening tests, both neurologists and urologists can easily diagnose these complications.

Can the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio be used to predict recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a predictor of disease progression and recurrence in patients with primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This was a prospective study of 86 patients with newly diagnosed NMIBC. The patients were classified by the number of points assigned by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer risk tables. The correlation between progression score, recurrence score, age, mean platelet volume, red blood cell distribution width and NLR was assessed statistically. The same parameters were compared between the risk groups. A significant difference in NLR and age values was observed between recurrence and progression risk score groups. The relationships between NLR and recurrence and progression risk scores were no longer significant after correcting for the statistical effect of age on scores. Age was significantly different between groups after adjusting for NLR. Our study revealed that NLR and age were associated with patient age and bladder tumor progression and recurrence risk scores. After correcting for age, the significant relationship with NLR was lost, in contrast to some previous studies. We recommend that patient age should be corrected to avoid misleading results in NLR studies.

Can Impaired Elasticity of Aorta Predict the Success of Vardenafil Treatment in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction?

Objective. Vardenafil is used in treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) but reveals variable clinical outcomes. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of aortic elasticity in predicting vardenafil success among patients with ED. Methods. Sixty-one consecutive male subjects with primary ED and indication for vardenafil treatment were included. All subjects fulfilled 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) before the vardenafil treatment. Pretreatment aortic stiffness index (ASI) and aortic distensibility (AD) were obtained echocardiographically. Following two-month vardenafil treatment, the patients were reevaluated with IIEF-5. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and ΔIIEF-5 scores and ASI values were compared. Results. Average age was 54 ± 8 years. Pretreatment and posttreatment IIEF-5 and ΔIIEF-5 scores were 9.1 ± 2.5; 18.5 ± 2.3; and 9.4 ± 3, respectively. Mean ASI and AD values were 3.10 ± 0.54 and 4.13 ± 2.55 1/(10(3) × mmHg) accordingly. ASI value of severe pretreatment ED (n = 15) was significantly higher than that of mild-moderate pretreatment ED (n = 12) (p < 0.001). All pretreatment IIEF-5 scores increased significantly compared to posttreatment IIEF-5 scores (p < 0.001). ASI values were significantly correlated to pretreatment IIEF-5 scores (p < 0.001) and ΔIIEF-5 value (p < 0.001) but not to posttreatment IIEF-5 score. Conclusion. Aortic elasticity was impaired in accordance with degree of ED. The subjects with higher ASI values obtained more benefits from vardenafil.

Serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Prolidase is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family. It plays a vital role in collagen turnover, matrix remodeling, and cell growth. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancers. Oxidative stress can cause tumor angiogenesis and may be carcinogenic. However, the relationship between antioxidant capacity and various cancers has been researched in several clinical trials. In our study, we aimed to identify serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with renal tumors and to evaluate their relationships with each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 37 male patients with renal cell cancer and with a mean age of 56.28 ± 3.1 were included in the study. The control group comprising 36 male patients (mean age 56.31 ± 2.9) was randomly selected among the volunteers. Serum samples for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and prolidase levels were kept at -20°C until they were used. RESULTS: Serum prolidase activity and MDA levels were significantly higher in renal cancer patients than in controls (all, p < 0.05), while SOD, GSHPx, and GST levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that increased prolidase seems to be related to increased oxidative stress along with decreased antioxidant levels in renal cancer.

Cardiac factors affecting the success of vardenafil in erectile dysfunction.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the predictability of vardenafil success in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) by using cardiological tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with ED who did not benefit from lifestyle changes (n = 68) were evaluated with an abridged 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The pretreatment and posttreatment IIEF-5 scores were compared with pretreatment data obtained from cardiological examinations. RESULTS: When pretreatment scores were compared with test parameters, mitral flow E/A ratio and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) E'/ A', exercise test duration, exercise capacity in MET, and percentage of maximum heart rate were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between mitral flow E/A ratio, TDI E'/A', exercise test duration, exercise capacity in MET, and the difference in post- and pretreatment IIEF-5 scores. CONCLUSION: As a diastolic function indicator, TDI E'/A' positively correlates with pretreatment IIEF-5 scores and negatively correlates with the beneficial effect of vardenafil treatment. As a result, the cardiological status of the patient correlates with individual IIEF-5 scores, and it seems to be useful in predicting vardenafil success.

Assessment of overactive bladder in women antidepressant users.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between overactive bladder (OAB) and use of antidepressants in women. METHODS: This is a prospective trial, and in total, 205 consecutive female (113 patient taking antidepressants for various disorders and 92 healthy controls) outpatients from our outpatients were enrolled in this study. The patients were also divided into those with OAB symptoms, OAB-Validated 8 (OAB-V8 score of ≥8), and without OAB symptoms <8. The prevalence of OAB in the antidepressant users and healthy controls was compared. In addition, the prevalence of OAB was compared according to antidepressant type. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 36 ± 13 years. The demographic data of the two groups (OAB-V8 ≥ 8 and OAB-V8 < 8) were similar. The Beck Depression Inventory, OAB-V8, and Incontinence Questionnaire--Short Form scores of the antidepressant users were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of OAB was significantly higher in antidepressant users (64 %) than in the control group (33 %) (p = 0.003). The highest prevalence of OAB was detected in patients taking fluoxetine (63.6 %), and the lowest was observed in those taking sertraline (42.3 %) (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: There were more OAB symptoms in antidepressant users than in control group. Each SSRI and SNRI has a unique pharmacological profile, and this could explain the opposing reports in the literature. We recommend that patients taking antidepressants be carefully monitored for OAB symptoms.

Incidence of renal carcinoma in non-functioning kidney due to renal pelvic stone disease.

The objective of This study was to report our pathological findings in nephrectomy specimens from patients treated for non-functioning hydronephrotic kidney due to renal pelvic stone disease. A total of 97 patients who underwent nephrectomy for non-functioning hydronephrotic kidneys between January, 2011 and June, 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. A non-functioning kidney was defined as one having paper-thin parenchyma on urinary ultrasound or computed tomography, exhibiting no contrast visualization in the collecting duct system on intravenous urography and having a split renal function of <10% on nuclear renal function studies. Following pathological evaluation, 9 patients were diagnosed with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, 9 with malignant tumors and 79 with chronic pyelonephritis. Of the patients with chronic pyelonephritis, 2 also had renal adenomas. The malignant tumors included 3 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), 2 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 3 renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (1 sarcomatoid, 1 papillary and 1 clear cell RCC), whereas 1 patient had concurrent RCC and TCC. In conclusion, non-functioning kidneys, particularly those with kidney stones, should be managed as possible malignancies, due to the higher incidence of malignant tumors in such patients compared with the normal population.

Vitamin B12, folate and iron levels in primary nocturnal enuresis.

OBJECTIVE: Folate, vitamin B12 and iron are important vitamin and minerals which play role in the development of nervous system. The aim of this study was looking at the presence of folate, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency among patients with Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and possible relation between the delay of central nervous system (CNS) development, PNE and folate, vitamin B12 and iron states. METHODS: Consecutively applied forty patients with PNE (23 girls and 17 boys) and otherwise normal thirty control subjects (17 girls and 13 boys) were included in the study. Average ages (in range) of PNE and the control group were 9.2(6-12) years and 9.3 (6-12) years accordingly. Age, height, weight, complete blood count, blood vitamin B12, folate, ferritin and iron values of both groups were recorded and compared to each other. RESULTS: Average vitamin B12 and folate levels of patients with PNE were significantly and statistically lower compared to those of the control group. Average blood iron of patients with PNE was significantly higher than that of the control group and also average ferritin level of the PNE group was detected to be higher than the control group but this relation was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Primary nocturnal enuresis is related to the delay in CNS maturation so it was thought that low vitamin B12 and folate which were found in patients with PNE may have role in the delay of CNS maturation. Additionally, further studies are needed to investigate the role of vitamin B12 and folate either alone or as combination in treatment of patients with PNE who have low vitamin B12and folate level.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery versus percutaneous lithotripsy to treat renal stones 2-3 cm in diameter.

OBJECTIVE: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) performed using a flexible ureterorenoscope marked the beginning of a new era in urology. Today, even staghorn stones are successfully treated via RIRS. The recommended treatment for larger stones is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). However, the question of whether PNL or RIRS should be the first-line treatment option for larger stones remains controversial. In this study, we contribute to the debate by comparing the success and complication rates of PNL and RIRS that were used to treat renal pelvis stones 2-3 cm in diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 154 patients (74 PNL, 80 RIRS) were retrospectively evaluated. PNL patients were placed in Group 1 and RIRS patients in Group 2. RESULTS: The complete stone-free rates were 95.5% in the PNL group and 80.6% in the RIRS group 1 month postoperatively (P = 0.061). The respective complication rates (evaluated using the Clavien system) were 13.5% and 8.8% (P = 0.520). CONCLUSIONS: RIRS affords a comparable success rate, causes fewer complications than PNL, and seems to be a promising alternative to PNL when larger stones are to be treated. Prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Hair coil penile tourniquet syndrome in an unusual age.

Penile tourniquet syndrome (PTS), a rare urologic emergency, may lead to undesirable results including necrosis and amputation of penis, if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. Sometimes these injuries may be accepted as a forensic case. Miscellaneous objects used for strangulation can be metallic or nonmetallic. Of all ages, the most vulnerable period is infancy. Telogen effluvium is the most common cause of PTS in infants who are 0-6 years old. In the literature, telogen effluvium as a reason of PTS was not found except for this age group. Therefore, we aimed to present a boy who is 8 years old diagnosed as PTS because of his mother's hair coil.

The effectiveness of flexible ureterorenoscopy for opaque and non-opaque renal stones.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the treatment success rate of flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) for opaque and non-opaque renal stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four patients, who underwent flexible URS for renal stones between October 2012 and January 2014, were included. The patients were divided into two groups according to stone radiolucency. The patients were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative (at the weeks 4) computed tomography. Success of the treatment was defined as stone-free status and residual fragments < 4 mm. RESULTS: Success of the treatment was observed in 79 (84%) patients. Sex, stone size, and stone location were factors affecting treatment success. Seventy-five (79.8%) patients had opaque stones, and 19 (20.2%) had non-opaque stones. The treatment success rates for opaque and non-opaque stones were 86.6% and 73.6%, respectively (P = .167). Flexible URS was a successful modality with acceptable morbidity to treat renal stones. CONCLUSION: These results show that radiolucent and opaque stones can be effectively treated by flexible URS. 

Comparison of Transobturator Tape and Mini-Sling Tissue Fixation in Female Patients Who Had Stress Urinary Incontinence.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence is a significant medico-social problem and its incidence increases up to 70% in the postmenopausal period. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of transobturator adjustable tape (TOT) and mini sling in female urinary incontinence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 69 patients were included in the study. Single surgeon applied TOT (n=56 with ISD) or 13 mini sling (n=13 with ISD). Patients were considered to have ISD identified by a Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) measurement<60 cm H2O with a volume of 150 mL in the bladder or by a maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) measurement<20 cm H2O with a volume of 200 mL in the bladder. The mean follow-up period was 25 months for TOT group and 24 months for mini sling group (p=0.72). RESULTS: The cough test was negative in 48 of TOT group (86%) and 11 of mini sling group (84.6%). ICIQ-SF scores for the median value decreased from 14 (11-21) preoperatively to 3 (0-9) postoperatively (p<0.05) in the TOT group, and 15 (12-23) preoperatively to 4 (0-10) postoperatively (p<0.05) in the mini sling group. The difference in the decrease of the score between two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.42). There was not any significant complication to note. The mean hospital stay for TOT group was 2.1 days (1-5), and 1.4 days (1-3) for mini sling group (p=0.12). Operation time was was significantly lower in mini-sling group than TOT group (11.6 vs. 18.4, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Both TOT and mini-sling procedures are successful and safe procedures in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with ISD.

Cutaneous Ewing's sarcoma secondary to chemotherapy given for testis tumor: Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Testicular cancer has high cure rates, especially after the adjuvant use of chemotherapy. Secondary tumors may develop months and years after the primary tumor. We aimed to report a case of cutaneous Ewing's sarcoma at the site of surgery 3 years after BEP chemotherapy. PRESENTATION OF CASE: 21 year old male underwent radical orchiectomy in 2008. After one year surgical site complaints brought him to same hospital. A limited surgical resection was made. As his complaints continued he applied to our clinic. We resected the lesion with a 5cm safety margin with the light of previous medical history. Pathology revealed cutaneous Ewing's sarcoma, and patient received VACD-IE chemotherapy. He is free of recurrence till now. DISCUSSION: Chemotherapy may cause secondary cancer especially in long term. In this case secondary tumor is diagnosed three years after surgery. Patient underwent therapeutic surgery and received chemotherapy (VACD-IE) for secondary Ewing's sarcoma. Early diagnosis and definitive treatment provide recurrence free survival in the patient. CONCLUSION: Secondary tumors can emerge months or years after primary tumor therapies, and are not related with the primary tumors. Any lesion or sign should be investigated carefully. Early diagnosis and correct treatment could prevent dramatic results.

Red cell distribution width as a predictor of prostate cancer progression.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to investigate the utility of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) as a simple and readily available marker in prostate cancer, as well as to evaluate RDW as a predictor of progression in prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 62 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy and 62 healthy controls of mean age 64 (range, 45-75) years at the Urology Clinic of Bozok University Hospital. Data collection was performed using our laboratory information system database to retrieve findings regarding RDW, hemoglobin, prostate- specific antigen (PSA), and age. The RDW values were compared between the healthy control group and prostate cancer patients. A high risk of progression as defined as a Gleason score (GS) >6, total number of cores positive for cancer >33%, each core containing >50% cancer cells, and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >10 ng/ mL. Patients were classified according to risk of progression, as well as divided into subgroups according to the RDW quartile. RESULTS: The mean RDW value of prostate cancer patients was 14.6, compared with 13.7 in the healthy control group (p=0.001). A higher RDW was associated with an increased risk of progression, whereas a lower RDW value was correlated with a low risk of progression. CONCLUSIONS: RDW is an easily derived measure that might, in combination with other markers, help predict prostate cancer risk and progression. We suggest that RDW may be used in combination with other parameters in the assessment of prostate cancer.

Is the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio an indicator of progression in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate inflammation parameters and assess the utility of the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a simple and readily available predictor for clinical disease activity in patients with nenign prostate hyperplasia BPH. We also aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory parameters with α-blocker therapy response, and evaluate the potential association between NLR and the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 320 consecutive patients (July 2013-December 2013) admitted to our outpatient clinic with symptoms of the lower urinary tract at Bozok University. The mean age was 60 (range, 51-75) years. Complete blood count (CBC), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed. Correlations between PSA, CRP, ESR, prostate volume, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPPS), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and NLR were assessed statistically. Patients were divided into two groups: high and low risk of progression. RESULTS: NLR was positively correlated with IPSS (p=0.001, r=0.265), PSA (p=0.001, r=0.194), and negatively correlated with Qmax (p<0.001, r=-0.236). High-risk patients a had a higher NLR compared with low-risk patients, based on IPSS (p<0.001), PSA (p=0.013), and Qmax (p<0.001); however, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age (p>0.05), and prostate volume (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NLR can predict BPH progression. We propose that increased inflammation is negatively associated with clinical status in BPH patients and suggest that NLR can give information along with LUTS severity which may be used as a readikly accessible marker for patient follow-up.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with erectile dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: There is an increasing interest in the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular risk factor. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with insulin resistance, increased cardiometabolic risk, and coronary artery disease. Our aim was to investigate relationships between epicardial fat thickness (EFT) as a cardiometabolic risk factor and erectile dysfunction. METHOD: We selected 30 erectile dysfunction patients without comorbidities and 30 healthy individuals. IIEF-5 score was applied to all patients, and IIEF-5 score below 22 was considered as erectile dysfunction. EFT was measured by echocardiography. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) was higher in ED patients than those without ED (28.19 ± 4.45 kg/m(2) versus 23.84 ± 2.36 kg/m(2), P = 0.001, resp.). Waist circumstance (WC) was higher in ED patients than those without ED (106.60 ± 5.90 versus 87.86 ± 14.51, P = 0.001, resp.). EFT was higher in ED patients compared to non-ED patients (0.49 ± 0.09 cm versus 0.45 ± 0.03 cm, P = 0.016, resp.). There was positive correlation among BMI, WC, and EFT. There was negative correlation between EFT and IIEF-5 score (r : - 0.632, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: EAT, BMI, and WC as cardiometabolic risk factors were higher in erectile dysfunction patients.

Tissue damage in kidney, adrenal glands and diaphragm following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

This study was designed to investigate whether exposure to short-term extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) produces histologic changes or induces apoptosis in the kidney, adrenal glands or diaphragm muscle in rats. The effect of shock waves on the kidney of male Wistar rats (n = 12) was investigated in an experimental setting using a special ESWL device. Animals were killed at 72 h after the last ESWL, and the tissues were stained with an in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein. Microscopic examination was performed by fluorescent microscopy. Apoptotic cell deaths in the renal tissue were not observed in the control group under fluorescent microscopy. In the ESWL group, local apoptotic changes were observed in the kidney in the area where the shock wave was focused. The apoptotic cell deaths observed in the adrenal gland of the control group were similar to those observed in the ESWL groups, and apoptosis was occasionally observed around the capsular structure. Apoptotic cell deaths in the diaphragm muscle were infrequently observed in the control group. Apoptosis in the ESWL group was limited to the mesothelial cells. This study demonstrated that serious kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles damage occurred following ESWL, which necessitated the removal of the organ in the rat model. It is recognized that the ESWL complications related to the kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles are rare and may be managed conservatively.

Conservative approach in the treatment of renal trauma in children.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the role of a conservative approach in the treatment of renal trauma in the pediatric age group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 pediatric patients with renal trauma (male = 25, female = 6) in whom we used a conservative approach in our clinic between the years 2002 and 2010 were included in the study. Patients were assessed according to the type of trauma, type of treatment, findings of radiological imaging, concomitant other organ injuries and complications occurring during follow-up. RESULTS: Surgery was required in just 4 of 31 pediatric patients who were treated with the conservative approach. Of the patients who underwent surgery, only one child needed nephrectomy. No complications were detected in the clinical and radiological follow-up of the patients who received the conservative approach. CONCLUSIONS: The main objective in the treatment of renal trauma occurring in childhood is to protect the kidneys. If the hemodynamic findings are stable, a conservative approach should be the first preferred method of treatment in every grade of renal trauma that can occur in childhood.