Evaluation of the efficacy of a new inactivated vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, Echerchia coli and Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in cows.

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma bovis are the most commonly isolated mastitis pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new mixed vaccine against mastitis caused by  Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis. For this purpose, a mixed inactivated vaccine was administered subcutaneously to 24 heifers as one dose (2 mL) on the 45th day before birth and the second dose 21 days later. In 9 heifers, 2 mL of PBS was administered as placebo instead of vaccine. Then, heifers were divided into 3 groups as 7 vaccinated and 3 unvaccinated animals. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis were administered to the groups through intramammary route. Three vaccinated heifers were considered the common control without bacteria in all groups. The parameters considered to assess the effect of vaccination were clinical findings, bacterial count in milk, somatic cell count, and antibody titers. Clinical signs were observed only in the unvaccinated placebo group. Bacteria count and somatic cell count in milk increased in vaccinated and unvaccinated heifers. However, this increase was less in vaccinated animals and gradually returned to the normal level. In the unvaccinated heifers, it was ever high. Serum antibody titers were measured before and after vaccination. Antibody titers were high in vaccinated heifers after vaccination and were negative in unvaccinated heifers. In conclusion, the mixed vaccine had beneficial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and stimulated the immune response of vaccinated heifers.

Puerarin mitigates oxidative injuries, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and pathological damage associated with liver and kidney in Xanthium strumarium-intoxicated rats.

In this study, the therapeutic effects of puerarin on Xanthium strumarium toxicity, which can develop in many species and does not have a specific antidote, were investigated. A single dose of 100 g/kg X. strumarium seeds was administered by gavage to female Sprague-Dawley rats, 6 h following which 200 mg/kg puerarin was administered by the same route, with puerarin administration being repeated daily at the same time. After completing the application, the blood, liver and kidney tissues of the rats were examined. Further, the biochemical parameters, glucose, MDA, GSH, SOD, mitochondrial Ca2+ and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening levels, apoptotic factors (TUNEL, Bax and Bcl-2), ATP synthase and histopathological changes of the experimental rats were examined. The results revealed that while the administration of X. strumarium resulted in increased blood AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK, BUN and creatinine levels, it decreased glucose levels. In addition, it increased the MDA levels in the tissues and significantly increased the oxidative stress levels by decreasing the GSH levels and SOD activity. X. strumarium caused an increase in the mitochondrial Ca2+ and mPTP opening levels. Moreover, it increased the immunohistochemically determined ATP synthase expression and histopathologically identified necrotic liver cell death rates. Owing to its antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects on mPTP opening, puerarin administered for therapeutic purposes decreased the oxidative damage caused by X. strumarium toxicity, blood biochemical parameter levels, mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, mPTP opening, ATP synthase expression and the percentage of necrotic cells. Hence, the reduction in the liver and kidney damage in X. strumarium toxicity by puerarin indicates its potential use as an antidote for X. strumarium poisoning.

Curcumin, myrecen and cineol modulate the percentage of lymphocyte subsets altered by 2,3,7, 8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) in rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a persistent environmental pollutant, on the percentage of T-cell subsets and B-lymphocyte and effectiveness of curcumin, ß-myrcene (myrcene) and 1,8-cineole (cineol) on this toxicity in rats. Rats (n = 112) were divided randomly into 8 equal groups. One group was kept as control and given corn oil as carrier. TCDD was orally administered at the dose of 2 µg/kg/week. Curcumin, myrcene and cineol were orally administered by gavages at the doses of 100, 200 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, dissolved in corn oil with and without TCDD. The blood samples were taken from half of the rats on day 30 and from the rest on day 60 for the determination of lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD161(+), CD45RA, CD4(+)CD25(+) and total lymphocyte). The results indicated that although TCDD significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD161(+), CD45RA, CD4(+)CD25(+) and total lymphocyte, it caused a significant increase in the percentage of CD8(+) cells. In contrast, curcumin, myrcene and cineol significantly decreased CD8(+) cells levels but increased CD3(+), CD4(+), CD161(+), CD45RA, CD4(+)CD25(+) and total lymphocyte cells populations. The beneficial effects of curcumin, myrcene and cineol and the toxic effects of TCDD were increased at day 60 compared to day 30. In conclusion, curcumin, myrcene and cineol showed immunomodulatory effects and eliminated TCDD-induced immune suppressive effects in rats.

Antioxidative effects of curcumin, ß-myrcene and 1,8-cineole against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced oxidative stress in rats liver.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of curcumin, ß-myrcene (myrcene) and 1,8-cineole (cineole) on antioxidant defense system in rats given a persistent environmental pollutant (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD). Rats (n = 112) were divided randomly into 8 equal groups. One group was kept as control and given corn oil as carrier. TCDD was orally administered at the dose of 2 µg/kg/week. Curcumin, myrcene and cineole were orally administered at the doses of 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/ day, respectively, by gavages dissolved in corn oil with and without TCDD. The liver samples were taken from half of all rats on day 30 and from the remaining half on day 60 for the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and CuZn-SOD levels by spectrophotometric method. The results indicated that although TCDD significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased formation of TBARS, it caused a significant decline in the levels of GSH, CAT, GSH-Px and CuZn-SOD in rats. In contrast, curcumin, myrcene and cineole significantly increased GSH, CAT, GSH-Px and CuZn-SOD levels but decreased formation of TBARS. Additionally, the antioxidative effects of curcumin, myrcene and cineole were increased at day 60 compared to day 30. In the TCDD groups given curcumin, myrcene and cineole, oxidative stress decreased by time. In conclusion, curcumin, myrcene and cineole showed antioxidant activity and eliminated TCDD-induced oxidative stress in rats in a time-dependent manner.

Protective effect of curcumin on immune system and body weight gain on rats intoxicated with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In this study, the negative effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the immune system and body weight gain of rats and the preventive effects of curcumin were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this purpose, 128 3-4-month-old Wistar albino rats with 280-310 g body weights were used. The 2 microg/kg dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 100 mg/kg dose of curcumin were dissolved in corn oil and orally given to the rats found in the experimental and control groups. Then, the serum samples were taken from all rats at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days to analyzed for the determination of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-13 levels by ELISA method. The data of body weight gain was measured at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. RESULTS: The results indicated that 2,3,7,8-TCDD caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum TNF-alpha level. However, it caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in the levels of IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-13 in rats. On the contrary, curcumin increased IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-13 levels, but decreased TNF-alpha level in rats. Additionally, TCDD caused significant (P<0.01) reductions in the body weight gain. However, curcumin reversed this effect of TCDD. CONCLUSION: 2,3,7,8-TCDD significantly suppressed the humoral immunity and body weight gain in rats at doses of 2 microg/kg. However curcumin, which was found in some plants, eliminated the effect of TCDD on immune system and body weight when it was given together with 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It is thought that this effect may have occurred via curcumin and TCDD binding aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) competitively.

Effects of levamisole on hyaluronidase activity and sperm characteristics in rams.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of levamisole on sperm characteristics and hyaluronidase activity of blood serum and semen. For this purpose, 12 Akkaraman rams (2-3 years old) were used. Levamisole hydrochloride was administered orally at a dose of 7.5mg/kg body weights once daily for 2 days. Serum and semen samples were collected from the rams at post-treatment 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 216, 288 and 384 h and examined for sperm characteristics and hyaluronidase activity. The results showed that the use of levamisole caused significant (P < 0.01) increase in serum hyaluronidase activity at all times except the 72 h, and in semen hyaluronidase activity at 1, 2, 4, 24, 72, 96 and 120 h compared to the control group. In addition, the levamisole caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in semen volume, sperm motility, concentration and total sperm number at all times. There was no correlation between semen hyaluronidase activity and the sperm characteristics. In conclusion, levamisole did not have any deleterious effect on hyaluronidase enzyme. However, the use of this drug in rams during the breeding season is harmful due to the decrease of sperm characteristics.

The effects of diminazene aceturate and ceftriaxone on ram sperm.

Effects of diminazene aceturate and ceftriaxone disodium were evaluated on sperm quality of rams. Daily intramuscular injections of diminazene (6 mg/kg) or ceftriaxone (28.5 mg/kg) were given to each of seven Akkaraman rams assigned per drug for two days. Semen samples were collected from the rams at post-treatment 1, 4, 24, 48, 72, 144, 288 and 336 h and examined for sperm characteristics and hyaluronidase activity. Results showed that use of ceftriaxone and diminazene caused significant (P<0.01) decreases in sperm concentration, volume and motility compared to control group within 288 h post-treatment. In addition, hyaluronidase activity increased significantly (P<0.01) in semen of rams treated with ceftriaxone while remained unchanged in those received diminazene. In conclusion, diminazene aceturate and ceftriaxone disodium did not have any deleterious effect on hyaluronidase enzyme. However, both drugs caused impairment of sperm in rams during the 288 h.

The effects of lincomycin-spectinomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim on hyaluronidase activities and sperm characteristics of rams.

The effects of lincomycin-spectinomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combinations on the hyaluronidase enzyme of serum and semen and on sperm characteristics in rams were determined. Thirthy-two Akkaraman rams were used. The rams were randomly divided into four groups. Group A and group B were determined as control groups of group C (lincomycin-spectinomycin) and D (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim), respectively. Combinations of lincomycin-spectinomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were administered at doses of 15 mg.kg(-1) intramuscularly and 12 mg.kg(-1) body weights orally, respectively. Blood and semen samples were collected at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 192 and 384 hr. Semen hyaluronidase activities of rams in group C increased significantly (p<0.001, <0.05) compared with the control group at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. Semen hyaluronidase activities in group D rams also increased significantly (p<0.001) in comparison with the control group at all times except 72 and 384 hr. Serum hyaluronidase activities increased significantly (p<0.01, <0.001) at 24 and 48 hr after treatment of lincomycin-spectinomycin. Additionally, significant (p<0.05, <0.001) increases were detected in the serum hyaluronidase activities of group D at 48 and 72 hr, respectively. No significant correlation was found between serum and semen hyaluronidase activities. Furthermore, significant increases (p<0.05) were observed in the percentages of motile sperm in the rams of group C and D compared with the control groups. The values of sperm concentration and total number of sperm in group C and D rams decreased significantly (p<0.001) in comparison with control groups. No significant correlations were found between the semen hyaluronidase activities and sperm characteristics. In conclusion, these findings show that the combinations of lincomycin-spectinomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim do not have any harmful effects on hyaluronidase activities and sperm motility. However, the use of both antibiotic combinations in breeding rams during the ramming season is not advisable due to the decrease of sperm concentration.