Right Ventricular Systolic Function After the Cone Procedure for Ebstein's Anomaly: Comparison Between Echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

Although the Cone procedure has improved outcomes for patients with Ebstein´s anomaly (EA), neither RV systolic function recovery in long-term follow-up nor the best echocardiographic parameters to assess RV function are well established. Thus, we evaluated RV performance after the Cone procedure comparing two-dimensional (2DEcho) and three-dimensional (3DEcho) echocardiography to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). We assessed 27 EA patients after the Cone procedure (53% female, median age of 20 years at the procedure, median post-operative follow-up duration of 8 years). Echocardiography was performed 4 h apart from the CMR. RV global longitudinal strain (GLS), fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), myocardial performance index and tissue Doppler S' velocity were assessed using 2DEcho, whereas 3DEcho was used to evaluate RV volumes and ejection fraction (RVEF). Echocardiographic variables were compared to CMR-RVEF. All patients were in the NYHA functional class I. Median TAPSE was 15.9 mm, FAC 30.2%, and RV-GLS -15%; median RVEF by 3DEcho was 31.9% and 43% by CMR. Among 2DEcho parameters, RV-GLS and FAC had a substantial correlation with CMR-RVEF (r = - 0.63 and r = 0.55, respectively); from 3DEcho, the indexed RV volumes and RVEF were closely correlated with CMR (RV-EDVi, r = 0.60, RV-ESVi, r = 0.72; and RVEF r = 0.60). RV systolic function is impaired years after the Cone procedure, despite a good clinical status. FAC and RV-GLS are useful 2DEcho tools to assess RV function in these patients; however, 3DEcho measurements appear to provide a better RV assessment.

Impaired Pulmonary Function is an Additional Potential Mechanism for the Reduction of Functional Capacity in Clinically Stable Fontan Patients.

Central factors negatively affect the functional capacity of Fontan patients (FP), but "non-cardiac" factors, such as pulmonary function, may contribute to their exercise intolerance. We studied the pulmonary function in asymptomatic FP and its correlations with their functional capacity. Pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed in a prospective study of 27 FP and 27 healthy controls (HC). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was used to evaluate the Fontan circulation. The mean age at tests, the mean age at surgery, and the median follow-up time of FP were 20(±6), 8(±3), and 11(8-17) years, respectively. Dominant ventricle ejection fraction was within normal range. The mean of peak VO2 expressed in absolute values (L/min), the relative values to body weight (mL/kg/min), and their predicted values were lower in FP compared with HC: 1.69 (±0.56) vs 2.81 (±0.77) L/min; 29.9 (±6.1) vs 41.5 (±9.3) mL/kg/min p < 0.001 and predicted VO2 Peak [71% (±14) vs 100% (±20) p < 0.001]. The absolute and predicted values of the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), inspiratory capacity (IC), total lung capacity (TLC), diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide of the lung (DLCO), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) were also significantly lower in the Fontan population compared to HC. An increased risk of restrictive ventilatory pattern was found in patients with postural deviations (OD:10.0, IC:1.02-97.5, p = 0.042). There was a strong correlation between pulmonary function and absolute peak VO2 [FVC (r = 0.86, p < 0.001); FEV1 (r = 0.83, p < 0.001); IC (r = 0.84, p < 0.001); TLC (r = 0.79, p < 0.001); and DLCO (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). The strength of the inspiratory muscles in absolute and predicted values was also reduced in FP [-79(±28) vs -109(±44) cmH2O (p = 0.004) and 67(±26) vs 89(±36) % (p = 0.016)]. Thus, we concluded that the pulmonary function was impaired in clinically stable Fontan patients and the static and dynamic lung volumes were significantly reduced compared with HC. We also demonstrated a strong correlation between absolute Peak VO2 with the FVC, FEV1, TLC, and DLCO measured by complete pulmonary test.

Avanços em ecocardiografia tridimensional: 2010 / New features in three-dimensional echocardiography: 2010

A ecocardiografia em tempo real representa grande avanço para a análise ecocardiográfica das estruturas cardíacas. Atualmente há a possibilidade da análise estrutural a partir de batimento cardíaco único, o que traz maior realidade anatômica à investigação ultrassonográfica e representa potencial aplicação clínica em pacientes portadores de grande irregularidade de ritmo cardíaco.

Analysis of left ventricular regional dyssynchrony: comparison between real time 3D echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of information concerning left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony assessment by real time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT3DE) versus tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). AIMS: To compare RT3DE and TDI LV dyssynchrony assessment. METHODS: A prospective study of 92 individuals (56 men, age 47 +/- 10 years), 32 with dilated cardiomyopathy (CMP), and 60 healthy individuals. By RT3DE, we measured the LV% dyssynchrony index (DI) of 6, 12, and 16 segments (SDI). By pulsed-wave TDI, we measured the QS electromechanical interval in the basal segments of the mitral valve annulus of the septum, the lateral, anterior and inferior walls, and the TDI% DI. RESULTS: In the normal group, the 3D DI was 1.1 +/- 0.8%, 1.4 +/- 1.3%, 1.8 +/- 1.7%, for 6 segments, 12 segments, and SDI, respectively. The correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) for the TDI DI and SDI was r = 0.2381 (P = 0.0470). In CMP group, the 3D DI was 4.6 +/- 5.4%, 7.9 +/- 7.1%, 11.1 +/- 7.1%, for 6 segments, 12 segments, and SDI, respectively. The correlation coefficient for TDI DI and SDI was r = 0.7838 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a good correlation between RT3DE and tissue Doppler LV dyssynchrony assessment in patients with advanced heart failure.

Índice de dissincronia ventricular tridimensional em tempo real: novo método de análise da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Comparação com a fração de ejeção bidimensional e tridimensional / Real - time ventricular tridimensional dyssynchrony index: new method of left ventricle systolic assessment. Comparison with bidimensional and tridimensional ejection fraction

Fundamento e Objetivo: A sincronia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) tem importância para a performance sistólica ventricular. O objetivo desde estudo foi comparar a sincronia do VE analisada com ecocardiograma (eco) tridimensional(3D) em tempo real, com medidas de FEVE, obtidas com ECO bidimensional (2D) e 3D. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de 82 indivíduos (46 homens, 48 + - 12 anos), sendo 50 com anatomia cardíaca (eco) e ECG normais (grupo N) e 32 pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada (grupo CMD). Foram medidos com o ECO 3D: FEVE, volumes e o índice de dissincronia (DI) por cento para 16 segmentos do VE. Com o ECO 2D foram aferidos: FEVE (método de Simpson) e volumes. Os dados foram comprados: com a mensuração do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson), 95 por cento IC, com o teste de regressão linear e teste de Bland & Altman, p>0,05. Resultados: O DI por cento variou de 0,28 a 28,1 (5,23 + 6,72), a FEVE 3D variou de 0,17 a 0,78 (0,51 + 0,14); a FECE 2D variou de 0,3 a 0,71 (0,46 + 0,15). A correlação entre DI e FEVE 3D foi (r): -0,7272, p> 0,0001, IC: -0,8328 a -0,6257, a relação linear entre DI (x) e FEVE 3D (y) foi y 17,6163 + ( -24,9872) x, p<0,0001. A correlação entre DI e FEVE...

Sincronia do ventrículo esquerdo: comparação entre a análise com ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real e com o Doppler tecidual / Left ventricular sinchronicity: comparison between real-time tridimensional echocardiography and Tissue Doppler analysis

Objetivo: A análise da sincronia do ventrículo esquerdo pode ser realizada com o emprego da ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) e, também, com o Doppler tecidual (DT). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a análise do ventrículo esquerdo observada pelos dois métodos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com 82 indivíduos (48 homens, média de 51 anos mais ou menos 12 anos), 50 com anatomia cardíaca e eletrocardiograma normais (grupo N), 32 com cardiomiopatia dilatada (grupo CMD) e aumento da duração do QRS. A análise ecocardiográfica foi realizada com ecocardiografia bidimensional, ecocardiografia tridimensional transtorácica, em tempo real, (ECO 3D). Foi realizada a afeição da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, dos volumes e dos índices de dissincronia (DI) por cento para 6, 12 e 16 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo. Com o DT, foram medidos os intervalos eletromecânicos (IQS) dos segmentos basais das paredes septal, lateral, anterior e inferior, e o índice de dissincronia tecidual (ID) por cento. A análise estatística foi feita com a determinação do coeficiênte de correlação (Pearson), IC: 95 por cento, com teste de regressão linear e teste de Bland e Altman. No grupo N, o coeficiente de correlação (r) para DT DI por cento e 3D 6 ID por cento foi de 0,4143, p igual 0,0015; para 3D 12ID por cento (r) foi de 0,2647, p igual 0,0446, e para 3D 16 ID por cento (r) foi de 0,2332, p igual 0,0430. No grupo CMD, (r) para DTI ID por cento e 3D 6 ID por cento foi de: 0,5269, p igual 0,0019; para 3D 12 ID por cento (r) foi de 0,7827, p menor 0,0001; para 3D 16 ID por cento (r) foi de r: 0,7838, p menor 0,0001. Conclusão: Foi observada boa concordância para a análise da dissincronia eletromecânica, com o emprego do Doppler tecidual e com a ecocardiografia tridimensional, em pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca.