Antibiotic usage patterns in exotic pets: A study in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Background: The link between the reckless use of antimicrobials with the increasing development of multidrug-resistant strains of antibiotics is well established. To control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), action plans, recommendations and guidelines on the prudent use of antibiotics have been developed for food-producing animals and companion animals but appear to be lacking in exotic pets due to the scarcity of data and information on the use of antibiotics in these species. Aim: The purpose of this study is to bring qualitative and quantitative data regarding the use of antimicrobials in exotic pets in a veterinary center in southern Brazil, seeking to measure the consumption of these animals to determine and guide future actions to combat AMR. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted by surveying 2,190 open care records in a specialized clinic of wildlife medicine in 2018. Data evaluation was performed in a descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative way, and the analysis of antimicrobial consumption was performed by calculating the daily dose/g of animal ml/day/kg by animal order, condition and active principle, adaptation to DDDVet. For statistical analysis, Levene´s, ANOVA followed by Tukey´s tests were used. Results: Approximately 57% (1250/2190) of the visits made use of one or more antimicrobials in the treatment of animals referred to the clinic. Of these, 67% (n = 839) were birds, 26% (n = 327) were mammals, and 7% (n = 84) were reptiles. In 2018, the total consumption of antimicrobials prescribed was 2.21 l for a total biomass of 129.24 kg. The relation between the dosages of the main antimicrobials used and the conditions treated showed that there is no variation between the treatments by disease and by animal class, due to the great variation within each group. Conclusion: The antimicrobial prescription in exotic pets requires a multifaceted and dynamic approach applied to safeguard the efficacy of the antimicrobials, optimizing consumption, minimizing the emergence of AMR and other possible adverse effects, and considering the physiological differences present within each species. The doses between the different classes and conditions do not obtain a significant difference, reflected in a possible nonstandardization of the dosages used, requiring further investigation of the recommended dosages for each animal species, avoiding the over or underdosing of these drugs. It is worth highlighting that professionals must always make rational use of antimicrobials in these species.

Desenvolvendo Competências Na Aprendizagem De Estudantes De Medicina Veterinária / Developing Skills In Learning Of Veterinary Medicine Students / Desarrollo De Competencias En Aprendizaje De Los Estudiantes En Medicina Veterinaria

Atualmente para os professores universitários obterem a atenção do estudante em sala de aula, é necessário romper alguns paradigmas e ser inovador na forma de ensinar para poder manter-se motivado, porque concorrer com a facilidade de acesso as informações juntamente com o mundo tecnológico a disposição dos alunos, torna-se um desafio para toda a comunidade acadêmica. A educação universitária necessita de implementação de novos modos de se pensar e praticar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. A metodologia de ensino deve ser ativa e inovadora, levando em conta os saberes prévios dos alunos, sua realidade social, política, profissional e cultural. As metodologias de projetos que estimulem a pesquisa, resultam em descobertas significativas e aplicáveis à realidade de cada discente possibilitando ao docente ser mediador do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, criando cenários que rompam com a visão tradicional de ver e compreender as coisas por parte dos discentes. O objetivo do presente estudo é eleger as possíveis competências para serem utilizadas como metodologia de ensino e aprendizagem de estudantes de bacharelado em medicina veterinária na PUCPR. As competências desenvolvidas no Curso de Medicina Veterinária da PUCPR são pautadas em desenvolver competências basilares e específicas e são as mínimas competências esperadas que médicos veterinários recém-formados possuam, a fim de garantir serviços veterinários de alta qualidade.

Currently for academics get the student's attention in the classroom, it is necessary to break some paradigms and be innovative in the way of teaching in order to remain motivated because compete with the ease of access to information along with the technological world layout students, it becomes a challenge for the entire academic community. University education needs to implement new ways of thinking and practicing the teaching and learning process. The teaching methodology should be active and innovative, taking into account the previous knowledge of the students, their social, political, professional and cultural reality. The project methodologies that encourage research, result in significant and relevant findings to the reality of each student enabling the teacher to be a mediator in the process of teaching and learning, creating scenarios that break with the traditional view of seeing and understanding things by the students. The aim of this study is to elect the possible skills to be used as a teaching and learning methodology of bachelor's students in veterinary medicine in PUCPR. The skills developed in the course of Veterinary Medicine at PUCPR are guided in developing basic and specific skills and are the minimum skills expected that newly graduated veterinarians have in order to ensure high quality veterinary services.

Actualmente para que el professor académico llamen la atención del estudiante en el aula, es necesario romper algunos paradigmas y ser innovadores en la forma de enseñar con el fin de mantener la motivación porque competir con la facilidad de acceso a la información, junto con el diseño mundo tecnológico estudiantes, se convierte en un desafío para toda la comunidad académica. Una educación universitaria requiere la implementación de nuevas formas de pensar y practicar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La metodología de enseñanza debe ser activa e innovadora, teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos previos de los estudiantes, su cultura social, política, profesional y. Las metodologías de proyectos que fomenten la investigación, dar lugar a conclusiones significativas y relevantes a la realidad de cada estudiante permitiendo a los profesores para mediar en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, la creación de escenarios que rompen con la visión tradicional de ver y entender las cosas por los estudiantes . El objetivo de este estudio es para elegir las posibles habilidades que se puedan utilizar como una metodología de enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de licenciatura en medicina veterinaria en la PUCPR. Las habilidades desarrolladas en el curso de Medicina Veterinaria PUCPR se guían en el desarrollo de habilidades básicas y específicas y son las competencias mínimas que se espera que los veterinarios recién graduados tienen el fin de garantizar los servicios veterinarios de alta calidad.

Molecular identification of abomasal bacteria associated with genetic resistance and susceptibility to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep / Identificação molecular de bactérias abomasais associadas à resistência e susceptibilidade a infecções por Haemonchus contortus em ovinos

The widespread occurrence of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), particularly Haemonchus contortus, in sheep production systems has magnified the need to identify and develop alternative control strategies. Strategies include the selection of genetically GIN-resistant sheep and the implementation of biological parasite control to reduce dependence on anthelmintic drugs. In this study, we aimed to establish the molecular identity of bacterial communities present in the abomasum of sheep classified as resistant or susceptible to H. contortus. Thirty-eight sheep were experimentally infected with L3 Haemonchus contortus and analyzed for fecal egg count (FEC), and hematocrit (Ht) to establish haemonchosis resistance or susceptibility. Four resistant sheep (RS) and four susceptible sheep (SS) were selected for microbial sampling and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Molecular identification of the bacteria was based on amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, construction of a 16S rDNA clone library, and subsequent gene sequencing. Significant differences (p = 0.05) were observed in the occurrence of different phyla identified in RS and SS libraries: Firmicutes (61.4% and 37.2%, respectively), Proteobacteria (10.2% and 37.2%, respectively), Bacteroidetes (12.8% and 5.8%, respectively), and unclassified bacteria (12.8% and 17%, respectively). Differences between the proportions of bacterial communities present in the RS and SS pool samples were observed, contributing as a first step toward the assessment of the association between the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and nematode resistance in sheep.

Na produção de ovinos, a disseminação de nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) resistentes aos antihelmínticos, em especial Haemonchus contortus, tem levado à busca de estratégias de controle alternativo, como a seleção de animais geneticamente resistentes aos NGI e o controle biológico. Neste trabalho, buscou-se identificar molecularmente as comunidades bacterianas presentes no abomaso de animais classificados como resistentes ou susceptíveis ao H. contortus. Foram utilizados 38 ovinos para classificação em resistentes ou susceptíveis à hemoncose, por meio de infecções experimentais com L3 de H. contortus e posterior análise de variações na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (ΔOPG) e hematócrito (ΔHt). Destes, foram selecionados para colheita de material e posterior análise filogenética, quatro ovinos resistentes (OR) e quatro susceptíveis (OS). A identificação molecular de bactérias foi realizada por técnicas moleculares a partir da amplificação do gene RNAr 16S bacteriano, construção de bibliotecas de clones de RNAr 16S e posterior sequenciamento gênico. O trabalho mostrou diferença significativa (p=0,05) na porcentagem dos filos predominantes para as bibliotecas OR e OS, respectivamente: Firmicutes (61,4% e 37,2%), Proteobacterias (10,2% e 37,2%), Bacteroidetes (12,8% e 5,8%) e Bactérias não classificadas (12,8% e 17%). Diferenças entre os pools OR e OS com relação à proporção de comunidades bacterianas presentes podem ser observadas, sendo o primeiro passo para que se possa avaliar a relação entre a microbiota do trato gastrointestinal e a resistência a parasitos.

Molecular identification of abomasal bacteria associated with genetic resistance and susceptibility to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep / Identificação molecular de bactérias abomasais associadas à resistência e susceptibilidade a infecções por Haemonchus contortus em ovinos

The widespread occurrence of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), particularly Haemonchus contortus, in sheep production systems has magnified the need to identify and develop alternative control strategies. Strategies include the selection of genetically GIN-resistant sheep and the implementation of biological parasite control to reduce dependence on anthelmintic drugs. In this study, we aimed to establish the molecular identity of bacterial communities present in the abomasum of sheep classified as resistant or susceptible to H. contortus. Thirty-eight sheep were experimentally infected with L3 Haemonchus contortus and analyzed for fecal egg count (FEC), and hematocrit (Ht) to establish haemonchosis resistance or susceptibility. Four resistant sheep (RS) and four susceptible sheep (SS) were selected for microbial sampling and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Molecular identification of the bacteria was based on amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, construction of a 16S rDNA clone library, and subsequent gene sequencing. Significant differences (p = 0.05) were observed in the occurrence of different phyla identified in RS and SS libraries: Firmicutes (61.4% and 37.2%, respectively), Proteobacteria (10.2% and 37.2%, respectively), Bacteroidetes (12.8% and 5.8%, respectively), and unclassified bacteria (12.8% and 17%, respectively). Differences between the proportions of bacterial communities present in the RS and SS pool samples were observed, contributing as a first step toward the assessment of the association between the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and nematode resistance in sheep.(AU)

Na produção de ovinos, a disseminação de nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) resistentes aos antihelmínticos, em especial Haemonchus contortus, tem levado à busca de estratégias de controle alternativo, como a seleção de animais geneticamente resistentes aos NGI e o controle biológico. Neste trabalho, buscou-se identificar molecularmente as comunidades bacterianas presentes no abomaso de animais classificados como resistentes ou susceptíveis ao H. contortus. Foram utilizados 38 ovinos para classificação em resistentes ou susceptíveis à hemoncose, por meio de infecções experimentais com L3 de H. contortus e posterior análise de variações na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (ΔOPG) e hematócrito (ΔHt). Destes, foram selecionados para colheita de material e posterior análise filogenética, quatro ovinos resistentes (OR) e quatro susceptíveis (OS). A identificação molecular de bactérias foi realizada por técnicas moleculares a partir da amplificação do gene RNAr 16S bacteriano, construção de bibliotecas de clones de RNAr 16S e posterior sequenciamento gênico. O trabalho mostrou diferença significativa (p=0,05) na porcentagem dos filos predominantes para as bibliotecas OR e OS, respectivamente: Firmicutes (61,4% e 37,2%), Proteobacterias (10,2% e 37,2%), Bacteroidetes (12,8% e 5,8%) e Bactérias não classificadas (12,8% e 17%). Diferenças entre os pools OR e OS com relação à proporção de comunidades bacterianas presentes podem ser observadas, sendo o primeiro passo para que se possa avaliar a relação entre a microbiota do trato gastrointestinal e a resistência a parasitos.(AU)