Miconazole Nitrate Microparticles in Lidocaine Loaded Films as a Treatment for Oropharyngeal Candidiasis.

Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection that affects mainly individuals with weakened immune system. Devices used in the oral area to treat this condition include buccal films, which present advantages over both oral tablets and gels. Since candidiasis causes pain, burning, and itching, the purpose of this work was to develop buccal films loaded with both lidocaine (anesthetic) and miconazole nitrate (MN, antifungal) to treat this pathology topically. MN was loaded in microparticles based on different natural polymers, and then, these microparticles were loaded in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-gelatin-based films containing lidocaine. All developed films showed adequate adhesiveness and thickness. DSC and XRD tests suggested that the drugs were in an amorphous state in the therapeutic systems. Microparticles based on chitosan-alginate showed the highest MN encapsulation. Among the films, those containing the mentioned microparticles presented the highest tensile strength and the lowest elongation at break, possibly due to the strong interactions between both polymers. These films allowed a fast release of lidocaine and a controlled release of MN. Due to the latter, these systems showed antifungal activity for 24 h. Therefore, the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis with these films could reduce the number of daily applications with respect to conventional treatments.

A Novel Prototype Device for Microencapsulation of Benznidazole: In Vitro/In Vivo Studies.

This study was aimed to design a simple and novel prototype device for the production of polymeric microparticles. To prove the effectiveness of this device, benznidazole microparticles using chitosan as carrier and NaOH, KOH, or SLS as counter ions were used. For comparison, benznidazole microparticles were prepared by the conventional dripping technique (syringe and gauge) using the same excipients. Microparticles were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, particle shape, size and surface topography, crystallinity characteristics, thermal behavior, and dissolution rate. Then, the pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated after the oral administration of the microparticles to healthy Wistar rats. The prepared formulations, by means of this device, showed good drug encapsulation efficiency (> 70%). Release studies revealed an increased dissolution of benznidazole from chitosan microparticles prepared using the novel device. It achieved more than 90% in 60 min, while those of the conventional microparticles and raw drug achieved 65% and 68%, respectively, during the same period. Almost spherical benznidazole microparticles with a smooth surface and size around 10-30 µm were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction studies suggested a partial reduction of drug crystallinity. Moreover, the relative oral bioavailability of the novel benznidazole microparticles showed that the area under the curve for the microencapsulated drug was 10.3 times higher than the raw drug. Thus, these findings indicate that the designed glass prototype device is a useful alternative to formulate benznidazole polymeric microparticles with improved biopharmaceutical properties and could be useful for other therapeutic microparticulate systems.

Adaptación de un equipo de corticografía Grass norteamericano a un equipo de electroencefalografía Siemens alemán para realizar operaciones neuroquirúrgicas en pacientes epilépticos / Adaptation of a Northaerican Grass equipment for corticography to a German Siemens electroencephalography equipment in order to perform neurosurgical operations epileptic patients

Se presenta la adaptación de un electrocorticógrafo marca Grass de nacionalidad norteamericana a un equipo de EEG Siemens de nacionalidad alemana, que ha permitido efectuar estudios de ECoG en diversas operaciones neuroquirúrgicas y actuar quirúrgicamente sobre una paciente que presentó epilepsia focal por lo que se le realizó desaferentación del área epiléptica mediante topectomía subpial con resultados favorables durante los primeros cinco meses de seguimiento posoperatorio. Se discuten los aspectos fisiopatológicos de los focos epileptógenos, los métodos de investigación en la epilepsia focal y se señalan los resultados obtenidos en el mundo en el tratamiento quirúrgico de estos pacientes. Se concluye que la innovación permite ahorrar divisas al país, evitar la importación de equipos y crear condiciones favorables para enfrentar adecuadamente el tratamiento quirúrgico de la epilepsia focal refractaria al tratamiento anticonvulsivo (AU)

Adaptación de un equipo de corticografía Grass norteamericano a un equipo de electroencefalografía Siemens alemán para realizar operaciones neuroquirúrgicas en pacientes epilépticos / Adaptation of a Northamerican Grass equipment for corticography to a German Siemens electroencephalography equipment in order to perform neurosurgical operations epileptic patients

Se presenta la adaptación de un electrocorticógrafo marca Grass de nacionalidad norteamericana a un equipo de EEG Siemens de nacionalidad alemana, que ha permitido efectuar estudios de ECoG en diversas operaciones neuroquirúrgicas y actuar quirúrgicamente sobre una paciente que presentó epilepsia focal por lo que se le realizó desaferentación del área epiléptica mediante topectomía subpial con resultados favorables durante los primeros cinco meses de seguimiento posoperatorio. Se discuten los aspectos fisiopatológicos de los focos epileptógenos, los métodos de investigación en la epilepsia focal y se señalan los resultados obtenidos en el mundo en el tratamiento quirúrgico de estos pacientes. Se concluye que la innovación permite ahorrar divisas al país, evitar la importación de equipos y crear condiciones favorables para enfrentar adecuadamente el tratamiento quirúrgico de la epilepsia focal refractaria al tratamiento anticonvulsivo

Influencia historica de Bolivia en America

Contiene: Apuntes prehistoricos; Escrutinio historico; La audiencia de Charcas; Acontecimientos preliminares de la revolucion; Episodios pre- revolucionarios; 1809 año de la revolucion americana; La guerra de los 15 años; La mujer altoperuana y la lucha emencipadora; La victoria de Ayacucho; La fundacion de Bolivia; La Republica 1826-1890; La revolucion federal y el liberalismo; Antecedentes de la revolucion nacional; La revolucion nacional