MRI follow-up is unnecessary in patients with macroprolactinomas and long-term normal prolactin levels on dopamine agonist treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Both antitumor and antisecretory efficacies of dopamine agonists (DA) make them the first-line treatment of macroprolactinomas. However, there is no guideline for MRI follow-up once prolactin is controlled. The aim of our study was to determine whether a regular MRI follow-up was necessary in patients with long-term normal prolactin levels under DA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study (Marseille, Paris La Pitie Salpetriere and Nancy, France; Liege, Belgium) including patients with macroprolactinomas (largest diameter: >10 mm and baseline prolactin level: >100 ng/mL) treated by dopamine agonists, and regularly followed (pituitary MRI and prolactin levels) during at least 48 months once normal prolactin level was obtained. RESULTS: In total, 115 patients were included (63 men and 52 women; mean age at diagnosis: 36.3 years). Mean baseline prolactin level was 2224 ± 6839 ng/mL. No significant increase of tumor volume was observed during the follow-up. Of the 21 patients (18%) who presented asymptomatic hemorrhagic changes of the macroprolactinoma on MRI, 2 had a tumor increase (2 and 7 mm in the largest size). Both were treated by cabergoline (1 mg/week) with normal prolactin levels obtained for 6 and 24 months. For both patients, no further growth was observed on MRI during follow-up at the same dose of cabergoline. CONCLUSION: No significant increase of tumor size was observed in our patients with controlled prolactin levels on DA. MRI follow-up thus appears unnecessary in patients with biologically controlled macroprolactinomas.

Conditional and Unconditional Tests (and Sample Size) Based on Multiple Comparisons for Stratified 2 × 2 Tables.

The Mantel-Haenszel test is the most frequent asymptotic test used for analyzing stratified 2 × 2 tables. Its exact alternative is the test of Birch, which has recently been reconsidered by Jung. Both tests have a conditional origin: Pearson's chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test, respectively. But both tests have the same drawback that the result of global test (the stratified test) may not be compatible with the result of individual tests (the test for each stratum). In this paper, we propose to carry out the global test using a multiple comparisons method (MC method) which does not have this disadvantage. By refining the method (MCB method) an alternative to the Mantel-Haenszel and Birch tests may be obtained. The new MC and MCB methods have the advantage that they may be applied from an unconditional view, a methodology which until now has not been applied to this problem. We also propose some sample size calculation methods.

Inferences about a linear combination of proportions.

Statistical methods for carrying out asymptotic inferences (tests or confidence intervals) relative to one or two independent binomial proportions are very frequent. However, inferences about a linear combination of K independent proportions L = Σß(i)p(i) (in which the first two are special cases) have had very little attention paid to them (focused exclusively on the classic Wald method). In this article the authors approach the problem from the more efficient viewpoint of the score method, which can be solved using a free programme, which is available from the webpage quoted in the article. In addition the article offers approximate formulas that are easy to calculate, gives a general proof of Agresti's heuristic method (consisting of adding a certain number of successes and failures to the original results before applying Wald's method) and, finally, it proves that the score method (which verifies the desirable properties of spatial and parametric convexity) is the best option in comparison with other methods.

Development of a solar-powered microbial fuel cell.

AIMS: To understand factors that impact solar-powered electricity generation by Rhodobacter sphaeroides in a single-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). METHODS AND RESULTS: The MFC used submerged platinum-coated carbon paper anodes and cathodes of the same material, in contact with atmospheric oxygen. Power was measured by monitoring voltage drop across an external resistance. Biohydrogen production and in situ hydrogen oxidation were identified as the main mechanisms for electron transfer to the MFC circuit. The nitrogen source affected MFC performance, with glutamate and nitrate-enhancing power production over ammonium. CONCLUSIONS: Power generation depended on the nature of the nitrogen source and on the availability of light. With light, the maximum point power density was 790 mW m(-2) (2.9 W m(-3)). In the dark, power output was less than 0.5 mW m(-2) (0.008 W m(-3)). Also, sustainable electrochemical activity was possible in cultures that did not receive a nitrogen source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We show conditions at which solar energy can serve as an alternative energy source for MFC operation. Power densities obtained with these one-chamber solar-driven MFC were comparable with densities reported in nonphotosynthetic MFC and sustainable for longer times than with previous work on two-chamber systems using photosynthetic bacteria.

La teoría de la programación fetal y el efecto de la ansiedad materna durante el embarazo en el neurodesarrollo infantil / The fetal programming theory and the effect of maternal anxiety during pregnancy on child neurodevelopment

No disponible

No disponible

Perfil clínico de una población hipercolesterolémica española y diferencias entre sexos. Estudio LIPYCARE / Clinical profile of a hypercholesterolemic Spanish population and differences between genders. LIPYCARE study

Introducción. El estudio LIPYCARE es un registro epidemiológico multicéntrico español diseñado para conocer las características clínicas y analíticas y evaluar las diferencias entre sexos de una población hipercolesterolémica (colesterol total sérico >240 mg/dl y/o colesterol lipoproteína de baja densidad >160 mg/dl, sin tratamiento hipolipemiante) que acude a la consulta de Atención Primaria. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron 3.424 pacientes por muestreo consecutivo, con una edad media de 58,1ñ10,5 años; el 52,7 por ciento mujeres. Resultados. Las cifras medias de lípidos fueron: colesterol total, 288,4ñ32,1 mg/dl; colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de baja densidad, 190,2ñ37,2; colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de alta densidad, 50,4 ñ 14,5; triglicéridos, 171,4 ñ 65,4 mg/dl. El 67,4 por ciento presentaron al menos otro factor de riesgo asociado; la hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (48 por ciento), seguido de la edad (43,4 por ciento eran varones >55 años o mujeres >65). Un 28 por ciento de los sujetos presentaba ya enfermedad cardiovascular, siendo la cardiopatía isquémica la más frecuente (9,3 por ciento). El riesgo coronario medio de la población sin enfermedad cardiovascular según diferentes tablas de Framingham fue alrededor del 20 por ciento, siendo mayor en los varones (27,6 por ciento frente a 13,5 por ciento). Según las tablas de Framingham clásicas, el 39,8 por ciento de la población eran de riesgo bajo (30 por ciento). Las cifras de presión arterial, colesterol total y colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de baja densidad fueron similares en ambos sexos, mientras que el colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de alta densidad fue significativamente superior en las mujeres. Además, las mujeres fueron más añosas, presentaban menos hábitos tóxicos (tabaquismo, alcohol) y mayor índice de masa corporal. La prevalencia de cardiopatía isquémica fue superior en varones (12,6 por ciento frente a 5,7 por ciento).Discusión. Se puede observar que los valores lipídicos en esta población muestra cifras elevadas de colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de alta densidad y valores de colesterol total y de colesterol ligado a lipoproteína de baja densidad no excesivamente altos. Se demuestra la presencia muy frecuente de otros factores de riesgo asociados, principalmente hipertensión arterial. La distribución de factores de riesgo muestra diferencias importantes entre sexos, de forma similar a las observadas en población normolipémica. El riesgo coronario medio de esta población calculado por las tablas de Framingham fue moderado-alto, pero casi la mitad de los sujetos (45,1 por ciento) eran de riesgo alto o muy alto, lo que puede tener importantes implicaciones terapéuticas (AU)

Removal of nano and microparticles by granular filter media coated with nanoporous aluminium oxide.

Conventional filtration was designed to achieve high levels of particle and pathogen removal. Previous studies have examined the possibility of modifying filtration media to improve their ability to remove microorganisms and viruses. Although these studies have evaluated filter media coatings for this purpose, none have evaluated nanoscale particle suspensions as coating materials. The overall goal of this paper is to describe the preliminary test results of nanoporous aluminium oxide coated media that can be used to enhance filtration of nano and microparticles. Filtration tests were carried out using columns packed with uncoated and coated forms of granular anthracite or granular activated carbon. A positive correlation between isoelectric pH of filter media and particle removal was observed. The modified filter media with a higher isoelectric pH facilitated better removal of bacteriophage MS2 and 3 microm latex microspheres, possibly due to increased favorable electrostatic interactions.

Efectividad antihipertensiva y tolerabilidad de lercanidipino en diabéticos, en pacientes con hipertensión sistólica aislada y en ancianos. Análisis de subgrupos del estudio ELYPSE / Antihipertensive effectiveness and tolerability of lercanipidine in diabetics, isolated systolic hypertension patients and old men. ELYPSE study subgroup analysis

El estudio ELYPSE, recientemente publicado, es un estudio de farmacovigilancia que analizó la eficacia y tolerabilidad de lercanidipino (10 mg una vez al día) en 9.059 pacientes (61 ñ 11 años; 58 por ciento mujeres) con hipertensión grado 1 ó 2, durante 3 meses de seguimiento. Este estudio demostró que lercanidipino es un fármaco antihipertensivo eficaz y bien tolerado en la práctica clínica diaria, confirmando los datos observados previamente en ensayos clínicos. Ante los resultados del ELYPSE nos planteamos realizar un análisis de subgrupos especiales de pacientes, con el fin de determinar si los buenos resultados observados con el fármaco se demostraban también en poblaciones de alto riesgo. Analizamos tres subgrupos considerados de mayor riesgo cardiovascular: los diabéticos (n = 1.269), los pacientes con hipertensión sistólica aislada (HSA) (n = 1.024) y los ancianos (> 65 años) (n = 3.533). Comparamos la efectividad y tolerabilidad de lercanidipino en estos grupos con el resto de los pacientes del estudio (diabéticos frente a no diabéticos, HSA frente a no HSA y >65 años frente a <65). En el grupo de diabéticos, la presión arterial (PA) se redujo de 160,8 ñ 10,8/94,4 ñ 7,5 (basal) a 142,7ñ12/83ñ7,2 mmHg (final); la incidencia de efectos adversos fue 7,4 por ciento. En los pacientes con HSA, la PA descendió de 160,4ñ9,4/ 82,9ñ5,3 a 143,1ñ11,8/79 ñ 6,6 mmHg; la proporción de reacciones adversas fue 6,8 por ciento. En los ancianos la reducción de PA fue de 161,9 ñ 9,8/94,3 ñ 7,3 a 142,6 ñ 11,7/82,6 ñ 6,9; aparecieron reacciones adversas en el 7,2 por ciento. En los tres subgrupos se observó que los resultados en cuanto a efectividad y tolerabilidad del fármaco en estos pacientes son similares a los del resto de los hipertensos del estudio. En conclusión, se demuestra que lercanidipino es un antihipertensivo eficaz y bien tolerado en diabéticos, en pacientes con HSA y en ancianos. Por tanto, se puede considerar que este fármaco es una buena alternativa en el tratamiento de estos pacientes de alto riesgo en los que el control de PA es habitualmente difícil (AU)

Cost-effectiveness analysis of tropisetron vs. chlorpromazine-dexamethasone in the control of acute emesis induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy in children.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) between a standard antiemetic regimen-chlorpromazine + dexamethasone (CPM-DEX)- and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist-tropisetron (TROP)--in the control of acute emesis induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy in children, considering two analytic perspectives: hospital and patients. METHODS: The CEA was performed by constructing a decision tree, for both analytic perspectives, of the possible outcomes of treatment with TROP (single 0.2 mg/kg i.v.) or CPM (5-15 mg i.v. infusion for 3 doses) plus DEX (2 mg/m2 i.v. bolus i.v. x2). The patients were stratified by age in two groups (2-12 and 13-17). To estimate the probability of each endpoint at the decision tree we have taken as a base a trial developed in the Department of Pediatrics. Direct medical cost of primary therapy, failure, complications and side effects were included in the cost calculations. RESULTS: From patients' analytic perspective, TROP was more cost-effective than CPM-DEX for both groups of patients. Discrepancy between both analytic perspectives in 13-17 year-old patient's group was resolved in favour of the option chosen from the patients' analytic perspective (TROP). Sensitivity analysis showed the reliability of the results. CONCLUSIONS: 1. TROP was more cost-effective than CPM-DEX. 2. Taking into account the patients' analytic perspective is essential when we compare antiemetics pharmacoeconomically. 3. It seems necessary to increase the effectiveness of TROP in pediatric patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy with strategies such as the addition of a steroid.