RESUMEN
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical modality based on the irradiation of different diseases, mostly tumours, with light following the selective uptake of a photosensitiser by the pathological tissue. In this study, two new silicon(IV)phtalocyanines (SiPcs) functionalized at both axial positions with a PSMA inhibitors are reported as candidate photosensitizers for PDT of prostate cancer, namely compounds SiPc-PQ(PSMAi)2 and SiPc-OSi(PSMAi)2. These compounds share the same PSMA-binding motif, but differ in the linker that connects the inhibitor moiety to the Si(IV) atom: an alkoxy (Si-O-C) bond for SiPc-PQ(PSMAi)2, and a silyloxy (Si-O-Si) bond for SiPc-OSi(PSMAi)2. Both compounds were synthesized by a facile synthetic route and fully characterized by 2D NMR, mass spectrometry and absorption/fluorescence spectrophotometry. The PDT agents showed a suitable solubility in water, where they essentially exist in monomeric form. SiPc-PQ(PSMAi)2 showed a higher singlet oxygen quantum yield ΦΔ, higher fluorescence quantum yields ФF and better photostability than SiPc-OSi(PSMAi)2. Both compounds were efficiently taken up by PSMA(+) PC3-PIP cells, but not by PSMA(-) PC3-FLU cells. However, SiPc-PQ(PSMAi)2 showed a more specific photoinduced cytotoxicity in vitro, which is likely attributable to a better stability of its water solutions.
RESUMEN
The self-assembly of peptides and peptide analogues may be exploited to develop platforms for different biomedical applications, among which CEST-MRI (chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging) represents one of the most attractive techniques to be explored as a novel metal-free contrast approach in imaging acquisitions. A lysine-containing peptide sequence (LIVAGK-NH2, named K2) was thus modified by insertion, at the N-terminus, of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) base, leading to a primary amine suitable for the signal generation. a-K2, c-K2, g-K2 and t-K2 peptides were synthesized and characterized. The c-K2 sequence displayed gelling properties and the Watson and Crick pairing, arising from its combination with g-K2, allowed a significant increase in the mechanical responsivity of the hydrogel. These matrices were able to generate a CEST signal around 2.5 ppm from water and, after assessing their cytocompatibility on GL261 (murine glioma), TS/a (murine breast carcinoma), and 3T3-NIH (murine fibroblasts) cell lines, their capability to work as implants for in vivo detection, was proved by intratumor injection in Balb/c mice inoculated with TS/a murine breast cancer cells.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste , Hidrogeles , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ácidos Nucleicos de Péptidos , Péptidos , Animales , Hidrogeles/química , Hidrogeles/síntesis química , Ratones , Ácidos Nucleicos de Péptidos/química , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/síntesis química , Medios de Contraste/química , Medios de Contraste/síntesis química , Femenino , Células 3T3 NIH , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
The certification of cosmetic products has always been a prominent concern. Here, we have developed a pH sensor and applied it in the field of cosmetic safety. Initially, we designed two probes, CH with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect and the near-infrared fluorophore derivative CYTYR. By encapsulating them with DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, we obtained the CHCY-lipo nano-micelles with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) response. By combining them into a sensor array called pC, we achieved sensitive detection of a wide pH range, ranging from 4.69 to 9.25. To validate the performance of the pC sensor array, we employed a multi-channel mode and applied it to differentiate commercial anti-aging creams. Through linear discriminant analysis and 3D fingerprint analysis, the pC sensor array successfully distinguished anti-aging creams from different countries, providing a rapid and accurate method for cosmetic safety identification. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the pC sensor array for quick authentication of cosmetic products, offering significant support and application prospects in safeguarding consumer health.
Asunto(s)
Cosméticos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Humanos , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia/métodos , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Crema para la Piel/químicaRESUMEN
A new bismuth-based CT agent was synthesized through a facile synthesis strategy. The in vitro stability, toxicity and CT performance were evaluated. The in vivo imaging performance was investigated using three different doses (0.5, 1.2 and 5 mmol/kg) and the result obtained at 1.2 mmol/kg was compared with the clinically approved CT agent iopamidol at the same dosage.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , BismutoRESUMEN
This paper describes a novel nanoformulation for dual MRI/US in vivo monitoring of drug delivery/release. The nanosystem was made of a perfluoropentane core coated with phospholipids stabilized by glycol chitosan crosslinked with triphosphate ions, and it was co-loaded with the prodrug prednisolone phosphate (PLP) and the structurally similar MRI agent Gd-DTPAMA-CHOL. Importantly, the in vitro release of PLP and Gd-DTPAMA-CHOL from the nanocarrier showed similar profiles, validating the potential impact of the MRI agent as an imaging reporter for the drug release. On the other hand, the nanobubbles were also detectable by US imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the temporal evolution of both MRI and US contrast after the administration of the proposed nanosystem could report on the delivery and the release kinetics of the transported drug in a given lesion.
RESUMEN
Peptide-based hydrogels have been recently investigated as materials for biomedical applications like tissue engineering and delivery of drugs and imaging agents. Among the synthetic peptide hydrogelators, the cationic hexapeptides Ac-K1 and Ac-K2 were proposed as scaffolds for bioprinting applications. Here, we report the formulation of Ac-K1 and Ac-K2 hydrogels loaded with iopamidol, an iodinated contrast agent clinically approved for X-ray computed tomography, and more recently identified as an efficient CEST-MRI probe. Iopamidol-loaded hydrogels were soft, injectable and non-toxic both in vitro (on three tumor cell lines: GL261, TS/A and 3T3-NIH) and in vivo (in Balb/c mice inoculated with TS/A breast cancer cells). The in vitro CEST-MRI study evidenced the typical features of the CEST pattern of iopamidol, with a CEST contrast higher than 50%. Due to their injectability and good ability to retain the contrast agent, the herein investigated systems can be considered as promising candidates for the development of smart MRI detectable hydrogels.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste , Yopamidol , Ratones , Animales , Hidrogeles , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , PéptidosRESUMEN
Introduction: Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, is currently treated with surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy, which is accompanied by severe side effects, raising the need for innovative therapies. Disruption of the microcephaly-related gene Citron kinase (CITK) impairs the expansion of xenograft models as well as spontaneous MB arising in transgenic mice. No specific CITK inhibitors are available. Methods: Lestaurtinib, a Staurosporine derivative also known as CEP-701, inhibits CITK with IC50 of 90 nM. We therefore tested the biological effects of this molecule on different MB cell lines, as well as in vivo, injecting the drug in MBs arising in SmoA1 transgenic mice. Results: Similar to CITK knockdown, treatment of MB cells with 100 nM Lestaurtinib reduces phospho-INCENP levels at the midbody and leads to late cytokinesis failure. Moreover, Lestaurtinib impairs cell proliferation through CITK-sensitive mechanisms. These phenotypes are accompanied by accumulation of DNA double strand breaks, cell cycle block and TP53 superfamily activation in vitro and in vivo. Lestaurtinib treatment reduces tumor growth and increases mice survival. Discussion: Our data indicate that Lestaurtinib produces in MB cells poly-pharmacological effects extending beyond the inhibition of its validated targets, supporting the possibility of repositioning this drug for MB treatment.
RESUMEN
Here it is described nanogels (NG) based on a chitosan matrix, which are covalently stabilized by a bisamide derivative of Mn-t-CDTA (t-CDTA = trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid). the Mn(II) complex acts both as a contrast medium and as a cross-linking agent. These nanogels are proposed as an alternative to the less stable paramagnetic nanogels obtained by electrostatic interactions between the polymeric matrix and paramagnetic Gd(III) chelates. The present novel nanogels show: i) relaxivity values seven times higher than that of typical monohydrated Mn(II) chelates at the clinical fields, thanks to the combination of a restricted mobility of the complex with a fast exchange of the metal-bound water molecule; ii) high stability of the formulation over time at pH 5 and under physiological conditions, thus excluding metal leaking or particles aggregation; iii) good extravasation and accumulation, with a maximum contrast achieved at 24 h post-injection in mice bearing subcutaneous breast cancer tumor; iv) high T1 contrast (1 T) in the tumor 24 h post-injection. These improved properties pave the way for the use of these paramagnetic nanogels as promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes for in vitro and in vivo preclinical applications.
Asunto(s)
Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Neoplasias , Ratones , Animales , Nanogeles , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Quelantes/química , Medios de Contraste/químicaRESUMEN
Drug repurposing is a valuable strategy for rare diseases. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a rare hereditary hemolytic anemia accompanied by acute and chronic painful episodes, most often in the context of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). Although progress in the knowledge of pathophysiology of SCD have allowed the development of new therapeutic options, a large fraction of patients still exhibits unmet therapeutic needs, with persistence of VOCs and chronic disease progression. Here, we show that imatinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, acts as multimodal therapy targeting signal transduction pathways involved in the pathogenesis of both anemia and inflammatory vasculopathy of humanized murine model for SCD. In addition, imatinib inhibits the platelet-derived growth factor-B-dependent pathway, interfering with the profibrotic response to hypoxia/reperfusion injury, used to mimic acute VOCs. Our data indicate that imatinib might be considered as possible new therapeutic tool for chronic treatment of SCD.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, with high morbidity and mortality. Molecular alterations in breast cancer involve the expression or upregulation of various molecular targets that can be used for diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging and radiopharmaceutical treatment. Theragnostics is based on the binding of radionuclides to molecular targets. These radionuclides can induce a cytotoxic effect on the specific tumor cell (target) or its vicinity, thus allowing a personalized approach to patients with effective treatment and comparably small side effects. AIM: This review aims to describe the most promising molecular targets currently under investigation for theragnostics and precision oncology in breast cancer. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of studies on theragnostics in breast cancer was performed in the PubMed, PMC, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases, between 2010 and 2022, using the following terms: breast neoplasm*, breast, breast cancer*, theragnostic*, theranostic*, radioligand therap*, RLT, MET, FLT, FMISO, FES, estradiol, trastuzumab, PD-L1, PSMA, FAPI, FACBC, fluciclovine, FAZA, GRPR, DOTATOC, DOTATATE, CXC4, endoglin, gastrin, mucin1, and syndecan1. RESULTS: Fifty-three studies were included in the systematic review and summarized in six clinical sections: 1) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2); 2) somatostatin receptors (SSTRS); 3) prostate-specific membrane antigen radiotracers (PSMA); 4) fibroblast activation protein-α targeted radiotracers; 5) gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-targeted radiotracers; 6) other radiotracers for theragnostics. CONCLUSION: The theragnostic approach will progressively allow better patient selection, and improve the prediction of response and toxicity, avoiding unnecessary and costly treatment.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Medicina de Precisión , Radioisótopos/uso terapéutico , Radiofármacos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterised by the highest mortality of all gynaecological malignancies, frequent relapses, and the development of resistance to drug therapy. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an innovative anticancer approach that combines a chemical/drug (sonosensitizer) with low-intensity ultrasound (US), which are both harmless per sé, with the sonosensitizer being acoustically activated, thus yielding localized cytotoxicity often via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Doxorubicin (Doxo) is a potent chemotherapeutic drug that has also been recommended as a first-line treatment against OC. This research work aims to investigate whether Doxo can be used at very low concentrations, in order to avoid its significant side effects, as a sonosensitiser under US exposure to promote cancer cell death in Doxo non-resistant (A2780/WT) and Doxo resistant (A2780/ADR) human OC cell lines. Moreover, since recurrence is an important issue in OC, we have also investigated whether the proposed SDT with Doxo induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) and thus hinders OC recurrence. Our results show that the sonodynamic anticancer approach with Doxo is effective in both A2780/WT and A2780/ADR cell lines, and that it proceeds via a ROS-dependent mechanism of action and immune sensitization that is based on the activation of the ICD pathway.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Ováricas , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Since the very beginnings of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) technique, poor overall sensitivity has appeared to be one of its strongest limitations for future applications. Research has therefore focused on designing systems, such as supramolecular and nanosized agents, that contain a high number of magnetically equivalent mobile spins. However, the number of mobile spins offered by these systems is still limited by their composition and surface/volume ratio. The design of compartmentalized agents, that is, systems where an aqueous inner core is separated from the MRI-detected bulk pool via a semipermeable barrier/membrane, is very much a step forward for the technique. These vesicular systems can (i) act as biocompatible and versatile carriers for dia-, para-, and hetero-nuclear CEST probes, thus offering new application options; and (ii) act as CEST probes themselves via the encapsulation of a suitable agent (e.g., a paramagnetic shift reagent) that can change the resonance frequency of the spin pool in the inner compartment only. LipoCEST agents were the pioneers in the latter category, as they are able to grant picomolar sensitivity (in terms of nanoparticle concentration), and paved the way for new applications for CEST agents, especially in the theranostic research area. The use of larger, natural vesicular systems, such as yeasts and cells, in which the huge number of intravesicular spins lowers the detection threshold to a femtomolar limit, is a further step forward in the development of compartmentalized CEST agents. Finally, interesting combinations of nanovesicular and cellular compartmentalized systems have been proposed, thus highlighting how the approach has the potential to drive CEST agents towards completing their journey to mature clinical translation.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste , Nanopartículas , Medios de Contraste/química , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
Development of the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents is hampered by the limited sensitivity of the technique. In water, the high proton concentration allows for an enormous amplification of the exchanging proton pool. However, the 1H CEST in water implies that the number of nuclear spins of the CEST-generating species has to be in the millimolar range. The use of nuclei other than a proton allows exploitation of signals different from that of water, thus lowering the concentration of the exchanging pool as the source of the CEST effect. In this work, we report on the detection of a 31P signal from endogenous inorganic phosphate (Pifree) as the source of CEST contrast by promoting its exchange with the Pi bound to the exogenous complex 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (Pibound). The herein-reported results demonstrate that this approach can improve the detectability threshold by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to the conventional 1H CEST detection (considered per single proton). This achievement reflects the decrease of the bulk concentration of the detected signal from 111.2 M (water) to 10 mM (Pi). This method paves the way to a number of biological studies and clinically translatable applications, herein addressed with a proof-of-concept in the field of cellular imaging.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatos , Protones , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Medios de Contraste , AguaRESUMEN
A total of 20% to 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients leave the surgery room with positive tumour margins. The intraoperative combination of fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be very helpful for improving tumour margin delineation and cancer therapy. PSMA is a transmembrane protein overexpressed in 90−100% of PCa cells. The goal of this work is the development of a PSMA-targeted Near InfraRed Fluorescent probe to offer the surgeon a valuable intraoperative tool for allowing a complete tumour removal, implemented with the possibility of using PDT to kill the eventual not resected cancer cells. PSMA-617 binding motif was conjugated to IRDye700DX-NHS and the conjugation did not affect the photophysical characteristics of the fluorophore. The affinity of IRDye700DX-PSMA-617 towards PCa cells followed the order of their PSMA expression, i.e., PC3-PIP > LNCaP > PC3, PC3-FLU. NIRF imaging showed a significant PC3-PIP tumour uptake after the injection of 1 or 5 nmol with a maximum tumour-to-muscle ratio (ca. 60) observed for both doses 24 h post-injection. Importantly, urine, healthy prostate, and the bladder were not fluorescent at 24 h post-injection. Flow cytometry and confocal images highlighted a co-localization of PSMA+ cells with IRDye700DX-PSMA uptake. Very interestingly, ex vivo analysis on a tumour specimen highlighted a significant PSMA expression by tumour-associated macrophages, likely attributable to extracellular vesicles secreted by the PSMA(+) tumour cells. FGS proved that IRDye700DX-PSMA was able to easily delineate tumour margins. PDT experiments showed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability (from 75% at 10 nM to 12% at 500 nM), whereas controls did not show any cytotoxicity. PC3-PIP tumour-bearing mice subjected to photodynamic therapy showed a delayed tumour growth. In conclusion, a novel PSMA-targeted NIRF dye with dual imaging-PDT capabilities was synthesized and displayed superior specificity compared to other small PSMA targeted molecules.
Asunto(s)
Fotoquimioterapia , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Cirugía Asistida por Computador , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Antígenos de Superficie , Línea Celular Tumoral , Colorantes Fluorescentes/farmacología , Colorantes Fluorescentes/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Cirugía Asistida por Computador/métodosRESUMEN
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women, with high morbidity and mortality rates. In breast cancer, the use of novel radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine can improve the accuracy of diagnosis and staging, refine surveillance strategies and accuracy in choosing personalized treatment approaches, including radioligand therapy. Nuclear medicine thus shows great promise for improving the quality of life of breast cancer patients by allowing non-invasive assessment of the diverse and complex biological processes underlying the development of breast cancer and its evolution under therapy. This review aims to describe molecular probes currently in clinical use as well as those under investigation holding great promise for personalized medicine and precision oncology in breast cancer.
RESUMEN
The development of multimodal imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the contemporary obtaining of metabolic and morphological information. To fully exploit the complementarity of the two imaging modalities, the design of probes displaying radioactive and magnetic properties at the same time could be very beneficial. In this regard, transition metals offer appealing options, with manganese representing an ideal candidate. As nanosized imaging probes have demonstrated great value for designing advanced diagnostic/theranostic procedures, this work focuses on the potential of liposomal formulations loaded with a new synthesized paramagnetic Mn(II) chelates. Negatively charged liposomes were produced by thin-layer hydration method and extrusion. The obtained formulations were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, efficiency of encapsulation, stability over time, relaxivity, effective magnetic moment, and in vitro antiproliferative effect on human cells by means of the MTT assay. The negatively charged paramagnetic liposomes were monodisperse, with an average hydrodynamic diameter not exceeding 200 nm, and they displayed good stability and no cytotoxicity. As determined by optical emission spectroscopy, manganese complexes are loaded almost completely on liposomes maintaining their paramagnetic properties.
Asunto(s)
Liposomas , Manganeso , Humanos , Iones , Liposomas/química , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Nanotecnología , Tomografía de Emisión de PositronesRESUMEN
Nanogels (NGs) obtained by electrostatic interactions between chitosan and hyaluronic acid and comprising paramagnetic Gd chelates are gaining increasing attention for their potential application in magnetic resonance bioimaging. Herein, the macrocyclic complexes [Gd(DOTP)]5-, lacking metal-bound water molecules (q = 0), were confined or used as a cross-linker in this type of NG. Unlike the typical behavior of Gd complexes with q = 0, a remarkable relaxivity value of 78.0 mM-1 s-1 was measured at 20 MHz and 298 K, nearly 20 times greater than that found for the free complex. A careful analysis of the relaxation data emphasizes the fundamental role of second sphere water molecules with strong and long-lived hydrogen bonding interactions with the complex. Finally, PEGylated derivatives of nanoparticles were used for the first in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study of this type of NG, revealing a fast renal excretion of paramagnetic complexes after their release from the NGs.
Asunto(s)
Quelantes , Gadolinio , Medios de Contraste , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Nanogeles , Oxazoles , PirimidinonasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have usually poor outcome after chemotherapy and early prediction of therapeutic response would be helpful. [18F]F-FDG-PET/CT acquisitions are often carried out to monitor variation in metabolic activity associated with response to the therapy, despite moderate accuracy and radiation exposure limit its application. The glucoCEST technique relies on the use of unlabelled D-glucose to assess glucose uptake with conventional MRI scanners and is currently under active investigations at clinical level. This work aims at validating the potential of MRI-glucoCEST in monitoring the therapeutic responses in a TNBC tumor murine model. PROCEDURES: Breast tumor (4T1)-bearing mice were treated with doxorubicin or dichloroacetate for 1 week. PET/CT with [18F]F-FDG and MRI-glucoCEST were performed at baseline and after 3 cycles of treatment. Metabolic changes measured with [18F]F-FDG-PET and glucoCEST were compared and evaluated with changes in tumor volumes. RESULTS: Doxorubicin-treated mice showed a significant decrease in tumor growth when compared to the control group. GlucoCEST imaging provided metabolic response after three cycles of treatment. Conversely, no variations were detected in [18F]F-FDG uptake. Dichloroacetate-treated mice did not show any decrease either in tumor volume or in tumor metabolic activity as assessed by both glucoCEST and [18F]F-FDG-PET. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic changes during doxorubicin treatment can be predicted by glucoCEST imaging that appears more sensitive than [18F]F-FDG-PET in reporting on therapeutic response. These findings support the view that glucoCEST may be a sensitive technique for monitoring metabolic response, but future studies are needed to explore the accuracy of this approach in other tumor types and treatments.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas , Animales , Femenino , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Ratones , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Radiofármacos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/patologíaRESUMEN
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death, and it is usually diagnosed in advanced stages (stage III or IV). Recently, the availability of targeted strategies and of immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has favorably changed patient prognosis. Treatment outcome is closely related to tumor biology and interaction with the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). While the response in molecular targeted therapies relies on the presence of specific genetic alterations in tumor cells, accurate ICI biomarkers of response are lacking, and clinical outcome likely depends on multiple factors that are both host and tumor-related. This paper is an overview of the ongoing research on predictive factors both from in vitro/ex vivo analysis (ranging from conventional pathology to molecular biology) and in vivo analysis, where molecular imaging is showing an exponential growth and use due to technological advancements and to the new bioinformatics approaches applied to image analyses that allow the recovery of specific features in specific tumor subclones.
RESUMEN
Novel Mn(II)-based nanoprobes were rationally designed as high contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and obtained by anchoring a Mn(II)-CDTA derivative to the surface of organo-modified silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). Large payloads of paramagnetic metal-chelates have been immobilized on biocompatible SiNPs with spherical shape and narrow size distribution of 80-90 nm, resulting in a relaxivity gain of 250% at clinical fields (0.5 T) as compared to the free chelate. Such substantial efficacy enhancement of the nanoprobes is mainly attributed to the restriction of the rotational dynamics of the conjugated complex, as revealed by comprehensive 1H-NMR relaxometric investigations. The paramagnetic nanospheres exhibit good colloidal stability over time in biological matrices, allowing for MRI applications. High image contrast was found in T1w-MRI images collected at 1 T on phantoms containing relatively small amounts of contrast agent (CA), for which low cellular toxicity was observed on three different cell lines. Preliminary in vivo studies on healthy mice demonstrated the efficiency of the novel Mn-based silica nanoparticle as T1w-MRI probes, resulting in significant contrast enhancement in the liver. These findings demonstrate that these novel Mn-SiNPs are high efficacy CAs suitable for preclinical MRI applications.