Mapping Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Footprint from Cosmetics and Carpets across the Continental United States.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) released from common consumer products, such as cosmetics and carpets, are nonpoint sources of environmental contamination. However, detailed information on PFAS mass and emission rates from these products is limited. Here, we propose a methodology to develop PFAS footprint from the manufacturing and supply chain data of cosmetics and carpets. Our analysis combines geospatial and statistical assessments to understand how the production and consumption of these products contribute to existing PFAS contamination hotspots in the Continental United States (CONUS). Statewide mass estimations revealed that North Carolina and New York contribute to the major PFAS mass released from cosmetics, while Georgia and California contribute to the major PFAS mass released from carpets. The average per capita PFAS footprint from carpets and cosmetics is about 103 mg/year. Upon disposal, over 60% of the mass eventually ends up in landfills. The accumulation of PFAS stocks in landfills, primarily from carpets and to some extent from cosmetics, highlights the critical need to cease the production and use of PFAS in consumer products. Coastal counties are particularly vulnerable due to higher population and therefore higher consumption of these PFAS-tainted consumer products. Additionally, counties with densely populated areas and with preexisting contamination sources would face increased vulnerability to PFAS contamination released from various consumer products.

Organic matter biofiltration performance modeling: Influence of influent water quality, operating conditions, and biomass.

The impact of source water dissolved organic matter (DOM) origin, empty bed contact time (EBCT), temperature, and pretreatment methods on biofiltration performance was evaluated and predictive models based on experimental data were developed. Three DOM source water types, terrestrial, microbial, and treated wastewater (WW) effluent, were utilized. A model was developed to predict biofilter performance for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal based on the influent biodegradable DOC (BDOC) fraction, a single active biomass measurement from the top of the filter and the filter EBCT. A biomass distribution model was developed to predict total active biomass throughout the filter based on a single biomass measurement from the top of the filter. The measured BDOC fractions were 21 % for the nonWW impacted source waters, 36 % for the WW effluents and 62 % for the ozonated WW effluents. At an EBCT of 15 min, biofilters removed between 7 and 21 % of the DOC (19 to 50 % for BDOC) depending on the DOM type and use of ozonation. When the EBCT decreased to 5 min DOC removal decreased by 40 % and when increased to 30 min removal increased by 42 %. When the temperature decreased from 22 °C to 6 °C DOC removal was 33 % lower and when increased to 28 °C removal was 42 % higher. ATP values were found to be a function of temperature and DOM origin, as the average ATP values from the WW effluent biofilters were almost double that of the non-WW impacted sources and pre-ozonation of the WW effluent yielded values three times higher. The model was applied to the results of 27 different biofilter runs at three EBCTs yielding one distinct rate constant for the non-WW impacted source waters and one rate constant for the WW effluents. The model was successfully applied to the results of 19 filter runs from the literature and to those from a pilot plant over 6 months of operation.

Characterizing the efficiency of low-cost LED lights for conducting laboratory studies to investigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon photodegradation processes.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants ubiquitously present in various waste products such as biosolids (e.g. wastewater sludges), oil spill residues (e.g. tarballs), road asphalts, and combustion byproducts. In this study, the photodegradation of PAHs is investigated under natural sunlight (cloudy and sunny/clear weather conditions), and using two types of artificial LED light sources. This is the first study to investigate the relative efficiency of low-cost LED light sources for conducting laboratory-scale PAH photodegradation experiments and directly comparing the results against those obtained using natural sunlight. Two types of LED light sources are investigated in this study: a light source with a full-spectrum range (380 nm-780 nm) that can cover the broad wavelength range of solar light reaching the Earth's surface, and a light source with a UV-A range (365 nm) that covers the UV range of the solar spectrum reaching the Earth's surface. The results show that the degradation of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs is primarily due to photodegradation, and other lighter PAHs are degraded by both photodegradation and evaporation processes. HMW PAH photodegradation reactions follow the first-order degradation kinetics. The degradation rate constants of different PAHs are used to compare the relative efficiency of the light sources. The data show that the full-spectrum LED induced PAH photodegradation rates are similar to the natural sunlight induced rates. Furthermore, when the values of the rate constants are normalized to respective irradiance levels, the normalized rates for HMW PAH photodegradation under both full-spectrum LED light and natural sunlight are almost identical. However, the normalized photodegradation rate constants of HMW PAHs under the UV-A LED light are about two to three orders of magnitude higher than the sunlight as well as the full-spectrum-LED values. Therefore, the UV-A LED light is the optimal low-cost light source for studying PAH photodegradation processes under laboratory conditions.

Environmental fate of petroleum biomarkers in Deepwater Horizon oil spill residues over the past 10 years.

The long-term fate of three groups of petroleum biomarker compounds (terpanes, steranes, and triaromatic steranes) was investigated in the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill residues collected from Alabama (USA) beaches over the past 10 years. This is the first study to investigate the long-term fate of these three groups of petroleum biomarkers in DWH oil spill samples over 10 years. We employed the highly recalcitrant C30 αß-hopane as an internal biomarker to quantify the degradation levels of different biomarker compounds, and also to estimate the overall weathering levels of DWH oil spill residues. The data show that four lower molecular weight tricyclic terpanes (TR21, TR22, TR23, and TR24), three lower molecular weight steranes (S21, S22, and C27), and all triaromatic steranes degraded over the 10-year study period. All other terpanes (including hopanes) and steranes remained recalcitrant. There have been contradicting literature data on the degradation levels of homohopanes, and this field study demonstrates that all the homohopanes remained recalcitrant after 10 years of natural weathering. Our data also show that despite some degradation, the relative diagnostic ratios of the biomarkers remained stable for all three groups of biomarkers over the 10-year period.

Field and laboratory investigation of tarmat deposits found on Ras Rakan Island and northern beaches of Qatar.

Beaches of Ras Rakan Island, located off the northern tip of Qatar, are extensively contaminated by highly weathered tarmat deposits. The focus of this study is to determine the possible source of the contamination and complete a preliminary assessment of its potential environmental impacts. The field data collected at this site indicated that the tarmat residues contained highly weathered, black, asphalt-like material and the contamination problem was widespread. Based on these field observations, the following two hypotheses were formulated: (1) the tarmats must have formed from the residual oil deposited by a relatively large, regional-scale oil spill event, and (2) the oil spill must be relatively old. As part of this study, we collected tarmat residues from several beaches located along the northern region of Qatar Peninsula. We found the hopane fingerprints of these tarmat samples were identical to the fingerprints of the samples collected from Ras Rakan Island. These results together with our physical field observational data validated our hypothesis that the oil spill should have been a regional-scale event. Furthermore, we compared the measured hopane fingerprints of our field samples with fingerprints of reference crude oils from Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Basrah (located close to Kuwait border), and with the literature-derived hopane fingerprints of Kuwaiti and Iranian crude oils. This analysis indicated that the hopane fingerprints of the tarmat samples closely matched the Kuwaiti and Basrah crude oil fingerprints. Since there were no known oil spills of Basrah crude in this region, the highly weathered, asphalt-looking tarmats should have most likely formed from the 1991 Gulf War oil spill, an old oil spill. The concentrations of parent and alkylated PAHs in the tarmat samples were also quantified to provide a preliminary assessment of potential environmental risks posed by these tarmats to Qatar's coastal ecosystem.

Biodegradable organic matter and rapid-rate biofilter performance: A review.

Biodegradable organic matter (BOM), found in all surface waters, is a challenge for drinking water utilities because it can lead to distribution system bio-regrowth, react to form disinfection by-products, or be a specific compound of concern. A critical review of BOM (occurrence and oxidant effects) and rapid-rate biofiltration performance (preozonation, backwashing with an oxidant, empty bed contact time (EBCT) and temperature) was carried out. An extensive literature data analysis (n = 100) found total organic carbon (TOC) in nonozonated water is comprised of 20% (median) biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) and 3% (median) assimilable organic carbon (AOC). For ozonated waters (n = 103), these values increased to 30% (median) BDOC and 9% (median) AOC. For all operation conditions (n = 117), biofilters (12 min average EBCT) removed 12% (median) of the influent TOC with higher removals for ozonated waters, 15% (median), compared to nonozonated waters, 10% (median). As temperature increased from ≤10 °C to ≥20 °C, TOC removal increased from 10% to 17% (median). This review demonstrates biofiltration can be an efficient treatment technology to remove a portion of the BOM from the filter influent and should be optimized to achieve maximum removal.