Sample Preparation for Metabolite Detection in Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Metabolites reflect the biological state of cells and tissue, and metabolomics is therefore a field of high interest both to understand normal physiological functions and disease development. When studying heterogeneous tissue samples, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a valuable tool as it conserves the spatial distribution of analytes on tissue sections. A large proportion of metabolites are, however, small and polar, making them vulnerable to delocalizing through diffusion during sample preparation. Here we present a sample preparation method optimized to limit diffusion and delocalization of small polar metabolites in fresh frozen tissue sections. This sample preparation protocol includes cryosectioning, vacuum frozen storage, and matrix application. The methods described were primely developed for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI, but the protocol describing cryosectioning and vacuum freezing storage can also be applied before desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MSI. Our vacuum drying and vacuum packing approach offers a particular advantage to limit delocalization and safe storage.

Prediction of recurrence from metabolites and expression of TOP2A and EZH2 in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 gene expression has been proposed as a biomarker for recurrence in prostate cancer patients to be treated with radical prostatectomy. A low tissue level of the metabolite citrate has additionally been connected to aggressive disease and recurrence in this patient group. However, for radiotherapy prostate cancer patients, few prognostic biomarkers have been suggested. The main aim of this study was to use an integrated tissue analysis to evaluate metabolites and expression of TOP2A and EZH2 as predictors for recurrence among radiotherapy patients. METHODS: From 90 prostate cancer patients (56 received neoadjuvant hormonal treatment), 172 transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsies were collected prior to radiotherapy. Metabolic profiles were acquired from fresh frozen TRUS biopsies using high resolution-magic angle spinning MRS. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining for TOP2A and EZH2 were performed on TRUS biopsies containing cancer cells (n = 65) from 46 patients, where 24 of these patients (n = 31 samples) received hormonal treatment. Eleven radical prostatectomy cohorts of a total of 2059 patients were used for validation in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Among radiotherapy patients with up to 11 years of follow-up, a low level of citrate was found to predict recurrence, p = 0.001 (C-index = 0.74). Citrate had a higher predictive ability compared with individual clinical variables, highlighting its strength as a potential biomarker for recurrence. The dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 was suggested as a biomarker for recurrence, particularly for patients not receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment, p = 0.001 (C-index = 0.84). While citrate was a statistically significant biomarker independent of hormonal treatment status, the current study indicated a potential of glutamine, glutamate and choline as biomarkers for recurrence among patients receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment, and glucose among patients not receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. CONCLUSION: Using an integrated approach, our study shows the potential of citrate and the dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 as biomarkers for recurrence among radiotherapy patients.

FunHoP analysis reveals upregulation of mitochondrial genes in prostate cancer.

Mitochondrial activity in cancer cells has been central to cancer research since Otto Warburg first published his thesis on the topic in 1956. Although Warburg proposed that oxidative phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was perturbed in cancer, later research has shown that oxidative phosphorylation is activated in most cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, more detailed knowledge on mitochondrial metabolism and metabolic pathways in cancers is still lacking. In this study we expand our previously developed method for analyzing functional homologous proteins (FunHoP), which can provide a more detailed view of metabolic pathways. FunHoP uses results from differential expression analysis of RNA-Seq data to improve pathway analysis. By adding information on subcellular localization based on experimental data and computational predictions we can use FunHoP to differentiate between mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial processes in cancerous and normal prostate cell lines. Our results show that mitochondrial pathways are upregulated in PCa and that splitting metabolic pathways into mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial counterparts using FunHoP adds to the interpretation of the metabolic properties of PCa cells.

The genes controlling normal function of citrate and spermine secretion are lost in aggressive prostate cancer and prostate model systems.

High secretion of the metabolites citrate and spermine is a unique hallmark for normal prostate epithelial cells, and is reduced in aggressive prostate cancer. However, the identity of the genes controlling this biological process is mostly unknown. In this study, we have created a gene signature of 150 genes connected to citrate and spermine secretion in the prostate. We have computationally integrated metabolic measurements with multiple transcriptomics datasets from the public domain, including 3826 tissue samples from prostate and prostate cancer. The accuracy of the signature is validated by its unique enrichment in prostate samples and prostate epithelial tissue compartments. The signature highlights genes AZGP1, ANPEP and metallothioneins with zinc-binding properties not previously studied in the prostate, and the expression of these genes are reduced in more aggressive cancer lesions. However, the absence of signature enrichment in common prostate model systems can make it challenging to study these genes mechanistically.

DNA methylation changes in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy are associated with breast cancer survival.

BACKGROUND: Locally advanced breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with respect to response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and survival. It is currently not possible to accurately predict who will benefit from the specific types of NACT. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism known to play an important role in regulating gene expression and may serve as a biomarker for treatment response and survival. We investigated the potential role of DNA methylation as a prognostic marker for long-term survival (> 5 years) after NACT in breast cancer. METHODS: DNA methylation profiles of pre-treatment (n = 55) and post-treatment (n = 75) biopsies from 83 women with locally advanced breast cancer were investigated using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. The patients received neoadjuvant treatment with epirubicin and/or paclitaxel. Linear mixed models were used to associate DNA methylation to treatment response and survival based on clinical response to NACT (partial response or stable disease) and 5-year survival, respectively. LASSO regression was performed to identify a risk score based on the statistically significant methylation sites and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis was used to estimate survival probabilities using ten years of survival follow-up data. The risk score developed in our discovery cohort was validated in an independent validation cohort consisting of paired pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies from 85 women with locally advanced breast cancer. Patients included in the validation cohort were treated with either doxorubicin or 5-FU and mitomycin NACT. RESULTS: DNA methylation patterns changed from before to after NACT in 5-year survivors, while no significant changes were observed in non-survivors or related to treatment response. DNA methylation changes included an overall loss of methylation at CpG islands and gain of methylation in non-CpG islands, and these changes affected genes linked to transcription factor activity, cell adhesion and immune functions. A risk score was developed based on four methylation sites which successfully predicted long-term survival in our cohort (p = 0.0034) and in an independent validation cohort (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation patterns in breast tumors change in response to NACT. These changes in DNA methylation show potential as prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer survival.

A simple preparation protocol for shipping and storage of tissue sections for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging.

A rapid and cost-efficient tissue preparation protocol for laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry imaging (LA-ICP-MSI) has been developed within this study as an alternative to the current gold standard using fresh-frozen samples or other preparation techniques such as formalin fixation (FFix) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedding (FFPE). Samples were vacuum dried at room temperature (RT) and stored in sealed vacuum containers for storage and shipping between collaborating parties. We compared our new protocol to established methods using prostate tissue sections investigating typical endogenous elements such as zinc, iron, and phosphorous with LA-ICP-MSI. The new protocol yielded comparable imaging results as fresh-frozen sections. FFPE sections were also tested due to the wide use and availability of FFPE tissue. However, the FFPE protocol and the FFix alone led to massive washout of the target elements on the sections tested in this work. Therefore, our new protocol presents an easy and rapid alternative for tissue preservation with comparable results to fresh-frozen sections for LA-ICP-MSI. It overcomes washout risks of commonly used tissue fixation techniques and does not require expensive and potentially unstable and time-critical shipping of frozen material on dry ice. Additionally, this protocol is likely applicable for several bioimaging approaches, as the dry condition may act comparable to other dehydrating fixatives, such as acetone or methanol, preventing degradation while avoiding washout effects.

An optimized MALDI MSI protocol for spatial detection of tryptic peptides in fresh frozen prostate tissue.

MALDI MS imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool for spatial peptide detection in heterogeneous tissues. Proper sample preparation is crucial to achieve high quality, reproducible measurements. Here we developed an optimized protocol for spatially resolved proteolytic peptide detection with MALDI time-of-flight MSI of fresh frozen prostate tissue sections. The parameters tested included four different tissue washes, four methods of protein denaturation, four methods of trypsin digestion (different trypsin densities, sprayers, and incubation times), and five matrix deposition methods (different sprayers, settings, and matrix concentrations). Evaluation criteria were the number of detected and excluded peaks, percentage of high mass peaks, signal-to-noise ratio, spatial localization, and average intensities of identified peptides, all of which were integrated into a weighted quality evaluation scoring system. Based on these scores, the optimized protocol included an ice-cold EtOH+H2 O wash, a 5 min heating step at 95°C, tryptic digestion incubated for 17h at 37°C and CHCA matrix deposited at a final amount of 1.8 µg/mm2 . Including a heat-induced protein denaturation step after tissue wash is a new methodological approach that could be useful also for other tissue types. This optimized protocol for spatial peptide detection using MALDI MSI facilitates future biomarker discovery in prostate cancer and may be useful in studies of other tissue types.

FunHoP: Enhanced Visualization and Analysis of Functionally Homologous Proteins in Complex Metabolic Networks.

Cytoscape is often used for visualization and analysis of metabolic pathways. For example, based on KEGG data, a reader for KEGG Markup Language (KGML) is used to load files into Cytoscape. However, although multiple genes can be responsible for the same reaction, the KGML-reader KEGGScape only presents the first listed gene in a network node for a given reaction. This can lead to incorrect interpretations of the pathways. Our new method, FunHoP, shows all possible genes in each node, making the pathways more complete. FunHoP collapses all genes in a node into one measurement using read counts from RNA-seq. Assuming that activity for an enzymatic reaction mainly depends upon the gene with the highest number of reads, and weighting the reads on gene length and ratio, a new expression value is calculated for the node as a whole. Differential expression at node level is then applied to the networks. Using prostate cancer as model, we integrate RNA-seq data from two patient cohorts with metabolism data from literature. Here we show that FunHoP gives more consistent pathways that are easier to interpret biologically. Code and documentation for running FunHoP can be found at https://github.com/kjerstirise/FunHoP.

Spatial differentiation of metabolism in prostate cancer tissue by MALDI-TOF MSI.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer tissues are inherently heterogeneous, which presents a challenge for metabolic profiling using traditional bulk analysis methods that produce an averaged profile. The aim of this study was therefore to spatially detect metabolites and lipids on prostate tissue sections by using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), a method that facilitates molecular imaging of heterogeneous tissue sections, which can subsequently be related to the histology of the same section. METHODS: Here, we simultaneously obtained metabolic and lipidomic profiles in different prostate tissue types using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MSI. Both positive and negative ion mode were applied to analyze consecutive sections from 45 fresh-frozen human prostate tissue samples (N = 15 patients). Mass identification was performed with tandem MS. RESULTS: Pairwise comparisons of cancer, non-cancer epithelium, and stroma revealed several metabolic differences between the tissue types. We detected increased levels of metabolites crucial for lipid metabolism in cancer, including metabolites involved in the carnitine shuttle, which facilitates fatty acid oxidation, and building blocks needed for lipid synthesis. Metabolites associated with healthy prostate functions, including citrate, aspartate, zinc, and spermine had lower levels in cancer compared to non-cancer epithelium. Profiling of stroma revealed higher levels of important energy metabolites, such as ADP, ATP, and glucose, and higher levels of the antioxidant taurine compared to cancer and non-cancer epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that specific tissue compartments within prostate cancer samples have distinct metabolic profiles and pinpoint the advantage of methodology providing spatial information compared to bulk analysis. We identified several differential metabolites and lipids that have potential to be developed further as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Spatial and rapid detection of cancer-related analytes showcases MALDI-TOF MSI as a promising and innovative diagnostic tool for the clinic.

Simultaneous Detection of Zinc and Its Pathway Metabolites Using MALDI MS Imaging of Prostate Tissue.

Levels of zinc, along with its mechanistically related metabolites citrate and aspartate, are widely reported as reduced in prostate cancer compared to healthy tissue and are therefore pointed out as potential cancer biomarkers. Previously, it has only been possible to analyze zinc and metabolites by separate detection methods. Through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), we were for the first time able to demonstrate, in two different sample sets (n = 45 and n = 4), the simultaneous spatial detection of zinc, in the form of ZnCl3-, together with citrate, aspartate, and N-acetylaspartate on human prostate cancer tissues. The reliability of the ZnCl3- detection was validated by total zinc determination using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma MSI on adjacent serial tissue sections. Zinc, citrate, and aspartate were correlated with each other (range r = 0.46 to 0.74) and showed a significant reduction in cancer compared to non-cancer epithelium (p < 0.05, log2 fold change range: -0.423 to -0.987), while no significant difference between cancer and stroma tissue was found. Simultaneous spatial detection of zinc and its metabolites is not only a valuable tool for analyzing the role of zinc in prostate metabolism but might also provide a fast and simple method to detect zinc, citrate, and aspartate levels as a biomarker signature for prostate cancer diagnostics and prognostics.

Detection of Recurrent Prostate Cancer With 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI.

OBJECTIVE: Simultaneous PET/MRI combines soft-tissue contrast of MRI with high molecular sensitivity of PET in one session. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate detection rates of recurrent prostate cancer by 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI. METHODS: Patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) or persistently detectable prostate specific antigen (PSA), were examined with simultaneous 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and PET/MRI were scored on a 3-point scale (1-negative, 2-equivocal, 3-recurrence/metastasis) and detection rates (number of patients with suspicious findings divided by total number of patients) were reported. Detection rates were further stratified based on PSA level, PSA doubling time (PSAdt), primary treatment and inclusion criteria (PSA persistence, European Association of Urology (EAU) Low-Risk BCR and EAU High-Risk BCR). A detailed investigation of lesions with discrepancy between mpMRI and PET/MRI scores was performed to evaluate the incremental value of PET/MRI to mpMRI. The impact of the added PET acquisition on further follow-up and treatment was evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Among patients eligible for analysis (n=84), 54 lesions were detected in 38 patients by either mpMRI or PET/MRI. Detection rates were 41.7% for mpMRI and 39.3% for PET/MRI (score 2 and 3 considered positive). There were no significant differences in detection rates for mpMRI versus PET/MRI. Disease detection rates were higher in patients with PSA≥1ng/mL than in patients with lower PSA levels but did not differ between patients with PSAdt above versus below 6 months. Detection rates in patients with primary radiation therapy were higher than in patients with primary surgery. Patients categorized as EAU Low-Risk BCR had a detection rate of 0% both for mpMRI and PET/MRI. For 15 lesions (27.8% of all lesions) there was a discrepancy between mpMRI score and PET/MRI score. Of these, 10 lesions scored as 2-equivocal by mpMRI were changed to a more definite score (n=4 score 1 and n=6 score 3) based on the added PET acquisition. Furthermore, for 4 of 10 patients with discrepancy between mpMRI and PET/MRI scores, the added PET acquisition had affected the treatment choice. CONCLUSION: Combined 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI can detect lesions suspicious for recurrent prostate cancer in patients with a range of PSA levels. Combined PET/MRI may be useful to select patients for appropriate treatment, but is of limited use at low PSA values or in patients classified as EAU Low-Risk BCR, and the clinical value of 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI in this study was too low to justify routine clinical use.

The effect of sampling procedures and day-to-day variations in metabolomics studies of biofluids.

Metabolomics analysis of biofluids is a feasible tool for disease characterization and monitoring due to its minimally invasive nature. To reduce unwanted variation in biobanks and clinical studies, it is important to determine the effect of external factors on metabolic profiles of biofluids. In this study we examined the effect of sample collection and sample processing procedures on NMR measured serum lipoproteins and small-molecule metabolites in serum and urine, using a cohort of men diagnosed with either prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. We determined day-to-day reliability of metabolites by systematic sample collection at two different days, in both fasting and non-fasting conditions. Study participants received prostate massage the first day to assess the differences between urine with and without prostate secretions. Further, metabolic differences between first-void and mid-stream urine samples, and the effect of centrifugation of urine samples before storage were assessed. Our results show that day-to-day reliability is highly variable between metabolites in both serum and urine, while lipoprotein subfractions possess high reliability. Further, fasting status clearly influenced the metabolite concentrations, demonstrating the importance of keeping this condition constant within a study cohort. Day-to-day reliabilities were however comparable in fasting and non-fasting samples. Urine sampling procedures such as sampling of first-void or mid-stream urine, and centrifugation or not before sample storage, were shown to only have minimal effect on the overall metabolic profile, and is thus unlikely to constitute a confounder in clinical studies utilizing NMR derived metabolomics.

Biomarker Discovery Using NMR-Based Metabolomics of Tissue.

NMR-based metabolomics has shown promise in the diagnosis of diseases as it enables identification and quantification of metabolic biomarkers. Using high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy, metabolic profiles from intact tissue specimens can be obtained with high spectral resolution. In addition, HR-MAS NMR requires minimal sample preparation and the sample is kept intact for subsequent analyses. In this chapter, we describe a typical protocol for NMR-based metabolomics of tissue samples. We cover all major steps ranging from tissue sample collection to determination of biomarkers, including experimental precautions taken to ensure reproducible and reliable reporting of data in the area of clinical application.

Integrative metabolic and transcriptomic profiling of prostate cancer tissue containing reactive stroma.

Reactive stroma is a tissue feature commonly observed in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer and has previously been associated with more aggressive tumors. The aim of this study was to detect differentially expressed genes and metabolites according to reactive stroma content measured on the exact same prostate cancer tissue sample. Reactive stroma was evaluated using histopathology from 108 fresh frozen prostate cancer samples gathered from 43 patients after prostatectomy (Biobank1). A subset of the samples was analyzed both for metabolic (n = 85) and transcriptomic alterations (n = 78) using high resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS MRS) and RNA microarray, respectively. Recurrence-free survival was assessed in patients with clinical follow-up of minimum five years (n = 38) using biochemical recurrence (BCR) as endpoint. Multivariate metabolomics and gene expression analysis compared low (≤15%) against high reactive stroma content (≥16%). High reactive stroma content was associated with BCR in prostate cancer patients even when accounting for the influence of Grade Group (Cox hazard proportional analysis, p = 0.013). In samples with high reactive stroma content, metabolites and genes linked to immune functions and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling were significantly upregulated. Future validation of these findings is important to reveal novel biomarkers and drug targets connected to immune mechanisms and ECM in prostate cancer. The fact that high reactive stroma grading is connected to BCR adds further support for the clinical integration of this histopathological evaluation.

NMR-Based Prostate Cancer Metabolomics.

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy, and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among men, worldwide. A major unsolved clinical challenge in prostate cancer is the ability to accurately distinguish indolent cancer types from the aggressive ones. Reprogramming of metabolism is now a widely accepted hallmark of cancer development, where cancer cells must be able to convert nutrients to biomass while maintaining energy production. Metabolomics is the large-scale study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids, tissues, or organisms. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is commonly applied in metabolomics studies of cancer. This chapter provides protocols for NMR-based metabolomics of cell cultures, biofluids (serum and urine), and intact tissue, with concurrent advice for optimal biobanking and sample preparation procedures.

NMR-based metabolomics of biofluids in cancer.

This review describes the current status of NMR-based metabolomics of biofluids with respect to cancer risk assessment, detection, disease characterization, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. While the metabolism of cancer cells is altered compared with that of non-proliferating cells, the metabolome of blood and urine reflects the entire organism. We conclude that many studies show impressive associations between biofluid metabolomics and cancer progression, but translation to clinical practice is currently hindered by lack of validation, difficulties in biological interpretation, and non-standardized analytical procedures.

Cholesterol synthesis pathway genes in prostate cancer are transcriptionally downregulated when tissue confounding is minimized.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cholesterol and prostate cancer has been extensively studied for decades, where high levels of cellular cholesterol are generally associated with cancer progression and less favorable outcomes. However, the role of in vivo cellular cholesterol synthesis in this process is unclear, and data on the transcriptional activity of cholesterol synthesis pathway genes in tissue from prostate cancer patients are inconsistent. METHODS: A common problem with cancer tissue data from patient cohorts is the presence of heterogeneous tissue which confounds molecular analysis of the samples. In this study we present a general method to minimize systematic confounding from stroma tissue in any prostate cancer cohort comparing prostate cancer and normal samples. In particular we use samples assessed by histopathology to identify genes enriched and depleted in prostate stroma. These genes are then used to assess stroma content in tissue samples from other prostate cancer cohorts where no histopathology is available. Differential expression analysis is performed by comparing cancer and normal samples where the average stroma content has been balanced between the sample groups. In total we analyzed seven patient cohorts with prostate cancer consisting of 1713 prostate cancer and 230 normal tissue samples. RESULTS: When stroma confounding was minimized, differential gene expression analysis over all cohorts showed robust and consistent downregulation of nearly all genes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Additional Gene Ontology analysis also identified cholesterol synthesis as the most significantly altered metabolic pathway in prostate cancer at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSION: The surprising observation that cholesterol synthesis genes are downregulated in prostate cancer is important for our understanding of how prostate cancer cells regulate cholesterol levels in vivo. Moreover, we show that tissue heterogeneity explains the lack of consistency in previous expression analysis of cholesterol synthesis genes in prostate cancer.

Ex vivo metabolic fingerprinting identifies biomarkers predictive of prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.346.

18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI for preoperative lymph node staging in high-risk prostate cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic potential of simultaneous 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI for pelvic lymph node (LN) staging in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. METHODS: High-risk prostate cancer patients (n=28) underwent simultaneous 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI prior to surgery. LNs were removed according to a predefined template of eight regions. PET and MR images were evaluated for presence of LN metastases according to these regions. Sensitivity/specificity for detection of LN metastases were calculated on patient and region basis. Sizes of LN metastases in regions with positive and negative imaging findings were compared with linear mixed models. Clinical parameters of PET-positive and -negative stage N1 patients were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Patient- and region-based sensitivity/specificity for detection of pelvic LN metastases was 40 %/87.5 % and 35 %/95.7 %, respectively, for MRI and 40 %/100 % and 30 %/100 %, respectively, for PET. LN metastases in true-positive regions were significantly larger than metastases in false-negative regions. PET-positive stage N1 patients had higher metastatic burden than PET-negative N1 patients. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI provides high specificity but low sensitivity for detection of LN metastases in high-risk prostate cancer patients. 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI scan positive for LN metastases indicates higher metastatic burden than negative scan. KEY POINTS: • 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI has high specificity for detection of lymph node metastasis. • 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI lacks sensitivity to replace ePLND. • 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI may be used to aid surgery and select adjuvant therapy. • 18F-Fluciclovine PET-positive patients have more extensive disease than PET-negative patients. • Size of metastatic lymph nodes is an important factor for detection.

Combined 18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI Shows Potential for Detection and Characterization of High-Risk Prostate Cancer.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether quantitative imaging features derived from combined 18F-fluciclovine PET/multiparametric MRI show potential for detection and characterization of primary prostate cancer. Methods: Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer underwent simultaneous 18F-fluciclovine PET/MRI before radical prostatectomy. Volumes of interest (VOIs) for prostate tumors, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) nodules, prostatitis, and healthy tissue were delineated on T2-weighted images, using histology as a reference. Tumor VOIs were marked as high-grade (≥Gleason grade group 3) or not. MRI and PET features were extracted on the voxel and VOI levels. Partial least-squared discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with double leave-one-patient-out cross-validation was performed to distinguish tumors from benign tissue (BPH, prostatitis, or healthy tissue) and high-grade tumors from other tissue (low-grade tumors or benign tissue). The performance levels of PET, MRI, and combined PET/MRI features were compared using the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Voxel and VOI features were extracted from 40 tumor VOIs (26 high-grade), 36 BPH VOIs, 6 prostatitis VOIs, and 37 healthy-tissue VOIs. PET/MRI performed better than MRI and PET alone for distinguishing tumors from benign tissue (AUCs of 87%, 81%, and 83%, respectively, at the voxel level and 96%, 93%, and 93%, respectively, at the VOI level) and high-grade tumors from other tissue (AUCs of 85%, 79%, and 81%, respectively, at the voxel level and 93%, 93%, and 91%, respectively, at the VOI level). T2-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and PET features were the most important for classification. Conclusion: Combined 18F-fluciclovine PET/multiparametric MRI shows potential for improving detection and characterization of high-risk prostate cancer, in comparison to MRI and PET alone.