Bio-diesel Fuel Material Supply in Vietnam and Its Current and Future Potentiality with a Focus on Rubber Seed Oil.

Diesel fuel usage in Vietnam is increasing rapidly, but most of it is imported from overseas. In this study, we investigated the possibility of popularizing bio-diesel fuel (BDF) made from Vietnamese origin resources as a sustainable energy solution. The world's energy cost fluctuates significantly depending on economic or political movements, especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in 2022. This caused energy prices soar, attacking the global economy in a short period and requiring a wide range of energy supply sources. We aim to promote commercial BDF production in Vietnam for future energy security and contribution to the Vietnamese economy. Eight necessary factors were investigated to choose suitable material for BDF production. The factors are as follows: 1) material with Vietnamese origin, 2) sufficient and continuous supply volume, 3) sufficient quality to run diesel engines, including common-rail diesel engines, 4) inedibility, 5) low enough freezing point, 6) ease of collection, 7) affordability, and 8) availability of valuable elements in the material. If a suitable material candidate is not stable, it may be changed over time. In this study, the focus material was rubber seed oil. Because rubber production in Vietnam is quite stable with over 900,000 ha plantation area, and there is a potentiality to collect seeds and produce about 50,000 tons of BDF annually. In addition, the quality of rubber seeds based BDF is very high, such as low enough freezing point, etc. However, most of those rubber seeds are currently not collected and used.

Hydrothermal Synthesize of HF-Free MIL-100(Fe) for Isoniazid-Drug Delivery.

Sustainable development of drug delivery materials with good biocompatibility and controlled-release is a popular topic among researchers. In this research study, we demonstrated the potential of the metal-organic framework, that is MIL-100(Fe), as a drug delivery platform for isoniazid (INH). The MIL-100(Fe) was prepared by using the hydrofluoric acid-free hydrothermal method. Several physical measurements were conducted to characterize the MIL-100(Fe), including x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen sorption, and thermal-gravimetric (TG). The synthesized MIL-100(Fe) has octahedron-shaped particles with superior properties, that is large surface area (1456.10 m2/g) and pore volume (1.25 cm3/g). The drug loading rate and capacity were determined by means of adsorption kinetic and isotherm. The studied INH@MIL-100(Fe) adsorption system kinetics follow the pseudo-first-order model, while the isotherm system follows the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of 128.5 mg/g at 30 °C. MIL-100(Fe) shows adequate biocompatibility, also exhibits a reasonable and controlled drug release kinetics. The results obtained show that MIL-100 (Fe) can be a good choice of drug delivery platform among other available platforms.