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1.
Food Microbiol ; 32(2): 448-51, 2012 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22986214

RESUMEN

Three previously described methods for culture of Clostridium difficile from meats were evaluated by microbiologists with experience in C. difficile culture and identification. A consensus protocol using BHI broth enrichment followed by ethanol shock and plating to selective and non-selective media was selected for use, and all participating laboratories received hands-on training in the use of this method prior to study initiation. Retail meat products (N = 1755) were cultured for C. difficile over 12 months during 2010-2011 at 9 U.S. FoodNet sites. No C. difficile was recovered, although other clostridia were isolated.


Asunto(s)
Clostridioides difficile/crecimiento & desarrollo , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana/métodos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Carne/microbiología , Animales , Bovinos , Pollos , Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , Clostridium/clasificación , Clostridium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clostridium/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Alimentos/economía , Carne/economía , Porcinos , Pavos , Estados Unidos
2.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 18(3): 392-400, 2012 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22377231

RESUMEN

We conducted active sentinel surveillance in Monroe County, New York, USA, to compare incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infections (CA-CDIs) with that of health care-associated infections (HA-CDIs) and identify exposure and strain type differences between CA and HA cases. Patients positive for C. difficile toxin and with no documented health care exposure in the previous 12 weeks were defined as possible CA case-patients. Patients with onset in a health care setting or recent health care exposure were defined as HA case-patients. Eighteen percent of CDIs were CA; 76% were in persons who reported antimicrobial drug use in the 12 weeks before CDI diagnosis. Strain type distribution was similar between CA and HA cases; North American pulsed-field 1 was the primary strain (31% CA, 42% HA; p = 0.34). CA-CDI is an emergent disease affecting patients recently exposed to antimicrobial drugs. Community strains are similar to those found in health care settings.


Asunto(s)
Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infección Hospitalaria/diagnóstico , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidencia , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , New York/epidemiología , Vigilancia de Guardia
3.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 17(10): 1946-9, 2011 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22000379

RESUMEN

Clostridium difficile, the most commonly recognized diarrheagenic pathogen among hospitalized persons, can cause outpatient diarrhea. Of 1,091 outpatients with diarrhea, we found 43 (3.9%) who were positive for C. difficile toxin. Only 7 had no recognized risk factors, and 3 had neither risk factors nor co-infection with another enteric pathogen.


Asunto(s)
Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Clostridium/epidemiología , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Atención Ambulatoria , Toxinas Bacterianas , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Niño , Preescolar , Clostridioides difficile/clasificación , Infecciones por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Connecticut/epidemiología , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Maryland/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto Joven
4.
Anaerobe ; 17(4): 156-60, 2011 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21669297

RESUMEN

Clostridium difficile is the primary known cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Diarrheal disease in food animals due to C. difficile infection has been well documented. Recently, reports of C. difficile infections in patients with no known risk factors for disease have raised concern of community acquisition through food animals and food. In this study, multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was performed on a collection of 97C. difficile isolates of human, animal and food origin belonging to either the North American pulsed-field type (NAP) 1 or NAP7/NAP8. MLVA discriminated between NAP1 and NAP7/NAP8 populations. Three clusters of food, food animal and human NAP1 isolates were highly related by MLVA. These data suggest the possibility of either laboratory contamination or widespread distribution of clonal C. difficile populations. Community-associated NAP1 isolates were unrelated to NAP1 food and food animal isolates. Two MLVA loci were absent and 1 was invariant in all NAP7/NAP8 isolates. Therefore, MLVA discrimination was not sufficient to make assessments regarding the genetic associations among food, food animal and human isolates belonging to the NAP7/NAP8 pulsovar. Rigorous epidemiologic and laboratory investigations that employ highly discriminatory genotyping methods are necessary to compare C. difficile isolates from food and food animals to those from humans.


Asunto(s)
Clostridioides difficile/genética , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Repeticiones de Minisatélite , Alelos , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/métodos , Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Carne/microbiología
6.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 15(5): 819-21, 2009 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19402980

RESUMEN

To determine the presence of Clostridium difficile, we sampled cooked and uncooked meat products sold in Tucson, Arizona. Forty-two percent contained toxigenic C. difficile strains (either ribotype 078/toxinotype V [73%] or 027/toxinotype III [NAP1 or NAP1-related; 27%]). These findings indicate that food products may play a role in interspecies C. difficile transmission.


Asunto(s)
Bovinos/microbiología , Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Alimentos , Productos de la Carne/microbiología , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Arizona , Clostridioides difficile/clasificación , Clostridioides difficile/efectos de los fármacos , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Ribotipificación , Porcinos/microbiología , Pavos/microbiología
7.
J Bacteriol ; 191(12): 3881-91, 2009 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19376880

RESUMEN

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/microbiología , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/veterinaria , Evolución Molecular , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Bovinos , Clostridioides difficile/clasificación , Clostridioides difficile/aislamiento & purificación , Clostridioides difficile/patogenicidad , Genoma Bacteriano , Caballos , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Filogenia , Especificidad de la Especie , Porcinos , Virulencia
8.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 14(7): 1039-45, 2008 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18598622

RESUMEN

Clostridium difficile is a recognized pathogen in neonatal pigs and may contribute to enteritis in calves. Toxinotype V strains have been rare causes of human C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD). We examined toxinotype V in human disease, the genetic relationship of animal and human toxinotype V strains, and in vitro toxin production of these strains. From 2001 through 2006, 8 (1.3%) of 620 patient isolates were identified as toxinotype V; before 2001, 7 (<0.02%) of approximately 6,000 isolates were identified as toxinotype V. Six (46.2%) of 13 case-patients for whom information was available had community-associated CDAD. Molecular characterization showed a high degree of similarity between human and animal toxinotype V isolates; all contained a 39-bp tcdC deletion and most produced binary toxin. Further study is needed to understand the epidemiology of CDAD caused by toxinotype V C. difficile, including the potential of foodborne transmission to humans.


Asunto(s)
Toxinas Bacterianas/clasificación , Clostridioides difficile/clasificación , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/clasificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Bovinos , Infecciones por Clostridium/genética , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/genética , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Enterotoxinas/clasificación , Enterotoxinas/genética , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Represoras/clasificación , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Ribotipificación , Sus scrofa
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