Enhancement of visual dominance effects at the response level in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Previous studies have widely demonstrated that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in conflict control tasks. However, there is limited evidence regarding the performance of children with ADHD in cross-modal conflict processing tasks. The current study aimed to investigate whether children with ADHD have poor conflict control, which has an impact on sensory dominance effects at different levels of information processing under the influence of visual similarity. A total of 82 children aged 7 to 14 years, including 41 children with ADHD and 41 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children, were recruited. We used the 2:1 mapping paradigm to separate levels of conflict, and the congruency of the audiovisual stimuli was divided into three conditions. In C trials, the target stimulus and the distractor stimulus were identical, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to the same response keys. In PRIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus and did not correspond to any response keys. In RIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to different response keys. Therefore, we explicitly differentiated cross-modal conflict into a preresponse level (PRIC > C), corresponding to the encoding process, and a response level (RIC > PRIC), corresponding to the response selection process. Our results suggested that auditory distractors caused more interference during visual processing than visual distractors caused during auditory processing (i.e., typical auditory dominance) at the preresponse level regardless of group. However, visual dominance effects were observed in the ADHD group, whereas no visual dominance effects were observed in the TD group at the response level. A possible explanation is that the increased interference effects due to visual similarity and children with ADHD made it more difficult to control conflict when simultaneously confronted with incongruent visual and auditory inputs. The current study highlights how children with ADHD process cross-modal conflicts at multiple levels of information processing, thereby shedding light on the mechanisms underlying ADHD.

Transcriptomic and metabolic analysis unveils the mechanism behind leaf color development in Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes.

Introduction: Leaf coloration in Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes results from the interplay of various pigments undergoing complex catalytic reactions. Methods: We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis affecting leaf color transition in D. cercidifolius var. longipes by analyzing variations in pigment accumulation and levels of gene expression. Results: We identified 468, 577, and 215 differential metabolites in green leaves (GL), gradual-color-changing leaves (GCCL), and red leaves (RL), respectively, with 94 metabolites shared across all comparisons. Metabolite accumulation patterns were similar among GL, GCCL, and RL, with flavonoids being the main differential metabolites. Delphinidin, malvidin, and petunidin derivatives were mostly accumulated in GCCL, whereas cyanidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin derivatives accumulated in RL. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes was associated with anthocyanin accumulation patterns. Discussion: Our findings reveal that the content of delphinidin, malvidin, petunidin, and carotenoids collectively determines the gradual transition of leaf color from green in spring and summer to green, purple, and orange-yellow in early autumn, whereas the content of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, and carotenoids together causes the autumnal transition to red or orange-red colors as leaves of D. cercidifolius var. longipes age.

The effect of diabetes mellitus on lumbar disc degeneration: an MRI-based study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyse the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the radiological changes of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on the intervertebral discs and paravertebral muscle to investigate the effect of DM on spinal degeneration. METHODS: This retrospective study initially included 262 patients who underwent treatment between January 2020 and December 2021 because of lumbar disc herniation. Amongst these patients, 98 patients suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for more than five years; this is the poorly controlled group (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%; BMI: 26.28 ± 3.60; HbA1c: 7.5, IQR = 1.3). Another 164 patients without T2DM are included in the control group. The data collected and analysed include gender, age, smoking, alcohol use, disease course, Charlson Comorbidity Index, BMI, and radiological parameters including disc height, modified Pfirrmann grading scores, percentage of fat infiltration area of paravertebral muscle, and pathological changes of the endplate. RESULTS: After propensity score-matched analysis, the difference in general data between the control and T2DM groups was eliminated, and 186 patients were analysed. The modified Pfirrmann grading scores showed statistical differences in every lumbar segment, suggesting that the T2DM group suffered from greater disc degeneration at all L1-S1 segments compared with the control group. The disc height from L1/2 to L5/S1 was not statistically different between the two groups. Compared to the T2DM group, the control group had a lower percentage of fat infiltration areas in L4/5 and L5/S1 paravertebral muscle, whereas L1/2 to L3/4 showed no statistical difference. The T2DM group had more pathological changes of cartilage endplate compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged uncontrolled hyperglycaemia may contribute to lumbar disc degeneration, fatty infiltration of the paraspinal muscles in the lower lumbar segments, and increased incidence of endplate cartilage pathological changes in patients with degenerative disc disease.

Mark his motives: A motivational attribution perspective on observer responses to peer helping behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Mutual help among members is critical to the accomplishment of complex tasks in an organization. Helping behaviors are infectious, and employees learn to imitate their coworkers' helping behaviors through observation. However, whether coworker helping triggers imitation learning depends on observers' motivational attributions for coworker helping behaviors to some extent. OBJECTIVE: Based on attribution theory and approach-avoidance framework, this research explored the approach and avoidance-oriented emotional and behavioral consequences of observers' prosocial and impression management motivational attributions of coworker helping behavior. METHODS: An experimental study with 178 participants and a field study with 259 employees was conducted. RESULTS: The results revealed that observers attribute coworkers' helpfulness to prosocial motivation, which elicited observers' approach-oriented emotions (i.e., positive empathy) and behaviors (i.e., helping behavior) and reduced coworker exclusion, while impression-management motivation elicited observers' avoidance-oriented emotions (i.e., disgust) and behaviors (i.e., coworker exclusion) and reduced helping behavior. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that prosocial motivational attributions and impression management motivational attributions are key factors in determining whether observers have approach- or avoidance-oriented emotions and behaviors toward coworker helping. Accordingly, individual employees and managers should focus on employees' motivation to help others in order to promote mutual support and harmony in the workplace.

Future time perspective and study engagement among middle school students: A moderated mediation model.

To examine the effect of future time perspective on middle school students' study engagement and explore the mediating role of motivation internalization and the moderating role of grit, we conducted a study in several middle schools. Six hundred sixty-four middle school students completed our measures. Results indicated that future time perspective positively predicted study engagement, and motivation internalization mediated the relationship between future time perspective and study engagement. It is also indicated that grit played a significant moderating role between motivation internalization and study engagement, with the effect of motivation internalization being stronger for low-grit students compared to high-grit students. These findings shed light on how to increase study engagement among middle school students.

Dynamic cytological and transcriptomic analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms of sex determination in Castanea henryi.

Castanea henryi is a monoecious woody food tree species whose yield and industrialization potential are limited by its low female-to-male flower ratio. Here, the male flowers on the male inflorescence of C. henryi were converted to female flowers by triple applications of exogenous cytokinin (CK) (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU). To study the role of exogenous CK in flower sex determination, cytological and transcriptomic analyses were performed on samples from the five stages after CK treatment. Cytological analysis showed that stage 3 (nine days after the last CK treatment) was the critical stage in the differential development of the pistil primordium and stamen primordium. On this basis, one key module and two modules with significant positive correlations with stage 3 were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), combined with transcriptome data. The CK and GA biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, three transcription factor (TF) families, and 11 floral organ identity genes were identified in the related modules. In particular, the TFs WRKY47, ERF021, and MYB4, and floral organ identity genes AGL11/15, DEF, and SEP1 with large differences are considered to be critical regulators of sex determination in C. henryi. Based on these results, a genetic regulatory network for exogenous CK in the sex determination of flowers in C. henryi is proposed. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of CK in the sex regulation of flowers and provides new insights into the regulatory network of sex determination in C. henryi.

Anterior Cervical Hybrid Decompression and Fusion Surgery to Treat Multilevel Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common disease resulting from intervertebral disc herniation, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and other pathological changes that cause spinal cord compression. CSM progresses insidiously with mild upper-limb numbness, which patients tend to ignore. As the condition worsens, the patients may experience a limp, limited fine motor activity, and eventually, a loss of daily activity. Conservative treatments, such as physical therapy and medication, are frequently ineffective for CSM. Once surgery is deemed to be required, decompression surgery is the best option. So far, both anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) have been commonly used to treat CSM. In addition, a type of hybrid procedure that combines ACDF with ACCF has been used to treat some CSM cases and achieved satisfying results. Thus, this study aims to introduce this hybrid surgical technique and advocate for it based on its patient success.

Influence of geographic origin and tissue type on the medicinal chemical compounds of Semiliquidambar cathayensis.

Semiliquidambar cathayensis is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine owing its high concentrations of polyphenol, triterpenoidic acid, and flavonoids. This study aimed to explore the impact of geographical origin and tissue type on the contents of chemical compounds of S. cathayensis, as determined by colorimetric and chromatographic methods. Therefore, we quantitively evaluated chemical compounds found in the tissues of various organs of plants collected in six different regions. Overall, we found that geographical origin affected the content of medicinal compounds in S. cathayensis leaves, with plants from Jingzhou county showing the best therapeutic potential. However, no specific correlation was observed with latitude. It is noteworthy that the amount of paeoniflorin and other compounds can be used as biomarkers of geographical origin and tissue type. Most medicinal compounds accumulated mainly in the leaves, whereas ursolic and oleanolic acids accumulated in the roots. These results show that the comprehensive medicinal value of the leaves of S. cathayensis in Jingzhou county is the highest, but the root should be selected first to collect oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.

Academic women's negotiation of gender identities in non-elite Chinese universities.

Introduction: This study employs Butler's concept of identity to unpack how non-elite Chinese university academic women negotiate gender identities under the influence of the wider social discourses around gender in their institutional context. Methods: The study includes two empirical investigations of (i) semi-structured interviews and (ii) photovoice interviews with six women academics from six different non-elite Chinese universities. Results and Discussion: We found that most interviewees tended to value their teacher identity and meanwhile downplay their researcher identity in the professional field; while in the private field, they paid more attention to their mother identity at the cost of downplaying their career development. The study also reveals that, in the process of gender negotiation, the interviewees commonly adopted two strategies: (i) creating space and time for identity performance, and (ii) persuading with selves to accept multiple identities. This article contributes to the understanding of Chinese academic women in non-elite public universities from a Butlerian perspective.

Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones.

BACKGROUND: In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7-8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. RESULTS: We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS: These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.

Efficacy of Percutaneous Superficial Temporal Arterial Hyaluronidase Injection for Hyaluronic Acid Filler-Induced Necrosis of Frontotemporal Skin and/or the Ipsilateral Scalp With Subsequent Alopecia.

BACKGROUND: Necrosis of frontotemporal skin and/or the ipsilateral scalp with subsequent alopecia after hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection into the temple is rare complications with superficial temporal artery embolization are suspected as the major pathological mechanism. The main treatment currently is intralesional hyaluronidase (HAase) injection, but the effectiveness of percutaneous superficial temporal arterial HAase injection still lacks consensus. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of superficial temporal arterial HAase injection in dissolving HA filler-induced necrosis of frontotemporal skin and/or the ipsilateral scalp with subsequent alopecia. METHODS: Five recent clinical cases with necrosis of frontotemporal skin and/or the ipsilateral scalp with subsequent alopecia after HA filler injection into the temple were analyzed retrospectively. The patients underwent HAase injection via superficial temporal artery combined with adjunctive treatments, and the clinical progress was observed. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in terms of necrosis of frontotemporal skin and the ipsilateral scalp after treatment, and the patients were relieved of their clinical symptoms. Alopecia occurred approximately 1 to 2 weeks after HA filler injection, and the well-defined alopecia areas were formed 15 to 20 days after HAase injection. Patients were followed for 3 to 6 months. During follow-up, the skin lesions of all patients were restored to near normal appearance. Hair regrowth was observed 2 to 3 months after HAase treatment, and hair density nearly reached the normal level 3 to 4 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous superficial temporal arterial HAase injection is an effective treatment option for HA filler-induced necrosis of frontotemporal skin and/or the ipsilateral scalp with subsequent alopecia.

A Modified Eggshell Technique for Sclerosing Thoracic Disc Herniation.

Sclerosing thoracic disc herniation refers to a condition in which the intervertebral disc in the thoracic region protrudes and becomes calcified, causing compression on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. Sclerosing herniation of the thoracic disc poses a significant danger as it can lead to serious complications like paraplegia during or after surgery. Iatrogenic spinal cord injury is a common risk for individuals diagnosed with sclerosing thoracic disc herniation due to the inflexible protrusion of the sclerosing disc into the spinal canal and its adhesion to the ventral side of the dural sac. The challenging and crucial aspect of the surgery is how to safely and efficiently eliminate the hardened tissue. The eggshell method is a surgical procedure that addresses the kyphosis abnormality of the spinal column by excavating the vertebral body via the pedicles and subsequently inserting the kyphotic fracture block into the excavated vertebral body. In this article, a revised surgical method using the eggshell technique will be presented for the treatment of sclerosing thoracic disc herniation. The surgical procedure briefly involves hollowing out the anterior intervertebral space of the hardened disc tissue to create an eggshell-like structure, with the sclerotic tissue forming the posterior wall. Subsequently, the sclerotic disc tissue is pushed into the hollow intervertebral space to achieve complete decompression of the ventral spinal cord. The safety and effectiveness of this approach for treating sclerosing thoracic disc herniation have been confirmed.

Treatment of three-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy using ACDF or a combination of ACDF and ACCF.

Objectives: This study aims to compare the outcomes between two anterior decompression and fusion techniques to treat multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM). Methods: After the screening for eligibility, a total of 66 patients were admitted to this study. These participants underwent anterior surgeries due to MCSM in our hospital between June 2016 and July 2018. All participants underwent either the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery (ACDF group) or the combination of ACDF and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF), which was the anterior cervical hybrid decompression and fusion (ACHDF) surgery group. All the patients were followed up ≥18 months, the average latest followed up time was 23.64 (±2.69) months. The length of hospitalization, operation time, blood loss, visual analog scale (VAS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, improvement rate, Hounsfield units (HU) of C3-C7, cobb angle, and anterior column height of fusion levels pre and post operation were analyzed. Results: There were no statistical differences between the ACDF and ACHDF groups regarding the length of hospitalization, operation time, blood loss, HU of C3-C7, VAS, JOA score, improvement rate, cobb angle, and anterior column height in fusion levels in pre-operation and 3 months after operation (all P > 0.05). However, compared with the ACHDF group, the ACDF group achieved significantly better improvement in the anterior column height of fusion levels in the final 18-29 months post-operatively (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Both approaches of ACDF alone and a combination of ACDF and ACCF can achieve satisfactory outcomes in the treatment of MCSM, but ACDF has better outcomes in maintaining anterior column height of fusion levels.

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity.

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may cause severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity, often accompanied by intractable low back pain or compression of the spinal cord, leading to severe neurological symptoms or even paralysis. If conservative treatment cannot relieve the symptoms or correct the deformities, surgical treatment is usually needed. For severe kyphotic deformity, reconstruction of the physiological curvature and rigid fixation determine the prognosis of the patients. Osteotomy and orthopedics are the standard procedure for deformities with severe compression of the front and middle column, but the trauma to the patients is high, with a long operation time and massive blood loss. To avoid these disadvantages, we have developed a modified technique to remove the diseased vertebra unilaterally. In this technique, we use a modified trephine to resect the vertebral columns like in the pedicle screw technique by adding a locking instrument that can restrict the trephine to lower the risk of osteotomy and shorten the surgery time and blood loss.

The sustainable development of Asian students' project-based learning: Implementing a holistic and indigenous Whare Tapa Rima Model.

This study employs a holistic and indigenous theoretical model called Whare Tapa Rima to examine the project-based learning (PBL) experiences of Asian students in a private training establishment, the W institution, at the tertiary level in New Zealand. The analysis shows that Asian students face challenges in their PBL journey in physical, cultural, interconnected emotional and intellectual, social, and spiritual dimensions. Implications from the research analysis may be considered about how to provide better support and international services to Asian students involved in PBL programs worldwide by adopting the responsive, theory-informed framework of the Whare Tapa Rima Model.

Teacher Becoming Curriculum Designer: Professional Teaching and Learning in China's Early Childhood Education.

The Curriculum Design Coherence Model (CDC Model) was created as a universal curriculum design method to connect disciplinary knowledge to teachers' expertise in a bid to promote professional teaching and learning. However, research into how the CDC Model has been adopted and localized in the Chinese educational context is scarce. This article focuses on the application and impact of the CDC Model on the resulting teaching practices in China's Early Childhood Education (ECE) settings. The data collected through a focus group discussion with 21 teachers from a model kindergarten at the municipal level in China reveals that the CDC Model has increased the teachers' professionalism by promoting their curriculum initiative, forging curriculum knowledge orientation, strengthening the conceptual structure within the kindergarten-developed curriculum, and enhancing the coordination between the curricula of the different courses offered by the kindergarten. This positive influence has also helped the teachers bridge their disagreement on curriculum content and pedagogy and overcome some difficulties in using the CDC Model. The study has implications for revitalizing the value of disciplinary knowledge and for viewing ECE teachers as active professional agents in ECE curriculum design and teaching.

The Challenges of Chinese University Leaders During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A Case Study Approach.

The outbreak of COVID-19 had a profound impact on the practice of university leadership in China. This study employs a case study as the research method, interviewing five Heads of the Departments from the Z University in China to examine the challenges to leadership in Chinese universities during the COVID-19 pandemic and explores effective countermeasures. Research findings reveal that the challenges they faced manifested in the government's closed management requirements and the students' demands for freedom of entry and exit, the dynamic and flexible disciplinary development and the rigid teaching evaluation, and big data-enabled governance and the habit of human experience-oriented management. In response to these challenges, this study proposes suggestions for the Z University leaders in the post-pandemic era: establishing rules and regulations with a relaxed degree, tolerating ambiguity in online teaching, improving the ability of intelligent technology, and taking opportunities to learn.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of leaf, stem, and root tissues of Semiliquidambar cathayensis reveals candidate genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: Semiliquidambar cathayensis is a traditional medicinal plant and endemic species in China. Its roots, branches, leaves, bark, and nectar are known to have therapeutic effects against rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar muscle strain, and several other diseases. However, limited knowledge regarding the molecular properties of S. cathayensis highlights the need for further research in order to elucidate the underlying pathways governing the synthesis of its active ingredients and regulation of its accumulation processes. METHODS: We conducted transcriptome sequencing of the leaf, stem and root epidermises, and stem and root xylems of S. cathayensis with three biological replicates. Moreover, candidate genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, such as IDI, FPPS, DXR, SQS, GPPS, and HMGR were selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: We identified 88,582 unigenes. Among which, 36,144 unigenes were annotated to the nr protein database, 21,981 to the Gene Ontology database, 11,565 to the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database, 24,209 to the Pfam database, 21,685 to the SWISS-PROT database, and 12,753 to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), with 5072 unigenes common to all six databases. Of those annotated using the KEGG database, 187 unigenes were related to the terpenoid metabolism pathway, and expression analysis of the related genes indicated that the mevalonate and methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathways play different roles in terpenoid biosynthesis in different tissues of S. cathayensis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings greatly expand gene resources of S. cathayensis and provide basic data for the study of the biosynthetic pathways and molecular mechanisms of terpenoids.

Disease Control and Prevention in Rare Plants Based on the Dominant Population Selection Method in Opportunistic Social Networks.

The spread of seeds of rare and dangerous plants affects the regeneration, pattern, genetic structure, invasion, and settlement of plant populations. However, seed transmission is a relatively weak research link. The spread of plant seeds is not controlled by the communicator. Rather, this event results from the interaction between the host and the external environment determined by the mother. The way plants transmit and accept seeds is similar to how user nodes accept data transmission requests in social networks. Plants select the characteristics including seed size, maturity time, and gene matching, which are consistent with the size, delay, and keywords of the data received by the user. In this study, we selected rare and endangered Pterospermum heterophyllum as the research object and applied them to a social network. All plants were considered nodes and all seeds as transmitted data. This method avoids the influence of errors in actual sampling and statistical laws. By using historical information to record the reception of seeds, the Infection and Immunity Algorithm (IAIA) in opportunistic social networks was established. This method selects healthy plants through plant social populations and reduces the number of diseased plants. The experimental results show that the IAIA algorithm has a good effect in distinguishing dominant seedlings from seedlings with disease genes and realizes the selection of dominant plants in social networks.

Methods for measuring egocentric distance perception in visual modality.

Egocentric distance perception has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of spatial perception due to its significance in daily life. The frame of perception involves the perceived distance from an observer to an object. Over the years, researchers have been searching for an optimal way to measure the perceived distance and their contribution constitutes a critical aspect of the field. This paper summarizes the methodological findings and divides the measurement methods for egocentric distance perception into three categories according to the behavior types. The first is Perceptional Method, including successive equal-appearing intervals of distance judgment measurement, verbal report, and perceptual distance matching task. The second is Directed Action Method, including blind walking, blind-walking gesturing, blindfolded throwing, and blind rope pulling. The last one is Indirect Action Method, including triangulation-by-pointing and triangulation-by-walking. In the meantime, we summarize each method's procedure, core logic, scope of application, advantages, and disadvantages. In the end, we discuss the future concerns of egocentric distance perception.