Correction: Combined use of principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network to assess the impact of meteorological parameters on fluctuation of selected PM2.5-bound elements.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287187.].

Equilibrium partitioning approach for metal toxicity assessment in tropical estuarine sediment of Bandon Bay, Thailand.

An equilibrium partitioning approach (EqPA) was employed to evaluate the metal toxicity and define sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) in the cockle cultivated areas located in Bandon Bay, Thailand. An assessment of metal toxicity using the [∑SEM]-[AVS] and [∑SEM]-[AVS]/foc models indicated no adverse effect on benthic organisms. The normalized total metal concentrations in this area were below the established SQG values for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg, namely respectively 21.3, 0.8, 84.6, 36.0, 34.6, 440.9 mg/kg dry weight, and 49.3 µg/kg dry weight on sand and calcium carbonate free with 1 % total organic carbon basis, suggesting low metal toxicity. This study provides locality adapted SQG values for supporting sediment quality management specifically in Bandon Bay, potentially serving as a model for other coastal areas.

Combined use of principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network to assess the impact of meteorological parameters on fluctuation of selected PM2.5-bound elements.

Based on the data of the State of Global Air (2020), air quality deterioration in Thailand has caused ~32,000 premature deaths, while the World Health Organization evaluated that air pollutants can decrease the life expectancy in the country by two years. PM2.5 was collected at three air quality observatory sites in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok, and Phuket, Thailand, from July 2020 to June 2021. The concentrations of 25 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Sr, Ba, and Pb) were quantitatively characterised using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Potential adverse health impacts of some element exposures from inhaling PM2.5 were estimated by employing the hazard quotient and excess lifetime cancer risk. Higher cancer risks were detected in PM2.5 samples collected at the sampling site in Bangkok, indicating that vehicle exhaust adversely impacts human health. Principal component analysis suggests that traffic emissions, crustal inputs coupled with maritime aerosols, and construction dust were the three main potential sources of PM2.5. Artificial neural networks underlined agricultural waste burning and relative humidity as two major factors controlling the air quality of Thailand.

Weekly variations of nutrients and their associations with phytoplankton blooms in the urban coastal waters of Andaman Sea coast: A case study in Patong Bay, Phuket, Thailand.

Nutrient inputs to coastal waters are among the main contributors to phytoplankton blooms that can damage coastal ecosystems. To understand the main causal factors and timing of phytoplankton blooms in Patong Bay, where phytoplankton blooms have frequent occurred for the last decade, variations in phytoplankton abundance and the dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrogen (DIN), phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silica (DSi)) were monitored weekly from December 2021 to December 2022. The results revealed that ratios of DIP and DSi to DIN in seawater had increased rapidly in approximately 1-7 days prior to the blooms of Chaetoceros and Eunotogramma. This suggests that the diatom blooms in this area are significantly controlled by an excess of DIP and DSi, in otherwise appropriate environmental conditions. Our findings provide a thorough understanding of the role of excess nutrients on phytoplankton blooms in urban coastal waters, supporting informed coastal management actions.

Portable Colorimetric Hydrogel Test Kits and On-Mobile Digital Image Colorimetry for On-Site Determination of Nutrients in Water.

Portable colorimetric hydrogel test kits are newly developed for the on-site detection of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate in water. Griess-doped hydrogel was prepared at the bottom of a 1.5 mL plastic tube for nitrite detection, a nitrate reduction film based on zinc powder was placed on the inner lid of a second 1.5 mL plastic tube for use in conjunction with the Griess-doped hydrogel for nitrate detection, and a molybdenum blue-based reagent was entrapped within a poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel matrix placed at the bottom of a third 1.5 mL plastic tube to detect phosphate. These test kits are usable with on-mobile digital image colorimetry (DIC) for the on-site determination of nutrients with good analytical performance. The detection limits were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.14 mg L−1 for nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, respectively, with good accuracy (<4.8% relative error) and precision (<1.85% relative standard deviation). These test kits and on-mobile DIC were used for the on-site determination of nutrients in the Pak Bang and Bang Yai canals, the main canals in Phuket, Thailand. The concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were undetectable to 0.60 mg L−1, undetectable to 2.98 mg L−1, and undetectable to 0.52 mg L−1, respectively.

Concentrations and source identification of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment cores from south and northeast Thailand.

In this study, the environmental fate of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tropical lake sediments and their potential sources have been discussed. 15 PAHs (i.e. ΣPAH) have been investigated in two lakes, namely Songkhla Lake (SKL) and Nong Han Kumphawapi Lake (NHL), which are located at the southern and north-eastern parts of Thailand, respectively. Since these two lakes are registered as important wetlands under the Ramsar convention (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: UNESCO), the quantitative identification of potential contributors of PAHs is an inevitable analytical tool for launching an evidence-based policy. The ΣPAH concentrations observed in SKL and NHL sediments (n = 135) were in the range of 19.4-1,218 ng g-1 and 94.5-1,112 ng g-1, respectively. While the exponential decline of ΣPAH contents were detected in SKL sediments, NHL showed a trend of enhancing PAH contents with depth. The averaged benzo [a]pyrene (B [a]P) contents of surface sediments in both lakes were much below the value stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Based on numerous multivariate statistical techniques coupled with source apportionment analysis, "biomass burning" and "anthropogenic activities" are two potential contributors of the PAHs detected in the study areas. To achieve the long-term conservation of nature with related ecosystem services and cultural values, it is therefore important to promote decision-making based on ecotoxicological studies of carcinogenic substances.

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in beach sediments along Phuket coastline.

Phuket is a popular tourism destination in Thailand. This study examined the distribution of microplastics found on beaches along the East and West coasts of Phuket including Tri Trang, Patong, Kalim, Chalong, Makham, and Rawai beaches. A total of 18 samples from a 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrat at the intertidal zone were sorted into >300-µm and 20-300-µm size classes. For all sizes combined, the mean abundance was 188.3 ± 34.5 items kg-1. White (29.2%) and fiber (85.6%) were the most abundant plastic; and the polymer types based on µFTIR analysis were PET > PS > PP > PU > PVC > Epoxy with a great amount of cotton and regenerated cellulose also detected. Principal component analysis indicated the correlation between PET, regenerated cellulose, PP and PU with Chalong and Patong beaches, suggesting that highly visited tourist beaches with harbor activities, and a tourist departure point, are possible sources of microplastics.

Seasonal microplastic variations in estuarine sediments from urban canal on the west coast of Thailand: A case study in Phuket province.

To improve knowledge of the relationships of human activities with microplastic pollution in the urban estuary in Phuket province, which has a densely populated city on the western coast of Thailand, a total of 463 plastic-like items from 24 sediment samples in the dry and the rainy seasons were identified by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The microplastic abundance ranged in 300-900 and 33-400 items/kg dry weight in the dry and the rainy seasons, respectively, indicating that the estuary is moderately contaminated with microplastics. The most abundant polymer types were rayon and polyester with colored fibers, suggesting that the microplastics deposited in this area originate mainly from washing effluents. Additionally, our findings show that the microplastic distribution is significantly governed by hydrodynamic energy in the estuary. This provides basic information for a better understanding of the fate of microplastics within estuary, and for management actions to address microplastics in urban estuary.

Quantifying the contributions of local emissions and regional transport to elemental carbon in Thailand.

We used the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in Thailand in 2017. The goals were to quantify the respective contributions of local emissions and regional transport outside Thailand to EC pollution in Thailand, and to identify the most effective emission control strategy for decreasing EC pollution. The simulated EC concentrations in Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and Phuket were comparable with the observation data. The correlation coefficient between the simulated and observed EC concentrations was 0.84, providing a good basis for evaluating EC sources in Thailand. The simulated mean EC concentration over the whole country was the highest (1.38 µg m-3) in spring, and the lowest (0.51 µg m-3) in summer. We conducted several sensitivity simulations to evaluate EC sources. Local emissions (including anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions) and regional transport outside Thailand contributed 81.2% and 18.8% to the annual mean EC concentrations, respectively, indicating that local sources played the dominant role for EC pollution in Thailand. Among the local sources, anthropogenic emissions (including the industry, power plant, residential, and transportation sectors) and biomass burning contributed 75.1% and 6.1% to the annual mean EC concentrations, respectively. As the anthropogenic emissions dominated the EC pollution, we performed four sensitivity simulations by reducing 30% of the emissions from each of the industry, power plant, residential, and transportation sectors in Thailand. The results indicated that controlling transportation emissions in Thailand was the most effective way in reducing the EC pollution. The 30% reduction of transportation emissions decreased the annual mean EC concentrations by 12.1%. In contrast, 30% reductions of the residential, industry, and power plant emissions caused 8.4%, 6.4%, and 4.0% decreases in the annual mean EC concentrations, respectively. The model results could potentially provide useful information for air pollution control strategies in Thailand.

Assessing risks to adults and preschool children posed by PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during a biomass burning episode in Northern Thailand.

To investigate the potential cancer risk resulting from biomass burning, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to fine particles (PM2.5) were assessed in nine administrative northern provinces (NNP) of Thailand, before (N-I) and after (N-II) a haze episode. The average values of Σ 3,4-ring PAHs and B[a] P Equivalent concentrations in world urban cities were significantly (p<0.05) much higher than those in samples collected from northern provinces during both sampling periods. Application of diagnostic binary ratios of PAHs underlined the predominant contribution of vehicular exhaust to PM2.5-bound PAH levels in NNP areas, even in the middle of the agricultural waste burning period. The proximity of N-I and N-II values in three-dimensional (3D) principal component analysis (PCA) plots also supports this conclusion. Although the excess cancer risk in NNP areas is much lower than those of other urban area and industrialized cities, there are nevertheless some concerns relating to adverse health impacts on preschool children due to non-dietary exposure to PAHs in home environments.