In vivo evaluation and molecular docking studies of Schinus molle L. fruit extract protective effect against isoproterenol-induced infarction in rats.

The aim of the current study was to assess the potential cardiopreventive effect of the methanolic extract of S. molle L. (MESM) on isoproterenol-induced infarction in rats. The biomolecules content was evaluated using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. On the 29th and 30th days, two successive injections of isoproterenol (ISO) were given to Wistar rats to provoke myocardial infarction following pretreatment with either MESM (60 mg/kg b.w) or Pidogrel (Pid; 2 mg/kg b.w.). A total of sixteen phenolics were identified with masazino-flavanone as the most prevalent compound (1726.12 µg/g dm). Results showed that MESM offered cardioprevention by normalizing the ST segment and reducing the elevated cardiac risk parameters. The altered lipid biomarkers together with the plasma ionic levels were improved. Additionally, MESM inhibited the cardiac oxidative stress generated by ISO injection though enhancing antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT, SOD and GPX) which reduced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. MESM reduced myocardial apoptosis by significantly repressing mRNA expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax, with an upregulated Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, MESM reduced DNA fragmentation as well as the infarct size observed by TTC staining. In addition, MESM exhibited an antifibrotic effect by downregulating TGF-1ß expression and reducing collagen deposition in myocardial tissue, as confirmed by Trichrom Masson analysis. The histopathological findings revealed less muscle separation and fewer inflammatory cells in the ISO + MESM-treated rats. Results of the docking simulation indicated that catechin in MESM was inhibitory mainly due to hydrogen bonding interactions with PDI, ACE and TGF-ß1 proteins which could highlight the antithrombotic and antifibrotic capacity of MESM.

Azithromycin effects on the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) early life stages following acute and chronic exposure: Laboratory bioassays.

The purpose of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of the macrolide azithromycin (AZI) on the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) early life stages. Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic frequently detected in the aquatic environment, despite this few information about its effects on aquatic organisms were reported. Investigations of AZI acute toxicity on D. labrax early life stages were made using six increasing concentrations (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/l) during 96 h of exposure. The chronic toxicity was tested at one year old juveniles using two sublethal concentrations (C1 = 0.05 µg/l and C2 = 0.8 µg/l) during 4 and 14 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured in gill and liver tissues of juveniles. The half lethal concentration (LC50), 96 h value of AZI for the European sea bass was determined as 31 mg/l. Results showed that short-time exposure to 20 mg/l of azithromycin induces 18% and 7.5% of larvae mortality and morphological abnormalities, respectively. Azithromycin provoked oxidative stress, peroxidative damage, and neurotoxicity in juveniles D. labrax. Overall, the CAT and AChE activities decreased in gill and liver tissues, while dissimilarity in response in both organs depending on AZI concentrations and time of exposure was observed in MDA and GST levels.

High-fat diet-induced aggravation of cardiovascular impairment in permethrin-treated Wistar rats.

This study characterized the impact of post-weaning high-fat diet (HFD) and/or permethrin (PER) treatment on heart dysfunction and fibrosis, as well as atherogenic risk, in rats by investigating interactions between HFD and PER. Our results revealed that HFD and/or PER induced remarkable cardiotoxicity by promoting cardiac injury, biomarker leakage into the plasma and altering heart rate and electrocardiogram pattern, as well as plasma ion levels. HFD and/or PER increased plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels but significantly reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Cardiac content of peroxidation malonaldehyde, protein carbonyls, and reactive oxygen species were remarkably elevated, while glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were inhibited in animals receiving a HFD and/or PER. Furthermore, cardiac DNA fragmentation and upregulation of Bax and caspase-3 gene expression supported the ability of HFD and/or PER to induce apoptosis and inflammation in rat hearts. High cardiac TGF-ß1 expression explained the profibrotic effects of PER either with the standard diet or HFD. Masson's Trichrome staining clearly demonstrated that HFD and PER could cause cardiac fibrosis. Additionally, increased oxidized LDL and the presence of several lipid droplets in arterial tissues highlighted the atherogenic effects of HFD and/or PER in rats. Such PER-induced cardiac and vascular dysfunctions were aggravated by and associated with a HFD, implying that obese individuals may be more vulnerable to PER exposure. Collectively, post-weaning exposure to HFD and/or PER may promote heart failure and fibrosis, demonstrating the pleiotropic effects of exposure to environmental factors early in life.

HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling and therapeutic effects of Schinus terebinthifolius and Schinus molle fruits: investigation of their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties.

The aim of the current work was to study the phytochemical variability among Schinus terebinthifolius (STE) and Schinus molle (SME) fruit extracts. The in vitro antioxidant, antihemolytic, antidiabetic, and macromolecule damage protective activities, as well as, the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive capacities were assessed. Using the HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis, the chemical profile of fruit extract varied between S. terebinthifolius (30 compounds) and S. molle (16 compounds). The major compound was masazino-flavanone (5774.98 and 1177.65 µg/g sample for STE and SME, respectively). The investigations highlighted significant antioxidant proprieties when using ABTS radical (IC50; 0.12 and 0.14 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively), superoxide (IC50; 0.17 and 0.22 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) and hydrogen peroxide (IC50; 014 and 0.17 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively). In addition, STE and SME proved preventive effects against H2O2-induced hemolysis (IC50; 0.22 and 0.14 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively). The in vitro antidiabetic effect revealed that STE and SME exhibited important inhibitory effects against α-amylase (IC50; 0.13 and 0.19 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) and α-glycosidase (IC50; 0.21 and 0.18 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) when compared with acarbose. Furthermore, the extracts showed potent inhibitory activity against AAPH-induced plasmid DNA damage, and protein oxidation. In vivo study revealed that STE and SME presented interesting antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory capacities. All observed effects highlighted the potential application of Schinus fruit extract in food and pharmaceutical industries against ROS-induced damage.

Schinus terebinthifolius fruits intake ameliorates metabolic disorders, inflammation, oxidative stress, and related vascular dysfunction, in atherogenic diet-induced obese rats. Insight of their chemical characterization using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Schinus terebinthifolius is traditionally used for its anti inflammatory capacity, and indicated as a cardioprotective agent, whereas, its preventive effect against atherogenic diet fed (AD) induced metabolic disorders and the underlying mechanisms has not yet been explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative role of Schinus terebinthifolius fruits extract (STFE) against cardiovascular problem, oxidative and inflammatory status related to obesity in rats fed an atherogenic diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The metabolites profile in STFE was evaluated using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. In Wistar rats, atherogenic diet was added for 9 weeks to induce lipid accumulation simultaneously with STFE (50 mg/kg b. w) or saline treatment. Biochemical, oxidant, and inflammatory criteria together with hepatic and arterial integrity examination were assessed. RESULTS: A total of thirty three metabolites were identified using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS, among them masazino-flavanone was the major compound (2645.50 µg/g DW). The results indicated that STFE supplementation during 9 weeks (50 mg/kg b. w.) significantly attenuated the altered lipid profile by decreasing the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and increasing the HDL-C content both in plasma and liver, when compared with the AD-group. The histological analysis using ORO staining revealed a decrease in the lipid droplet deposit in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of STFE + AD group. The addition of STFE could improve the glycemic status of AD-treated rats by decreasing the glucose and insulin secretion, and ameliorating the hepatic glycogen synthesis. The harmful effects of atherogenic diet on hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx), biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and liver function, were found to be decreased by the addition of STFE. Moreover, the reduction of inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α), associated to alleviating of aortic oxidative stress and integrity, highlighted the positive anti-atherogenic effect of STFE. CONCLUSION: Overall, the pleiotropic protective effect observed with S. terebinthifolius fruits might be related to the presence of various bioactive compounds.

Permethrin induced arterial retention of native and oxidized LDL in rats by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress and affecting LDL receptors, and collagen genes.

This study is the first to examine the possible mechanism by which long-term exposure to permethrin (PER) can promote arterial retention of proatherogenic lipid and lipoproteins and related vascular dysfunction in rats. Experimental animals were administered two doses of oral PER, PER-1 (2.5 mg/kg/bw) and PER-2 (5 mg/kg/bw), for 90 consecutive days. The results indicated that both PER-1 and PER-2 increased plasmatic and aortic total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apo B-100, and oxidized LDL together with arterial scavenger LDL receptors (CD36) but markedly reduced plasmatic and hepatic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and native LDL receptors in aortic and hepatic tissue. The levels of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and reactive oxygen species were significantly higher, and glutathione content as well as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were suppressed in the aorta of the PER-1 and PER-2 groups. The arterial oxidative damage possibly caused by PER was clearly demonstrated by hematoxylin and eosin histological analysis. Moreover, PER treatment aggravated the inflammatory responses through enhancement of the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6) in both plasma and aorta. Furthermore, PER-1 and PER-2 potentiated the dysregulation of the aortic extracellular matrix (ECM) content by increasing mRNA activation of collagens I and III. The abundant histological collagen deposition observed in the media and adventitia of intoxicated rats using Masson's trichrome staining corroborates the observed change in ECM. These data showed that oxidative stress related to PER exposure increases the arterial accumulation of lipoprotein biomarkers, likely by actions on both LDL and CD36 receptors, together with the disruption of the aortic ECM.

Multidirectional insights on polysaccharides from Schinus terebinthifolius and Schinus molle fruits: Physicochemical and functional profiles, in vitro antioxidant, anti-genotoxicity, antidiabetic, and antihemolytic capacities, and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties.

The aim of the current study was to compare crude polysaccharides extracted from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (PSTF) and S. molle L. (PSMF) fruits based on their structures, physicochemical characteristics, monosaccharide composition, as well as in vitro and in vivo assays. The extraction yield of PSTF (4.26%) was higher than that of PSMF (3.56%). Remarkable variability was detected in the content of carbohydrates (80.64 ± 0.98%), protein (1.80 ± 0.28%), fat (0.04 ± 0.005%) and ash (6.32 ± 0.26%). FT-IR assay and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that fruits extract showed similar structural characteristics. Thin layer chromatography together with HPLC-RID analysis showed that the monosaccharide composition varied significantly between species. Both contained arabinose (40.55-42.03%) galacturonic acid (31.21-41.15%), and fucose (10.90-17.63%), but PSTF had glucose (9.13%) whereas PSMF had galactose (7.40%). Functional analyses demonstrated that samples exhibited favorable water- and oil-retention capacity, emulsifying properties, and foaming qualities. PSTF exhibited the highest antioxidant effects. Both of them showed a remarkable in vitro antidiabetic effect. PSMF highly mitigated H2O2-induced hemolysis and exhibited ~80% antihemolytic activity. The extracted polysaccharides showed potent inhibitory activity against AAPH-induced plasmid DNA damage. PSTF and PSMF revealed interesting in vivo antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory capacities.

Zygophyllum album leaves extract prevented hepatic fibrosis in rats, by reducing liver injury and suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-ß1/Smads signaling pathways. Exploring of bioactive compounds using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

Zygophyllum album is traditionally used against many illnesses, such as liver disease. The present study investigated the bioactive compounds in methanol extract of Z. album (MEZA) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and explored its possible antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hepatoprotective effect. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside being the main one was the main composite (144.6 mg/100 g dm). Results showed that MEZA reduced significantly the biochemical markers (AST, ALT, LDH and ALP), and the hepatic oxidative stress indicators (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in deltamethrin (DLM)-treated rats. Moreover, MEZA limited the inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB gene, which suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6). Furthermore, Z. album reduced DLM-induced apoptosis by attenuating caspase 3 and p53 mRNA activation. MEZA treatment also alleviated upregulation of α-SMA, type I collagen, and TGF-ß1 mRNA in the liver. The possible antifibrotic effect of MEZA was clearly demonstrated by the histopathology examination, using Masson's Trichrome and Sirius Red stainings. Therefore, the current study suggested that the bioactive compounds of Z. album possessed antifibrotic effect against DLM-induced hepatic fibrosis, by protecting liver tissue, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and the TGF-ß1/Smads signaling pathways.

(E)-N'-(1-(7-Hydroxy-2-Oxo-2H-Chromen-3-Yl) Ethylidene) Benzohydrazide, a Novel Synthesized Coumarin, Ameliorates Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats through Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis.

The present study was directed to investigate the effect of precotreatment with (E)-N'-(1-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) ethylidene) benzohydrazide (7-hyd.HC), a novel potent synthesized coumarin, on isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. The hydrazone compound was characterized by IR, 1D, and 2D NMR analyses. Experimental induction of MI in rats was established by ISO (85 mg/kg/day, s.c) for two consecutive days (6th and 7th days). 7-hyd.HC or sintrom was given for 7 days prior and simultaneous to ISO injection. 7-hyd.HC offered a cardiopreventive effect by preventing heart injury marker leakage (LDH, ALT, AST, CK-MB, and cTn-I) from cardiomyocytes and normalizing cardiac function and ECG pattern, as well as improving lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C), which were altered by ISO administration. Moreover, 7-hyd.HC precotreatment significantly mitigated the oxidative stress biomarkers, as evidenced by the decrease of lipid peroxidation and the increased level of the myocardial GSH level together with the SOD, GSH-Px, and catalase activities. 7-hyd.HC inhibited the cardiac apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of Bax and caspase-3 genes. In addition, 7-hyd.HC reduced the elevated fibrinogen rate and better prevented the myocardial necrosis and improved the interstitial edema and neutrophil infiltration than sintrom. Overall, 7-hyd.HC ameliorated the severity of ISO-induced myocardial infarction through improving the oxidative status, attenuating apoptosis, and reducing fibrinogen production. The 7-hyd.HC actions could be mediated by its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory capacities.

Zygophyllum album saponins prevent atherogenic effect induced by deltamethrin via attenuating arterial accumulation of native and oxidized LDL in rats.

The current study aimed to examine, for the first time, the relationship between exposure to deltamethrin (DLM) and atherogenic lipid profile disorders in adult Wistar rats, as well as, to verify the mechanism of the beneficial role of Zygophyllum album leaves extracts (ZALE). The experimental study was assessed using DLM (4 mg/kg b.w) either alone or co administered with ZALE (400 mg/kg b.w) orally for 90 days in rats. RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS was used to identify the bioactive metabolites present in ZALE. Plasmatic and aortic total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), native LDL (LDL-apo B-100) and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) were evaluated using auto-analyzer and a sandwich ELISA, respectively. The protein expressions of LDLR (native LDL receptor) and CD36 (Scavenger receptor class B) were evaluated in aorta or liver with a Western blot. The pathology has been confirmed with lipid stain (Oil Red O). Phytochemicals analysis revealed the presence of fifteen saponins in ZALE. Rats intoxicated with DLM revealed a significant increase in plasmatic and aortic lipid profile (TC, LDL-C, LDL-apo B-100 and ox-LDL), as well as, the concentration of the plasmatic cytokines include TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6, compared to control. Hepatic native LDL and aortic CD36 receptor expression were increased in DLM treated group, however aortic LDL-R does not present any modification, when compared to control. The detected disturbances in lipid parameters were supported by Oil Red O applied. Due to their antioxidant activity, the bioactive compounds in ZALE as powerful agents able to prevent the pro-atherogenic effect observed in DLM-treated animals. These metabolites modulated most of inflammatory markers, prevented accumulation of lipid and lipoprotein biomarkers, regulated the major receptor regulators of hepatic cholesterol metabolism, as well as normalize lipid distribution in liver and aorta tissue.

Toxic effect of alpha cypermethrin, an environmental pollutant, on myocardial tissue in male wistar rats.

α-Cypermethrin (CYP) is a pyrethroid insecticide-like environmental pollutant, widely found in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of CYP to health damage; however, little is known about the effect of CYP on cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, for the first time, biochemical and cardiovascular changes in male rats resulting from subchronic CYP exposure. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 (CYP1) received 4 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, and group 3 (CYP2) received 8 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, for 8 weeks each. Results showed that both CYP1 and CYP2 markedly increased plasma concentrations of cardiac markers (LDH, CK-MB, and troponin-T). Moreover, compared to the control group, CYP treatment elevated cardiac oxidative stress, as shown by increased MDA level and decreased activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. In addition, CYP2 caused a significant increase of 42% the concentration of total cholesterol and more than 75% in triglycerides compared to the control group. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and collagen deposition were both amplified owing to CYP toxicity. This harmful effect was confirmed by a histological study using H-E and Sirius Red staining. Overall, our results clearly proved the cardiotoxicity caused by α-cypermethrin.

Bifenthrin exerts proatherogenic effects via arterial accumulation of native and oxidized LDL in rats: the beneficial role of vitamin E and selenium.

The purpose of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of Bifenthrin (Bif) chronic exposure on plasmatic and aortic lipid parameters disturbance and their pro-atherogenic possibility in Wistar rats. The ameliorative role of vitamin E (Vit E) and selenium (Se) were also targeted. Thus, rats were treated by gastric gavage with combination of Vit E (100 mg/kg/bw) and Se (0.25 mg/kg/bw) in alone and co-treated groups for 90 days. Apart from control and Vit E-Se groups, all the groups were subjected to Bif (3 mg/kg, via gavage) toxicity. Results showed that Bif increased markedly plasmatic and aortic total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, native LDL-apoB-100, and oxidized-LDL, compared to the control. Moreover, Bif treatment significantly increased the plasmatic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6. In addition, the densitometric quantification of protein bands showed that the amount of hepatic native LDL-receptor protein decreased significantly in the intoxicated rats compared to the control group. The expression of arterial LDL receptors (LDLRs) and scavenger receptors (CD36) was amplified owing to Bif toxicity. This harmful effect was confirmed by histological study using Oil-Red-O staining. Owing to their antioxidant capacities, Vit E and Se have maintained all the changes in plasma and aorta lipids and prevented the pro-atherogenic effect observed in Bif-treated animals.

HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of Zygophyllum album roots extract and assessment of its cardioprotective effect against deltamethrin-induced myocardial injuries in rat, by suppression of oxidative stress-related inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Zygophyllum album is widely used to treat many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and as anti-inflammatory plant. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the potential protective effects of Zygophyllum album roots extract (ZARE) against myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by a chronic exposure to deltamethrin (DLM) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bioactive compounds present in ZARE were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. In vivo, DLM (4 mg/kg body weight), ZARE (400 mg/kg body weight) and DLM with ZARE were administered to rats orally for 60 days. Biochemical markers (LDH, ALT, CK, CK-MB and cTn-I) were assessed in the plasma by an auto-analyzer. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) were evaluated by a sandwich ELISA. NF-κB was quantified at mRNA levels by real time PCR. Heart tissue was used to determine cardiac oxidative stress markers (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx). Masson's Trichrome (MT) and Sirius Red (SR) stainings were used for explored fibrosis statues. RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS revealed the presence of twenty six molecules including phenolic compounds and saponins. ZARE significantly improved the heart injury markers (LDH, ALT, CK, CK-MB and cTn-I), lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein oxidation (PC), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, and GPx), and DNA structure, which were altered by DLM exposure. Moreover, ZARE cotreatment reduced the expressions of NF-κB, decreased plasmatic pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6), and suppressed the myocardial collagen deposition, as observed by Sirius Red and Masson's Trichrome staining. CONCLUSION: ZARE ameliorated the severity of DLM-induced myocardial injuries through improving the oxidative status and reducing profibrotic cytokines production. The ZARE actions could be mediated by downregulation of NF-κB mRNA.

Cardioprotective effects of (E)-4-hydroxy-N'-(1-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)ethylidene)benzohydrazide: a newly synthesized coumarin hydrazone against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in a rat model.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and co-treatment with a newly synthesized coumarin hydrazone, (E)-4-hydroxy-N'-(1-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)ethylidene)benzohydrazide (hereinafter EK6), against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Changes in biochemistry, cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiography, and histopathology after treatment with EK6 or acenocoumarol (Sintrom) were studied. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: vehicle control (C), isoproterenol + Sintrom (ISO + Sin), isoproterenol + EK6 (ISO + EK6), and isoproterenol (ISO). Myocardial infarction was induced by subcutaneous ISO administration at a dose of 85 mg·kg-1·day-1 with a drug-free interval of 24 h on days 6 and 7. Treatment with ISO led to significant elevation (p < 0.05) in serum levels of cardiac injury biomarkers, namely cardiac troponin-T, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase compared with levels in the vehicle control. A change in the lipid profile was also observed as a significant increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides. Furthermore, ISO caused significant alterations in the electrocardiogram pattern, including significant ST-segment elevation, significant decreased R wave amplitude, and significant increase in heart rate (16%) as well as marked changes in the histopathology of the heart tissue. Pretreatment and co-treatment with newly synthesized coumarin hydrazone restored all ISO-induced biochemical, lipid, cardiac, and histopathological changes in rats with myocardial infarction.

Differential Impact of Sex on Seasonal Changes in Mantle and Tentacle Phospholipids and Triacylglycerols in Sepia officinalis.

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of season on phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAG) of mantle and tentacles of female and male wild Sepia officinalis. The identified phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and PtdEtn was the major fraction. Results showed apparent seasonal variation of phospholipid content, particularly with female samples. Fatty acid composition of phospholipid classes showed a differentiation much more in the proportions than in the diversity of fatty acids. Results showed that the major saturated fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0, the major monounsaturated fatty acids were 18:1 and 20:l, and the major polyunsaturated fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) (EPA). The results relative to TAG demonstrated significant variations. Principal component analysis confirmed the seasonal and sexual effects. This study could be appropriate for the improvement of consistent monitoring of phospholipid and TAG accumulation in cephalopod, which might be important for both physiological studies and food industries.