Redrawing Cities with Children and Adolescents: Development of a Framework and Opportunity Index for Wellbeing-The REDibuja Study Protocol.

Global changes require urgent integration of health and wellbeing into all urban policies. Complex social and environmental factors define wellbeing outcomes and inequities present in cities. Additionally, political decisions are seldom thought and developed considering the needs and participation of children and adolescents. The REDibuja study aims to develop a multidimensional framework of wellbeing for children and adolescents and to validate an index of opportunities for better wellbeing for children and adolescents in the urban context of Temuco, Chile. This child-centered and cross-sectional study will involve mixed methodologies throughout the implementation of five work packages for two years (2022-2023): (1) development of a conceptual framework for child and adolescent wellbeing, (2) integration of available and public data, (3) studies in the local context, (4) data integration using geographic information systems, and (5) validation of the wellbeing opportunity index for children and adolescents. REDibuja will implement methodologies that until now are little used to facilitate political decisions in our regional context. This process and results could be transferred for assessment and decision-making in Latin America and low- and middle-income countries in other regions.

Associations Between Movement Behaviors and Emotional Changes in Toddlers and Preschoolers During Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile.

Background: There is limited evidence about emotional and behavioral responses in toddlers and preschoolers during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, particularly in Latin America. Objective: To assess associations between changes in movement behaviors (physical activity, screen time and sleeping) and emotional changes in toddlers and preschoolers during early stages of the pandemic in Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from March 30th to April 27th, 2020. Main caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children living in Chile answered an online survey that included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, changes in the child's emotions and behaviors, movement behaviors and caregivers' stress during the pandemic. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the association between different factors and emotional changes in toddlers and preschoolers. Results: In total, 1727 caregivers provided complete data on emotional changes for children aged 2.9 ± 1.36 years old, 47.9% girls. A large proportion of toddlers and preschoolers in Chile experienced emotional and behavioral changes. Most caregivers reported that children "were more affectionate" (78.9%), "more restless" (65.1%), and 'more frustrated' (54.1%) compared with pre-pandemic times. Apart from changes in movement behaviors, factors such as child age, caregivers' age and stress, and residential area (urban/rural) were consistently associated with changes in emotions and behaviors. Conclusion: The pandemic substantially affected the emotions and behaviors of toddlers and preschoolers in Chile. The findings suggest that supportive actions for caregivers may have a positive impact not only on adults but also on children. Mental health promotion programs should consider multilevel approaches in which the promotion of movement behaviors and support for caregivers should be essential pieces for future responses.

Comparison between self-reported and accelerometer-derived measurements for classifying children and adolescents as physically active in Chile.

The aim of this study was to compare self-reported with two accelerometer-derived methods to classify Chilean children and adolescents as physically active. In total, 247 students wore an accelerometer on their hips during 7 consecutive days to classify them as physically active based on (1) daily accumulation of ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on each of the seven days, and (2) average MVPA ≥ 60 minutes/day. Also, participants were classified as physically active if they reported being active for at least 60 minutes in all seven days. When using the accelerometer data, 0.8% were active in all seven days, while 10.5% recorded ≥ 60 minutes MVPA per day on average. Based on self-report, 7.2% were physically active. The agreement between self-reported and accelerometer estimations were poor. Important differences were observed between the self-reported and device-derived methods for classifying children and adolescents as physically active. When comparing them, some considerations should be taken. The findings suggest that these methods are not interchangeable. Therefore, if possible, they should be used as complementary measurements.

Comparison between self-reported and accelerometer-derived measurements for classifying children and adolescents as physically active in Chile / Comparación entre medidas autoreportadas y provenientes de acelerómetro para clasificar a los niños, niñas y adolescentes como físicamente activos en Chile / Comparação de autorrelato e medidas derivadas de acelerômetro para classificar a atividade física em crianças e adolescentes chilenos

The aim of this study was to compare self-reported with two accelerometer-derived methods to classify Chilean children and adolescents as physically active. In total, 247 students wore an accelerometer on their hips during 7 consecutive days to classify them as physically active based on (1) daily accumulation of ≥ 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on each of the seven days, and (2) average MVPA ≥ 60 minutes/day. Also, participants were classified as physically active if they reported being active for at least 60 minutes in all seven days. When using the accelerometer data, 0.8% were active in all seven days, while 10.5% recorded ≥ 60 minutes MVPA per day on average. Based on self-report, 7.2% were physically active. The agreement between self-reported and accelerometer estimations were poor. Important differences were observed between the self-reported and device-derived methods for classifying children and adolescents as physically active. When comparing them, some considerations should be taken. The findings suggest that these methods are not interchangeable. Therefore, if possible, they should be used as complementary measurements.

El objetivo fue comparar el autoreporte con dos métodos provenientes de acelerómetría para clasificar a niños, niñas y adolescentes chilenos como físicamente activos. Doscientos cuarenta y siete estudiantes llevaron un acelerómetro en la cintura durante siete días consecutivos y fueron clasificados como físicamente activos, basados en: (1) acumulación diaria de ≥ 60 minutos de actividad física de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) en cada uno de los siete días, y (2) promedio de AFMV ≥ 60 minutos/día. Asimismo, los participantes fueron clasificados como físicamente activos si reportaron ser activos por al menos 60 minutos en cada uno de los siete días. Al usar los datos del acelerómetro, 0,8% fueron activos los siete días, mientras que un 10,5% registró ≥ 60 minutos AFMV por día promedio. Un 7,2% fue físicamente activos según el autoreporte. El acuerdo entre las estimaciones autoreportadas y el acelerómetro fue pobre. Se observaron importantes diferencias entre los autoreportes y los métodos derivados del dispositivo para clasificar niños, niñas y adolescentes como físicamente activos. Cuando se comparen datos derivados de los acelerómetros y autoreportes esto se debería considerar. Los resultados sugieren que estos métodos no son intercambiables. Por ello, en la medida de lo posible, se deberían usar como medidas complementarias.

O objetivo foi comparar o autorrelato com dois métodos derivados de acelerômetro para classificar crianças e adolescentes chilenos como fisicamente ativas ou inativas. Um total de 247 alunos usaram um acelerômetro no quadril durante sete dias consecutivos e foram classificados como fisicamente ativos com base em: (1) acúmulo diário de ≥ 60 minutos de atividade física de moderada a vigorosa intensidade (AFMV) em cada um dos sete dias e (2) AFMV média por dia de ≥ 60 minutos. Além disso, os participantes foram classificados como fisicamente ativos com base no autorrelato de ser ativo por pelo menos 60 minutos em todos os sete dias. Com o uso dos dados de acelerômetro, 0,8% foram classificados como ativos em todos os sete dias, enquanto 10,5% registravam ≥ 60 minutos de AFMV por dia em média e 7,2% eram fisicamente ativos com base no autorrelato. A concordância foi baixa entre o autorrelato e as estimativas por acelerômetro. Foram observadas diferenças importantes entre o autorrelato e os métodos baseados em dispositivos para classificar as crianças e adolescentes como fisicamente ativos. Algumas considerações são relevantes ao comparar estimativas baseadas em acelerômetro e o autorrelato de atividade física. Os achados sugerem que esses métodos não são intercambiáveis. Portanto, quando possível, devem ser usados como medidas complementares.

Compliance of the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children From a Low-Income Town in Chile.

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to determine the proportion of 9- to 11-year-old children meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines (24-HMG) in a low-income town from Chile. METHODS: Physical activity, sedentary behavior (recreational screen), and sleep times were measured with both questionnaire and accelerometer in 258 children from third to sixth grade. Meeting the 24-HMG was defined as having ≥60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, ≤2 hour day of screen time, and 9 to 11 hours of sleep per night. Compliance rates were calculated as self-reported 24-HMG, with all estimations based on questionnaires, and mixed 24-HMG, in which physical activity and sleep were determined with an accelerometer and sedentary behavior was determined with a questionnaire. RESULTS: About 198 children (10.1 [0.8] y, range 9-11 y) provided valid data for estimating self-reported 24-HMG, and 141 for mixed 24-HMG. Only 3.2% and 0.7% met the 24-HMG when using the self-reported and mixed methods, respectively. When assessing individual recommendations, 13.1% and 3.7% of the sample were physically active based on the self-report and accelerometer, respectively. About a quarter met the sedentary behavior recommendations, while around 50% met the sleep recommendations with both self-reported and mixed methods. CONCLUSIONS: An extremely low percentage of the participants met the 24-HMG. Multicomponent initiatives must be implemented to promote healthy movement behaviors in Chilean children.

Sociodemographic Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep among Toddlers and Preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim was to examine the sociodemographic predictors associated with changes in movement behaviors (physical activity, screen time, and sleep) among toddlers and preschoolers during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Chile. Caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children completed an online survey between 30 March and 27 April 2020. Information about the child's movement behaviors before (retrospectively) and during the pandemic, as well as family characteristics were reported. In total, 3157 participants provided complete data (mean children age: 3.1 ± 1.38 years). During early stages of the pandemic, time spent in physical activity decreased, recreational screen time and sleep duration increased, and sleep quality declined. Toddlers and preschoolers with space to play at home and living in rural areas experienced an attenuated impact of the pandemic restrictions on their physical activity levels, screen time, and sleep quality. Older children, those whose caregivers were aged ≥35-<45 years and had a higher educational level, and those living in apartments had greater changes, mainly a decrease in total physical activity and increase in screen time. This study has shown the significant impact of the pandemic restrictions on movement behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers in Chile.